关系嵌入的二元性及其对机会主义基础假设的调节机理研究
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摘要
社会网络与交易成本视角的相互独立,以及关系嵌入的同质性,使合作治理问题的研究遭遇瓶颈。本文明确了关系嵌入和信任在交易成本理论的基础假设"机会主义行为正向影响股权合作模式"中的调节地位,提出关系嵌入的二元性,分析不同类型的关系嵌入与不同类型信任的对应关系及其对基础假设的调节路径。本文收集全国多地378份问卷,采用有中介的调节效应的检验方法进行实证检验。结果表明,经济性关系嵌入部分通过基于威慑的信任强化机会主义行为与股权合作模式之间的关系;而社会性关系嵌入完全通过基于了解的信任弱化上述关系。本研究为关系嵌入的后续研究提供了全新的思路,为企业依据关系嵌入和信任类型选择合作治理模式提供重要启示。
Under the drastically competitive situation at the present time, enterprises are required to develop basic capability by receive more resource. There have been many enterprises realize that cooperation is an important manner which can break through the resource base and enhance performance. Cooperation governance between partners may take the form of either contract governance or equity governance. Williamson's framework(1985) states that higher transaction costs lead to a preference for equity governance over contract governance. However, Granovetter(1985) theorizing from the social network perspective, uses the concept of embeddedness to describe relationship characteristics, and then he stress that any enterprise selecting the cooperation governance form will take into consideration the relationship which have built through repeated transactions. Therefore, independence between social network and transaction cost theory perspectives and homogeneity of relationship embeddedness lead to research bottleneck of cooperation governance. First, we modify function of relational embeddedness and trust on basal hypothesis of transaction cost theory which proposed by Williamson's( that is opportunistic behavior take positive effect on equity governance). Second, we provide the duality of relational embeddedness. Meanwhile, we analyze the corresponding relationship between different types of relational embeddedness and different types of trust. Third, we study moderating paths of the different types of relational embeddedness and trust on the above-mentioned basal hypothesis. We then use moderating effects testing method to test the hypotheses, and select a random sample of 328 firms located in China. The results indicate that: Economic relational embeddedness and Social relational embeddedness lead to deterrence based trust and knowledge based trust, respectively. Economic relational embeddedness indirectly strengthens the relationship between opportunistic behavior and equity governance partially through deterrence-based trust. Social relational embeddedness indirectly weakens the relationship between opportunistic behavior and equity governance totally through knowledge-based trust. The main theoretical contribution of our study is to provide totally new idea for subsequent relational embeddedness research. It also has an important guiding significance for Chinese enterprises on choosing properly cooperative governance forms according to their situation of inter-firm relational embeddedness and trust with their partners.
Under the drastically competitive situation at the present time, enterprises are required to develop basic capability by receive more resource. There have been many enterprises realize that cooperation is an important manner which can break through the resource base and enhance performance. Cooperation governance between partners may take the form of either contract governance or equity governance. Williamson's framework(1985) states that higher transaction costs lead to a preference for equity governance over contract governance. However, Granovetter(1985) theorizing from the social network perspective, uses the concept of embeddedness to describe relationship characteristics, and then he stress that any enterprise selecting the cooperation governance form will take into consideration the relationship which have built through repeated transactions. Therefore, independence between social network and transaction cost theory perspectives and homogeneity of relationship embeddedness lead to research bottleneck of cooperation governance. First, we modify function of relational embeddedness and trust on basal hypothesis of transaction cost theory which proposed by Williamson's( that is opportunistic behavior take positive effect on equity governance). Second, we provide the duality of relational embeddedness. Meanwhile, we analyze the corresponding relationship between different types of relational embeddedness and different types of trust. Third, we study moderating paths of the different types of relational embeddedness and trust on the above-mentioned basal hypothesis. We then use moderating effects testing method to test the hypotheses, and select a random sample of 328 firms located in China. The results indicate that: Economic relational embeddedness and Social relational embeddedness lead to deterrence based trust and knowledge based trust, respectively. Economic relational embeddedness indirectly strengthens the relationship between opportunistic behavior and equity governance partially through deterrence-based trust. Social relational embeddedness indirectly weakens the relationship between opportunistic behavior and equity governance totally through knowledge-based trust. The main theoretical contribution of our study is to provide totally new idea for subsequent relational embeddedness research. It also has an important guiding significance for Chinese enterprises on choosing properly cooperative governance forms according to their situation of inter-firm relational embeddedness and trust with their partners.
引文
[1]Williamson,O.E..The Economic Institutions of Capitalism.New York:Free Press,1985:47-49.
[2]Pisano,G.P..Using Equity Participation to Support Exchange:Evidence from the Biotechnology Industry.Economics and Organization,1989,5(1):109-126.
[3]Oxley,J.E..Appropriability Hazards and Governance in Strategic Alliances a Transaction Cost Approach.Journal of Law,Economics&Organization,1997,13(2):387-409.
[4]Oxley,J.E..Institutional Environment and the Mechanisms of Governance:The Impact of Intellectual Property Protection on the Structure of Inter-firm Alliances.Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization,1999,38(3):283-309.
[5]Santoro,M.D.,Mcgill,J.P..The Effect of Uncertainty and Asset Co-Specialization on Governance in Biotechnology Alliances.Strategic Management Journal,2005,26(13):1261-1269.
[6]Zajac,E.J.,Olsen,C.P..From Transaction Cost to Transactional Value Analysis:Implications for the Study of Inter-Organizational Strategies.Journal of Management Studies,1993,30(1):133-145.
[7]Granovetter,M..Problems of Explanation in Economic Sociology.Networks and Organizations:Structure,Form,and Action,1992,(25):56.
[8]魏旭光,康凯,张志颖,张敬.生产型企业间信任对合作满意度的影响研究——关系专用性投资的中介作用.预测,2013,32(2):42-48.
[9]Poppol,L.,Zenger,T..Do Formal Contracts and Relational Governance Function as Substitutes or Complements.Strategic Management Journal,2002,23(8):707-725.
[10]Slotte,K.S.,Coviello,N..Entrepreneurship Research on Network Processes:A Review and Ways Forward.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2010,34(1):31-57.
[11]武志伟,陈莹.企业间关系质量的测度与绩效分析.预测,2007,26(2):8-13.
[12]温芳芳.基于社会网络分析的专利合作模式研究.情报杂志,2013,32(7):119-123.
[13]Heide,J.B.,John,G..Alliances in Industrial Purchasing:the Determinants of Joint Action in Buyer Supplier Relationships.Journal of Marketing Research,1990,27(1):4-36.
[14]刘群慧,李丽.关系嵌入性,机会主义行为与合作创新意愿——对广东省中小企业样本的实证研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2013,34(7):83.
[15]王强,储昭昉.依赖,信任和承诺对第三方物流整合及其绩效的影响:基于中国的实证研究.中国软科学,2012,48(12):133-145.
[16]孙永磊,党兴华,宋晶.网络惯例形成的影响因素探索及实证研究.科学学研究,2014,(2):267-275.
[17]张红娟,谭劲松.联盟网络与企业创新绩效:跨层次分析.管理世界,2014,(3):163-169.
[18]Uzzi,B.,Lancastr,R..Relational Embeddedness and Learning:The Case of Bank Loan Managers and Their Clients.Management Science,2003,49(4):383-399.
[19]Gulati,R..Does Familiarity Breed Trust:The Implications of Repeated Ties for Contractual Choice in Alliances.Academy of Management Journal,1995,38(1):85-112.
[20]吴波.企业间合作治理模式选择的实证研究.技术经济,2008,27(9):105-110.
[21]陈永广,韩伯棠.企业研发合作组织模式选择影响因素及决策机制研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2011,32(6):123-127.
[22]Smith,D.A.,Lohrke,F.T..Entrepreneurial Network Development:Trusting in the Process.Journal of Business Research,2008,61(4):315-322.
[23]韩炜,杨俊,张玉利.创业网络混合治理机制选择的案例研究.管理世界,2014,(2):118-136.
[24]石丹,李勇建.基于契约和关系治理的供应链质量控制机制设计.运筹与管理,2014,23(2):15-23.
[25]Pelton,L.E.,Strutton,D.,Lumpkin,J.R..Marketing Channels:A Relationship Management Approach.Mc Graw-Hill College,2002:56.
[26]武志伟,陈莹.关系专用性投资、关系质量与合作绩效.预测,2008,27(5):33-37.
[27]Chen,C.C.,Chen,X.P.,Huang,S..Chinese Guanxi:An Integrative Review and New Directions for Future Research.Management and Organization Review,2013,9(1):167-207.
[28]Fu,W.,Diez,J.R.,Schiller,D..Interactive Learning,Informal Networks and Innovation:Evidence from Electronics Firm Survey in the Pearl River Delta,China.Research Policy,2013,42(3):635-646.
[29]Mc Allister,D.J..After and Cognition-based Trust as Foundation for Interpersonal Cooperation in Organizations.Academy of Management Journal,1995,(38):24-59.
[30]Wei,X.G.,Kang,K..An Empirical Research of the Effect of Inter-firm Trust and Relationship-specific Investment on Cooperation Satisfaction in Production Enterprises.Forecasting,2013,2(32):42-48.
[31]Zhou,K.Z.,Xu,D..How Foreign Firms Curtail Local Supplier Opportunism in China:Detailed Contracts,Centralized Control,and Relational Governance.Journal of International Business Studies,2012,43(7):677-692.
[32]Rajnees,N.,Jogn,H..Innovation Through Strategic Alliance Moving Towards International Partnerships and Contractual Agreements.Technovation,1999,19(5):283-294.
[33]许春,刘奕.企业间研发合作组织模式选择的知识因素.研究与发展管理,2005,17(5):58-63.
[34]Lui,S.S.,Ngo,H..An Action Pattern Model of Inter-firm Cooperation.Journal of Management Studies,2005,42(6):1123-1153.
[35]Mu,J.,Benedetto,D.A..Networking Capability and New Product Development.Engineering Management,2012,59(1):4-19.
[36]Aulakh,P.S.,Kotabe,M.,Sahay,A..Trust and Performance in Cross-border Marketing Partnerships:A Behavioral Approach.Journal of International Business Studies,1996,27(5):1005-1032.
[37]Luo,Y..Procedural Fairness and Inter-firm Cooperation in Strategic Alliances.Strategic Management Journal,2008,29(1):27-46.
[38]陈光华,王烨,杨国梁.地理距离阻碍跨区域产学研合作绩效了吗?科学学研究,2015,(1):12-18.
[39]王明益.外资异质性、行业差异与东道国技术进步——基于制造业分行业的全参数与半参数估计比较.财经研究,2014,40(9):109-120.
[40]解学梅,刘丝雨.协同创新模式对协同效应与创新绩效的影响机理.管理科学,2015,28(2):27-39.
[41]张秀峰,陈光华,杨国梁,刘霞.企业所有权性质影响产学研合作创新绩效了吗?科学学研究,2015,(6):934-942.
[42]陈晓萍,徐淑英,樊景立.组织与管理研究的实证方法(2版).北京大学出版社,2012,(6):553-565.
[43]王智生,胡珑瑛,李慧颖.合作创新网络中信任与知识分享的协同演化模型.哈尔滨工程大学学报,2012,33(9):1175-1179.
[44]Chassagnon,V..Consummate Cooperation in the Network-firm:Theoretical Insights and Empirical Findings.European Management Journal,2014,32(2):260-274.
[45]Liu,Y.,Liu,T.,Li,Y..How to Inhibit a Partner`s Strong and Weak Forms of Opportunism:Impacts of Network Embeddedness and Bilateral TSIs.Industrial Marketing Management,2014,43(2):280-292.
[46]Day,M.,Fawcett,S.E.,Fawcett,A.M..Trust and Relational Embeddedness:Exploring a Paradox of Trust Pattern Development in Key Supplier Relationships.Industrial Marketing Management,2013,42(2):152-165.
[2]Pisano,G.P..Using Equity Participation to Support Exchange:Evidence from the Biotechnology Industry.Economics and Organization,1989,5(1):109-126.
[3]Oxley,J.E..Appropriability Hazards and Governance in Strategic Alliances a Transaction Cost Approach.Journal of Law,Economics&Organization,1997,13(2):387-409.
[4]Oxley,J.E..Institutional Environment and the Mechanisms of Governance:The Impact of Intellectual Property Protection on the Structure of Inter-firm Alliances.Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization,1999,38(3):283-309.
[5]Santoro,M.D.,Mcgill,J.P..The Effect of Uncertainty and Asset Co-Specialization on Governance in Biotechnology Alliances.Strategic Management Journal,2005,26(13):1261-1269.
[6]Zajac,E.J.,Olsen,C.P..From Transaction Cost to Transactional Value Analysis:Implications for the Study of Inter-Organizational Strategies.Journal of Management Studies,1993,30(1):133-145.
[7]Granovetter,M..Problems of Explanation in Economic Sociology.Networks and Organizations:Structure,Form,and Action,1992,(25):56.
[8]魏旭光,康凯,张志颖,张敬.生产型企业间信任对合作满意度的影响研究——关系专用性投资的中介作用.预测,2013,32(2):42-48.
[9]Poppol,L.,Zenger,T..Do Formal Contracts and Relational Governance Function as Substitutes or Complements.Strategic Management Journal,2002,23(8):707-725.
[10]Slotte,K.S.,Coviello,N..Entrepreneurship Research on Network Processes:A Review and Ways Forward.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2010,34(1):31-57.
[11]武志伟,陈莹.企业间关系质量的测度与绩效分析.预测,2007,26(2):8-13.
[12]温芳芳.基于社会网络分析的专利合作模式研究.情报杂志,2013,32(7):119-123.
[13]Heide,J.B.,John,G..Alliances in Industrial Purchasing:the Determinants of Joint Action in Buyer Supplier Relationships.Journal of Marketing Research,1990,27(1):4-36.
[14]刘群慧,李丽.关系嵌入性,机会主义行为与合作创新意愿——对广东省中小企业样本的实证研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2013,34(7):83.
[15]王强,储昭昉.依赖,信任和承诺对第三方物流整合及其绩效的影响:基于中国的实证研究.中国软科学,2012,48(12):133-145.
[16]孙永磊,党兴华,宋晶.网络惯例形成的影响因素探索及实证研究.科学学研究,2014,(2):267-275.
[17]张红娟,谭劲松.联盟网络与企业创新绩效:跨层次分析.管理世界,2014,(3):163-169.
[18]Uzzi,B.,Lancastr,R..Relational Embeddedness and Learning:The Case of Bank Loan Managers and Their Clients.Management Science,2003,49(4):383-399.
[19]Gulati,R..Does Familiarity Breed Trust:The Implications of Repeated Ties for Contractual Choice in Alliances.Academy of Management Journal,1995,38(1):85-112.
[20]吴波.企业间合作治理模式选择的实证研究.技术经济,2008,27(9):105-110.
[21]陈永广,韩伯棠.企业研发合作组织模式选择影响因素及决策机制研究.科学学与科学技术管理,2011,32(6):123-127.
[22]Smith,D.A.,Lohrke,F.T..Entrepreneurial Network Development:Trusting in the Process.Journal of Business Research,2008,61(4):315-322.
[23]韩炜,杨俊,张玉利.创业网络混合治理机制选择的案例研究.管理世界,2014,(2):118-136.
[24]石丹,李勇建.基于契约和关系治理的供应链质量控制机制设计.运筹与管理,2014,23(2):15-23.
[25]Pelton,L.E.,Strutton,D.,Lumpkin,J.R..Marketing Channels:A Relationship Management Approach.Mc Graw-Hill College,2002:56.
[26]武志伟,陈莹.关系专用性投资、关系质量与合作绩效.预测,2008,27(5):33-37.
[27]Chen,C.C.,Chen,X.P.,Huang,S..Chinese Guanxi:An Integrative Review and New Directions for Future Research.Management and Organization Review,2013,9(1):167-207.
[28]Fu,W.,Diez,J.R.,Schiller,D..Interactive Learning,Informal Networks and Innovation:Evidence from Electronics Firm Survey in the Pearl River Delta,China.Research Policy,2013,42(3):635-646.
[29]Mc Allister,D.J..After and Cognition-based Trust as Foundation for Interpersonal Cooperation in Organizations.Academy of Management Journal,1995,(38):24-59.
[30]Wei,X.G.,Kang,K..An Empirical Research of the Effect of Inter-firm Trust and Relationship-specific Investment on Cooperation Satisfaction in Production Enterprises.Forecasting,2013,2(32):42-48.
[31]Zhou,K.Z.,Xu,D..How Foreign Firms Curtail Local Supplier Opportunism in China:Detailed Contracts,Centralized Control,and Relational Governance.Journal of International Business Studies,2012,43(7):677-692.
[32]Rajnees,N.,Jogn,H..Innovation Through Strategic Alliance Moving Towards International Partnerships and Contractual Agreements.Technovation,1999,19(5):283-294.
[33]许春,刘奕.企业间研发合作组织模式选择的知识因素.研究与发展管理,2005,17(5):58-63.
[34]Lui,S.S.,Ngo,H..An Action Pattern Model of Inter-firm Cooperation.Journal of Management Studies,2005,42(6):1123-1153.
[35]Mu,J.,Benedetto,D.A..Networking Capability and New Product Development.Engineering Management,2012,59(1):4-19.
[36]Aulakh,P.S.,Kotabe,M.,Sahay,A..Trust and Performance in Cross-border Marketing Partnerships:A Behavioral Approach.Journal of International Business Studies,1996,27(5):1005-1032.
[37]Luo,Y..Procedural Fairness and Inter-firm Cooperation in Strategic Alliances.Strategic Management Journal,2008,29(1):27-46.
[38]陈光华,王烨,杨国梁.地理距离阻碍跨区域产学研合作绩效了吗?科学学研究,2015,(1):12-18.
[39]王明益.外资异质性、行业差异与东道国技术进步——基于制造业分行业的全参数与半参数估计比较.财经研究,2014,40(9):109-120.
[40]解学梅,刘丝雨.协同创新模式对协同效应与创新绩效的影响机理.管理科学,2015,28(2):27-39.
[41]张秀峰,陈光华,杨国梁,刘霞.企业所有权性质影响产学研合作创新绩效了吗?科学学研究,2015,(6):934-942.
[42]陈晓萍,徐淑英,樊景立.组织与管理研究的实证方法(2版).北京大学出版社,2012,(6):553-565.
[43]王智生,胡珑瑛,李慧颖.合作创新网络中信任与知识分享的协同演化模型.哈尔滨工程大学学报,2012,33(9):1175-1179.
[44]Chassagnon,V..Consummate Cooperation in the Network-firm:Theoretical Insights and Empirical Findings.European Management Journal,2014,32(2):260-274.
[45]Liu,Y.,Liu,T.,Li,Y..How to Inhibit a Partner`s Strong and Weak Forms of Opportunism:Impacts of Network Embeddedness and Bilateral TSIs.Industrial Marketing Management,2014,43(2):280-292.
[46]Day,M.,Fawcett,S.E.,Fawcett,A.M..Trust and Relational Embeddedness:Exploring a Paradox of Trust Pattern Development in Key Supplier Relationships.Industrial Marketing Management,2013,42(2):152-165.