中国集体林产权制度改革回顾与展望
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摘要
采用历史产权制度研究方法,利用详实的历史数据与信息,系统地分析改革开放以来中国集体林产权制度改革每个重要时期的改革内容与进程以及集体林地林木流转制度演化历程,发现改革开放四十年中国集体林所有权和家庭经营的基因没有变,变的是集体林地承包经营权的实现形式;指出集体林产权制度变迁道路中的困惑;提出未来集体林产权制度的选择路径。
⑴ Background——After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the CPC was held in 1978,China made great achievements and increased the income of farmers. Farmers in collective forest region hope to get the same autonomy in production and operation as those engaged in agriculture. In 1981,the State Council of the Central Committee of the CPC issued an official document,which opened the prelude to China's collective forestland tenure reform since the reform of economy and openness to the outside. The collective forestland tenure reform in the 1980 s provided a reference and basis for the follow-up reform. In China's forest resources,the area of collective forestland accounts for about 60% of the area of forestland in China. Collective forest plays an important role in the supply of timber and other forest products and ecosystem services and products.⑵ Results——The main experiences of the implementation of collective forestland tenure reform are as follows: ①Since 1978,the reform of collective forestland tenure has not changed the essential attribute of collective land ownership. ②Household-based management arrangement since the 1980 s is an important experience of the collective forestland tenure reform since the reform of economy and openness to the outside. ③The main theme of the times is the change of rules for rules-making,including the changes of ideology and constitution. Governments at all levels are willing to relax their control over collective forests voluntarily. Household-based management of collective forests and the transfer of collective forests become possible and put into practice. The difficulties in the reform of collective forestland tenure are shown in the following aspects. ①China's collective forestland tenure reform experiences strong administrative intervention,and economic measures need to be strengthened. ②There are many requirements for unity and insufficient regional differences. ③There is a problem of serious fragmentation of collective forestland. ④There are many and complex disputes on collective forestland and trees.⑶ Conclusions and Discussions——The development of new management organizations with economies of scale is the direction of future collective forestland tenure reform in China. Future policies need to be strengthened in the following areas: ① To design the path and compensation method for farmers' withdrawal from the membership of collective economic organizations. ②To strengthen the financial support and personnel training of new forestry management organizations. At the initial stage of the establishment of these new forestry management organizations,the government should solve their financing problems and take the road of professionalization and specialization. ③To help them to resolve forestland and forest disputes. ④To provide social services for new forestry management organizations and solve the technical and policy problems they face in daily operation. ⑤The government departments need to increase investment in infrastructure such as fire prevention and pest control in forest regions. ⑥To encourage the new forestry management organizations to take the road of horizontal and vertical integration,to make full use of forest resources and extend the industrial chain. ⑦To develop professional skills training of farmers and improve social security level of farmers. ⑧To establish a legal and policy system to guarantee the safe property rights of collective forestland,and to help to establish the confidence of the new forestry management organizations in carrying out long-term forestry management.
⑴ Background——After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the CPC was held in 1978,China made great achievements and increased the income of farmers. Farmers in collective forest region hope to get the same autonomy in production and operation as those engaged in agriculture. In 1981,the State Council of the Central Committee of the CPC issued an official document,which opened the prelude to China's collective forestland tenure reform since the reform of economy and openness to the outside. The collective forestland tenure reform in the 1980 s provided a reference and basis for the follow-up reform. In China's forest resources,the area of collective forestland accounts for about 60% of the area of forestland in China. Collective forest plays an important role in the supply of timber and other forest products and ecosystem services and products.⑵ Results——The main experiences of the implementation of collective forestland tenure reform are as follows: ①Since 1978,the reform of collective forestland tenure has not changed the essential attribute of collective land ownership. ②Household-based management arrangement since the 1980 s is an important experience of the collective forestland tenure reform since the reform of economy and openness to the outside. ③The main theme of the times is the change of rules for rules-making,including the changes of ideology and constitution. Governments at all levels are willing to relax their control over collective forests voluntarily. Household-based management of collective forests and the transfer of collective forests become possible and put into practice. The difficulties in the reform of collective forestland tenure are shown in the following aspects. ①China's collective forestland tenure reform experiences strong administrative intervention,and economic measures need to be strengthened. ②There are many requirements for unity and insufficient regional differences. ③There is a problem of serious fragmentation of collective forestland. ④There are many and complex disputes on collective forestland and trees.⑶ Conclusions and Discussions——The development of new management organizations with economies of scale is the direction of future collective forestland tenure reform in China. Future policies need to be strengthened in the following areas: ① To design the path and compensation method for farmers' withdrawal from the membership of collective economic organizations. ②To strengthen the financial support and personnel training of new forestry management organizations. At the initial stage of the establishment of these new forestry management organizations,the government should solve their financing problems and take the road of professionalization and specialization. ③To help them to resolve forestland and forest disputes. ④To provide social services for new forestry management organizations and solve the technical and policy problems they face in daily operation. ⑤The government departments need to increase investment in infrastructure such as fire prevention and pest control in forest regions. ⑥To encourage the new forestry management organizations to take the road of horizontal and vertical integration,to make full use of forest resources and extend the industrial chain. ⑦To develop professional skills training of farmers and improve social security level of farmers. ⑧To establish a legal and policy system to guarantee the safe property rights of collective forestland,and to help to establish the confidence of the new forestry management organizations in carrying out long-term forestry management.
引文
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[32]王幼臣,张晓静.在市场经济条件下中国集体林区经营模式的评价[C]//国家林业局经济发展研究中心.中国林业市场化改革理论与实践.北京:中国林业出版社,2004:25-26.
[33]帅宗和,张国民.森林产权转让市场存在问题的调查和探讨[Z].林业工作研究,1994(6).
[34] SCHMID A A. Conflict and Cooperation:Institutional and Behavioral Economics[M]. Oxford,UK:The Black Publishing Ltd,2004:298-299.
[35]林业部.中国林业年鉴[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1994:353-355.
[36]白建信,刘拖信.吕梁地区拍卖“四荒”中出现的问题必须引起足够的重视[Z].林业工作研究,1994(6).
[37]中国集体林产权制度改革相关政策问题研究课题组.中国集体林产权制度改革相关政策问题研究调查报告[R].北京:经济科学出版社,2012:192-195.
[38]国家林业局.中国林业统计年鉴(1986-2018)[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1986-2018.
[39]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴(1986-2018)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,1987-2018.
[40]国家发展和改革委员会价格司.全国农产品成本效益资料汇编(1999-2018)[G].北京:中国统计出版社,1999-2018.
[2]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,1998:139.
[3]杜润生.杜润生文集(1980—2008)(上册)[M].太原:山西经济出版社,2009:7-18.
[4]国家林业局.中国林业统计年鉴[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2014:1-5.
[5] COASE R,WANG N. How China Became Capitalist[M]. Hampshire,UK:Palgrave Macmilian,2012:1-5.
[6] LIN J Y. Rural reforms and agricultural growth in China[J]. American Economic Review,1992,82(1):34-51.
[7] WEN G J. The land tenure system and its saving and investment mechanism:The case of modern China[J]. Asian Economic Journal,1995,9(31):233-259.
[8] HYDE W F. The Experience of China's forest reforms:What they mean for China and what they suggest for the world[J].Forestry Policy and Economics,2019,98:1-7.
[9] MARX K. Capital Volume II[M]. David Fernbach,Translated. London:The Penguin Group,1992:321-322.
[10]李霆.当代中国的林业[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1985:372-375.
[11]贵州省地方志编纂委员会.贵州省志:林业志[M].贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1994:34.
[12]吉安地区林业志编辑委员会编.吉安地区林业志[Z].吉安市林业局,1994:60-62.
[13]林业部.中国林业年鉴[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1987:484-495.
[14]孔明,刘璨.福建省三明市林业股份合作制发展研究[J].林业经济,2000(1):7-20.
[15]林业部.中国林业年鉴[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1986:479-481.
[16]福建省地方志编撰委员会.福建省志:林业志[M].北京:方志出版社,1996:321.
[17]孔繁文,谢晨,戴广翠.市场经济条件下中国森林资源管理政策及评价[C]//国家林业局经济发展研究中心.中国林业市场化改革理论与实践.北京:中国林业出版社,2004:1-21.
[18]刘璨,马天乐,许勤,等.社区林业发展与消除贫困的制度及案例研究[M].中国农业科技出版社,2000:70.
[19]广西壮族自治区地方志编纂委员会.广西通志:林业志[M].南宁:广西人民出版社,2001:169.
[20]林业部.中国林业年鉴[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1988:534-541.
[21]浙江省林业志编纂委员.浙江省林业志[M].北京:中华书局,2001:770.
[22]刘璨.中国集体林制度与林业发展[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2008:84-86.
[23]广东省地方史志编撰委员会.广东省志:林业志[M].广州:广东人民出版社,1998:248-256.
[24]刘璨.再论中国集体林制度与林业发展[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2015:39.
[25]中国可持续发展林业战略研究项目组.中国可持续发展林业战略研究总论[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2002:350-351.
[26]张建龙.中国集体林权制度改革[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2017:26.
[27]林业部政策法规和体制改革司.林业改革试验区:实践·理论·模式·方法[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1995:357-360.
[28]锦屏县林业志编撰委员会.锦屏县林业志[M].贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2002:501-505.
[29]江红,刘平康.于集体林权明晰和收益分配的调查研究[G]//福建省林业厅、福建省林业经济学会.福建林业改革与发展论文集.北京:中国林业出版社,1998:281-295.
[30] SONG Y J,BURCH W B,GEBALLE G,et al. New organizational strategy for managing the forests of southeast China:The shareholding integrated forestry tenure(SHIFT)system[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,1997,91(2-3):183-194.
[31] SONG Y J,WANG G Q,BURCH W R,et al. From innovation to adaptation:Lessons from 20 years of the SHIFT forest management system in Sanming,China[J]. Forest Ecology And Management,2004,191(1-3):225-238.
[32]王幼臣,张晓静.在市场经济条件下中国集体林区经营模式的评价[C]//国家林业局经济发展研究中心.中国林业市场化改革理论与实践.北京:中国林业出版社,2004:25-26.
[33]帅宗和,张国民.森林产权转让市场存在问题的调查和探讨[Z].林业工作研究,1994(6).
[34] SCHMID A A. Conflict and Cooperation:Institutional and Behavioral Economics[M]. Oxford,UK:The Black Publishing Ltd,2004:298-299.
[35]林业部.中国林业年鉴[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1994:353-355.
[36]白建信,刘拖信.吕梁地区拍卖“四荒”中出现的问题必须引起足够的重视[Z].林业工作研究,1994(6).
[37]中国集体林产权制度改革相关政策问题研究课题组.中国集体林产权制度改革相关政策问题研究调查报告[R].北京:经济科学出版社,2012:192-195.
[38]国家林业局.中国林业统计年鉴(1986-2018)[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1986-2018.
[39]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴(1986-2018)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,1987-2018.
[40]国家发展和改革委员会价格司.全国农产品成本效益资料汇编(1999-2018)[G].北京:中国统计出版社,1999-2018.