基于MODIS的青海草原产草量及载畜平衡估算
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摘要
为了科学合理地利用、管理草地,及时准确掌握草原产草量信息和载畜平衡状况,对保障草原的可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究利用2016年5-9月青海的MODIS NDVI、EVI数据和地面调查数据,按草地类型分别建立可食草鲜草产量的估算模型,通过比较基于NDVI和EVI建立的不同产草量估算模型的精度,选出了各类型草地的最优估产模型。在此基础上,计算了不同类型草地的干草产量,并结合畜牧业统计数据估算了青海牧区和半牧区各县(市)的载畜平衡情况。结果表明,1)基于NDVI的可食鲜草产量估算模型精度普遍高于基于EVI的模型,但各类型草地的最优估算模型不同。2)2016年青海省草原干草总产量空间分布差异明显,干草单产在1 200kg·hm-2以上的草地主要分布在东部的禾草草原和高寒草原,干草单产在300kg·hm-2以下的草地主要分布于北部的高寒荒漠以及西部的盐生草甸和高寒草原。对总产草量贡献最大的为高寒草甸,占70.35%。3)2016年青海省29个半牧区和牧区的县(市)中,有21个县(市)为载畜平衡或载畜不足,8个县(市)为超载,并且载畜平衡状况与存栏牲畜密度具有较好的对应关系。
Maintaining high grassland production and livestock carrying capacity is important for optimal utilization of grassland and to ensure its sustainable development.In this study,MODIS NDVI,MODIS EVI data,and ground survey data from 2016 were used to establish fresh forage yield estimation models of different grassland types.By comparing the accuracies of different forage yield estimation models based on NDVI and EVI,the optimal estimation model for each grassland type was identified.After this,we calculated hay yield for each grassland type.Finally,based on regional hay yields and local livestock statistics,we evaluated the livestock carrying capacity of each region.The results showed that 1)the accuracies of fresh forage yield-estimating models based on NDVI were generally higher than those of EVI based models;however,the optimal estimation models of different grassland types produced different results;2)significant spatial discrepancies of grassland productivity occurred in Qinghai Province in 2016.Regions with hay yield above 1 200 kg·ha-1 were mainly located in the desert steppe and the grass steppe in the east,and regions with hay yield below 300 kg·ha-1 were mainly located in the north alpine desert,while the salt grass meadows and alpine grassland were located in the west.The highest contribution to total hay yield came from alpine meadows(70.35%).3)Among the 29 counties in the pastoral and farming-pastoral areas,21 counties were well balanced or below-capacity,and the other8 counties were above-capacity.Moreover,there was a striking relationship between livestock carrying capacity and current livestock density.
Maintaining high grassland production and livestock carrying capacity is important for optimal utilization of grassland and to ensure its sustainable development.In this study,MODIS NDVI,MODIS EVI data,and ground survey data from 2016 were used to establish fresh forage yield estimation models of different grassland types.By comparing the accuracies of different forage yield estimation models based on NDVI and EVI,the optimal estimation model for each grassland type was identified.After this,we calculated hay yield for each grassland type.Finally,based on regional hay yields and local livestock statistics,we evaluated the livestock carrying capacity of each region.The results showed that 1)the accuracies of fresh forage yield-estimating models based on NDVI were generally higher than those of EVI based models;however,the optimal estimation models of different grassland types produced different results;2)significant spatial discrepancies of grassland productivity occurred in Qinghai Province in 2016.Regions with hay yield above 1 200 kg·ha-1 were mainly located in the desert steppe and the grass steppe in the east,and regions with hay yield below 300 kg·ha-1 were mainly located in the north alpine desert,while the salt grass meadows and alpine grassland were located in the west.The highest contribution to total hay yield came from alpine meadows(70.35%).3)Among the 29 counties in the pastoral and farming-pastoral areas,21 counties were well balanced or below-capacity,and the other8 counties were above-capacity.Moreover,there was a striking relationship between livestock carrying capacity and current livestock density.
引文
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[17]张良侠,樊江文,邵全琴,唐风沛,张海燕,李愈哲.生态工程前后三江源草地产草量与载畜压力的变化分析.草业学报,2014,32(5):116-123.ZHANG L X,FAN J W,SHAO Q Q,TANG F P,ZHANG H Y,LI Y Z.Changes in grassland yield and grazing pressure in the Three Rivers headwater region before and after the implementation of the eco-restoration project.Journal of Grass Industry,2014,32(5):116-123.
[18]韦惠兰,祁应军.不同规模草地超载主体的差异性:以甘肃省玛曲县为例.草业科学,2017,34(4):892-901.WEI H L,QI Y J.Differential analysis of herdsmen of different size scales and main contributors to grassland overgrazing:Acase study in Maqu,Gansu Province.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(4):892-901.
[19]DUAN M J,GAO Q Z,WAN Y F,LI Y,GUO Y,GANZHU Z,LIU Y,QIN X.Biomass estimation of alpine grasslands under different grazing intensities using spectral vegetation indices.Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing,2011,37(4):413-421.
[20]黄麟,刘纪远,邵全琴.近30年来长江源头高寒草地生态系统退化的遥感分析:以青海省治多县为例.资源科学,2009,31(5):884-895.HUANG L,LIU J Y,SHAO Q Q.Alpine grassland degradation in the source region of Yangtze River in the past 30years:Zhidoi County as a case study.Resource Science,2009,31(5):884-895.
[21]刘纪远,徐新良,邵全琴.近30年来青海三江源地区草地退化的时空特征.地理学报,2008(4):364-376.LIU J Y,XU X L,SHAO Q Q.The spatial and temporal characteristics of grassland degradation in the Three-River Headwaters region in Qinghai Province.Journal of Geographical,2008(4):364-376.
[22]YIN F,DENG X Z,JIN Q,YUAN Y,ZHAO C.The impacts of climate change and human activities on grassland productivity in Qinghai Province,China.Frontiers of Earth Science,2014,8(1):93-103.
[23]辛玉春.青海天然草地产草量评价.青海草业,2012,21(3/4):43-51.XIN Y C.The evaluation of Qinghai natural grassland productivity.Grass Industry in Qinghai,2012,21(3/4):43-51.
[24]中华人民共和国农牧业畜牧兽医司,全国畜牧兽医总站.中国草地资源.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996.Department of Agriculture,Animal Husbandry and Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of the People’s Republic of China,General Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station of China.China Grassland Resources.Beijing:China Science and Technology Press,1996.
[25]张连义,张静祥,赛音吉亚,包红霞,镡建国,郭志忠.典型草原植被生物量遥感监测模型:以锡林郭勒盟为例.草业科学,2008,25(4):31-35.ZHANG L Y,ZHANG J X,Saiyinjiya,SHAN J G,GUO Z Z.Remote sensing monitoring model for grassland vegetation biomass monitoring in typical steppe:A case study from Xilinguole.Pratacultural Science,2008,25(4):31-35.
[26]罗玲,王宗明,任春颖,宋开山,李晓燕.基于MODIS数据的松嫩草原产草量遥感估算模型与空间反演.农业工程学报,2010,26(5):182-188.LUO L,WANG Z M,REN C Y,SONG K S,LI X Y.Models for estimation of grassland production and spatial inversion based on MODIS data in Songnen Plain.Transactions of the CASE,2010,26(5):182-188.
[27]王正兴,刘闯,赵冰茹,刘爱军.利用MODIS增强型植被指数反演草地地上生物量.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2005,41(2):10-16.WANG Z X,LIU C,ZHAO B R,LIU A J.ANPP estimate from MODIS-EVI for grassland region of Xilingol,China.Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Sciences),2005,41(2):10-16.
[28]米兆荣,张耀生,赵新全,冯承彬,周曙光.NDVI和EVI在高寒草地牧草鲜质量估算和植被动态监测中的比较.草业科学,2010,27(6):13-19.MI Z R,ZHANG Y S,ZHAO Q X,FENG C B,ZHOU S G.Comparison NDVI with EVI in the herbage fresh weight estimation and vegetation dynamics for alpine grassland.Pratacultural Science,2010,27(6):13-19.
[2]徐斌,杨秀春.东北草原区产草量和载畜平衡的遥感估算.地理研究,2009,28(2):402-408.XU B,YANG X C.Calculation of grass production and balance of livestock carrying capacity in rangeland region of northeast China.Geographical Research,2009,28(2):402-408.
[3]青海省草原总站.青海草地资源.西宁:青海人民出版社,2012:412.Qinghai General Station of Grassland.Qinghai Grassland Resources.Xining:Qinghai People’s Publishing House,2012:412.
[4]LI X W,LI M D,DONG S K,SHI J B.Temporal-spatial changes in ecosystem services and implications for the conservation of alpine rangelands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Rangeland Journal,2015,37(1):31-43.
[5]RUSCH G M,ZAPATA P C,CASANOVES F,CASALS P,IBRAHIM M,DECLERCK F.Determinants of grassland primary production in seasonally-dry silvopastoral systems in Central America.Agroforest Systems,2014,88(3):517-526.
[6]WEI O Y,HAO F H,SKIDMORE A K,GROEN T A,TOXOPEUS A G,WANG T J.Integration of multi-sensor data to assess grassland dynamics in a Yellow River sub-watershed.Ecological Indicators,2012,18:163-170.
[7]冯琦胜,高新华,黄晓东,于惠,梁天刚.2001-2010年青藏高原草地生长状况遥感动态监测.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2011,47(4):75-81.FENG Q S,GAO X H,HUANG X D,YU H,LIANG T G.Remote sensing dynamic monitoring of grass growth in Qinghai-Tibet plateau from 2001to 2010.Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Sciences),2011,47(4):75-81.
[8]吴门新,钱拴,侯英雨,李朝生,毛留喜.利用NDVI资料估算中国北方草原区牧草产量.农业工程学报,2009,25(S2):149-155.WU M X,QIAN S,HOU Y Y,LI C S,MAO L X.Estimation of forage yield in Northern China based on NDVI data.Journal of Agricultural Engineering,2009,25(S2):149-155.
[9]XU B,YANG X C,TAO W G,QIN Z H,LIU H Q,MIAO J M,BI Y Y.MODIS based remote sensing monitoring of grass production in China.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2008,29(17/18):5313-5327.
[10]钱育蓉,杨峰,李建龙,于炯,贾振红.基于3S的新疆阜康典型草地产草量及草畜平衡分析.草业科学,2013,30(9):1330-1337.QIAN Y R,YANG F,LI J L,YU J,JIA Z H.Yield and animal-feed balance of typical grassland in Xinjiang Fukang using 3Stechniques.Pratacultural Science,2013,30(9):11330-1337.
[11]傅新宇,唐川江,张新跃,张绪校,周俗,黄耀欢,江东.四川草原MODIS数据的产草量估算.地球信息科学学报,2013,15(4):611-617.FU X Y,TANG C J,ZHANG X Y,ZHANG X G,HUANG Y H,JIANG D.Estimation of grass yield based on MODIS data in Sichuan Province,China.Journal of Earth Information Science,2013,15(4):611-617.
[12]杨秀春,徐斌,朱晓华,陶伟国,刘天科.北方农牧交错带草原产草量遥感监测模型.地理研究,2007,26(2):213-221.YANG X C,XU B,ZHU X H,TAO W G,LIU T K.Models of grass production based on remote sensing monitoring in northern agro-grazing ecotone.Geographical Research,2007,26(2):213-221.
[13]徐斌,杨秀春,陶伟国,覃志豪,刘海启,缪建明.中国草原产草量遥感监测.生态学报,2007(2):405-413.XU B,YANG X C,TAO W G,QIN Z H,LIU H Q,MIAO J M.Remote sensing monitoring upon the grass production in China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007(2):405-413.
[14]买小虎,张玉娟,张英俊,师尚礼,黄顶,张亚军.国内外草畜平衡研究进展.中国农学通报,2013(20):1-6.Mai X H,Zhang Y J,Zhang Y J,Shi S L,Huang D,Zhang Y J.Research progress of grassland feed-animal balance at home and abroad.Chinese Agriculture Bulletin,2013(20):1-6.
[15]李梦娇,李政海,鲍雅静,张靖,刘丽,李卓玲.呼伦贝尔草原载畜量及草畜平衡调控研究.中国草地学报,2016,38(2):72-78.Li M J,Li Z H,Bao Y J,Zhang J,Liu Li,Li Z L.The study on grassland carrying capacity and regulatory approaches of livestock-feeds balance in Hulunbuir Grassland.Journal of China Grassland,2016,38(2):72-78.
[16]王瑞杰,覃志豪,王桂英.呼伦贝尔草原产草量及载畜平衡研究.东北大学学报(自然科学版),2011,32(12):1782-1785.WANG R J,QIN Z H,WANG G Y.Balance between grassland productivity and livestock carrying capacity of HulunBuir Grassland.Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science),2011,32(12):1782-1785.
[17]张良侠,樊江文,邵全琴,唐风沛,张海燕,李愈哲.生态工程前后三江源草地产草量与载畜压力的变化分析.草业学报,2014,32(5):116-123.ZHANG L X,FAN J W,SHAO Q Q,TANG F P,ZHANG H Y,LI Y Z.Changes in grassland yield and grazing pressure in the Three Rivers headwater region before and after the implementation of the eco-restoration project.Journal of Grass Industry,2014,32(5):116-123.
[18]韦惠兰,祁应军.不同规模草地超载主体的差异性:以甘肃省玛曲县为例.草业科学,2017,34(4):892-901.WEI H L,QI Y J.Differential analysis of herdsmen of different size scales and main contributors to grassland overgrazing:Acase study in Maqu,Gansu Province.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(4):892-901.
[19]DUAN M J,GAO Q Z,WAN Y F,LI Y,GUO Y,GANZHU Z,LIU Y,QIN X.Biomass estimation of alpine grasslands under different grazing intensities using spectral vegetation indices.Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing,2011,37(4):413-421.
[20]黄麟,刘纪远,邵全琴.近30年来长江源头高寒草地生态系统退化的遥感分析:以青海省治多县为例.资源科学,2009,31(5):884-895.HUANG L,LIU J Y,SHAO Q Q.Alpine grassland degradation in the source region of Yangtze River in the past 30years:Zhidoi County as a case study.Resource Science,2009,31(5):884-895.
[21]刘纪远,徐新良,邵全琴.近30年来青海三江源地区草地退化的时空特征.地理学报,2008(4):364-376.LIU J Y,XU X L,SHAO Q Q.The spatial and temporal characteristics of grassland degradation in the Three-River Headwaters region in Qinghai Province.Journal of Geographical,2008(4):364-376.
[22]YIN F,DENG X Z,JIN Q,YUAN Y,ZHAO C.The impacts of climate change and human activities on grassland productivity in Qinghai Province,China.Frontiers of Earth Science,2014,8(1):93-103.
[23]辛玉春.青海天然草地产草量评价.青海草业,2012,21(3/4):43-51.XIN Y C.The evaluation of Qinghai natural grassland productivity.Grass Industry in Qinghai,2012,21(3/4):43-51.
[24]中华人民共和国农牧业畜牧兽医司,全国畜牧兽医总站.中国草地资源.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996.Department of Agriculture,Animal Husbandry and Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of the People’s Republic of China,General Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station of China.China Grassland Resources.Beijing:China Science and Technology Press,1996.
[25]张连义,张静祥,赛音吉亚,包红霞,镡建国,郭志忠.典型草原植被生物量遥感监测模型:以锡林郭勒盟为例.草业科学,2008,25(4):31-35.ZHANG L Y,ZHANG J X,Saiyinjiya,SHAN J G,GUO Z Z.Remote sensing monitoring model for grassland vegetation biomass monitoring in typical steppe:A case study from Xilinguole.Pratacultural Science,2008,25(4):31-35.
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