父母教养方式与青少年的道德推脱:共情的中介作用
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摘要
采用鲍姆林德教养方式调查表、班杜拉道德推脱问卷和Zoll共情问卷探讨了512名普通中学生的父母教养方式、道德推脱、共情水平以及三者之间的关系。结果显示:从初中升入高中,中学生报告的父母要求、关怀程度都出现显著下降,而道德推脱水平则显著上升,其认知共情有明显提高、情感共情并无变化。中介作用分析显示,父母对青少年的关怀程度以青少年的情感共情为部分中介,影响青少年的道德推脱。这些结果充分显示出情感与关怀、而非认知与要求对青少年道德发展的重要作用。
This study, based on a survey of 512 high school students with Baumrind's parenting styles, the moral disengagement scale by Bandura, and the questionnaire for empathy by Zoll, aims to explore the relationship between parenting styles, moral disengagement, and empathy. The results show the following: After these students had been admitted into a senior high school, their parents' demands and care decreased significantly, their moral disengagement and cognitive empathy increased significantly, and their emotional empathy did not change; their parents' care affected their moral disengagement through the partial mediation of their emotional empathy. These findings indicate that adolescents' parents' emotions and care(rather than cognition and demands) have a significant effect on their moral development
This study, based on a survey of 512 high school students with Baumrind's parenting styles, the moral disengagement scale by Bandura, and the questionnaire for empathy by Zoll, aims to explore the relationship between parenting styles, moral disengagement, and empathy. The results show the following: After these students had been admitted into a senior high school, their parents' demands and care decreased significantly, their moral disengagement and cognitive empathy increased significantly, and their emotional empathy did not change; their parents' care affected their moral disengagement through the partial mediation of their emotional empathy. These findings indicate that adolescents' parents' emotions and care(rather than cognition and demands) have a significant effect on their moral development
引文
1 刘国雄, 陆婷. 青少年的道德推脱及其与家庭教养方式的关系. 中国特殊教育, 2013, (4): 78-84
2 Wang X, Lei L, Yang J, et al. Moral disengagement as mediator and moderator of the relation between empathy and aggression among Chinese male juvenile delinquents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 2017, 48(2): 316-326
3 Gini G, Pozzoli T, Bussey K. The role of individual and collective moral disengagement in peer aggression and bystanding: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2015, 43(3): 441-452
4 Kowalski R M, Giumetti G W, Schroeder A N, et al. Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 2014, 140(4): 1073-1137
5 Detert J R, Treviňo L K, Sweitzer V L. Moral disengagement in ethical decision making: A study of antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2008, 93(2): 374-391
6 Hyde L W, Shaw D S, Moilanen K L. Developmental precursors of moral disengagement and the role of moral disengagement in the development of antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2010, 38(2): 197-209
7 Ishoy G A. Exploring morality as a mediator of the association between parenting practices and violent and property offending among a sample of juvenile delinquents. Crime & Delinquency, 2017, 63(2): 113-136
8 Dodge K A, Greenberg M T, Malone P S. Testing an idealized dynamic cascade model of the development of serious violence in adolescence. Child Development, 2009, 79(6): 1907-1927
9 Miller N V, Johnston C J, Pasalich D S. Parenting and conduct problems: Moderation by child empathy. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 2014, 36(1): 74-83
10 Pinquart M. Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 2017, 53(5): 873-932
11 Valente J Y, Cogo-Moreira H, Sanchez Z M. Gradient of association between parenting styles and patterns of drug use in adolescence: A latent class analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2017, 180: 272-278
12 Van der Graaff J, Branje S, De Wied M, et al. The Moderating role of empathy in the association between parental support and adolescent aggressive and delinquent behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 2012, 38(5): 368-377
13 Pelton J, Gound M, Forehand R, et al. The moral disengagement scale: Extension with an American minority sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 2004, 26(1): 31-39
14 Sroufe L A. Attachment and development: A prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. Attachment & Human Development, 2005, 7(4): 349-367
15 Guajardo N R, Snyder G, Petersen R. Relationships among parenting practices, parental stress, child behaviour, and children's social-cognitive development. Infant & Child Development, 2009, 18(1): 37-60
16 Batanova M D, Loukas A. What are the unique and interacting contributions of school and family factors to early adolescents’ empathic concern and perspective taking? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2012, 41(10): 1382-1391
17 Richaud De Minzi M C. Children's perception of parental empathy as a precursor of children's empathy in middle and late childhood. Journal of Psychology, 2013, 147(6): 563-576
18 25 Zoll C, Enz S. A Questionnaire to Assess Affective and Cognitive Empathy in Children. Journal of Child Psychology, 2005, 15: 165-174
19 Wied M D, Goudena P P, Matthys W. Empathy in boys with disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 2005, 46(8): 867-880
20 Eisenberg N, Liew J, Pidada S U. The longitudinal relations of regulation and emotionality to quality of indonesian children's socioemotional functioning. Developmental Psychology, 2004, 40(5): 790-804
21 Farrant B M, Devine T A J, Maybery M T, et al. Empathy, perspective taking and prosocial behaviour: The Importance of parenting practices. Infant and Child Development, 2012, 21(2): 175-188
22 吴明隆. 结构方程模型:AMOS的操作与应用. 第二版. 重庆:重庆大学出版社,2010. 44-49
23 Hayes A F. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Journal of Educational Measurement, 2013, 51(3): 335-337
24 温忠麟, 叶宝娟. 中介效应分析:方法和模型发展. 心理科学进展, 2014, 22(5): 731-745
25 Hawk S T, Keijsers L, Frijns T, et al. I still haven't found what I'm looking for: Parental privacy invasion predicts reduced parental knowledge. Developmental Psychology, 2013, 49(7): 1286-1298
26 温忠麟, 叶宝娟. 中介效应分析:方法和模型发展. 心理科学进展, 2014, 22(5): 731-745
27 Hawk S T, Keijsers L, Frijns T, et al. I still haven't found what I'm looking for: Parental privacy invasion predicts reduced parental knowledge. Developmental Psychology, 2013, 49(7): 1286-1298
28 Eisenberg N, Fabes R A, Spinrad T L. Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development. New York: Wiley,2006
29 黄翯青, 苏彦捷. 共情的毕生发展:一个双过程的视角. 心理发展与教育, 2012, (4): 434-441
30 陈武英, 卢家楣, 刘连启, 等. 共情的性别差异. 心理科学进展, 2014, (9): 1423-1434
31 杨继平, 王兴超. 道德推脱对青少年攻击行为的影响:有调节的中介效应. 心理学报, 2012, (8): 1075-1085
32 Bussey K, Quinn C, Dobson J. The moderating role of empathic concern and perspective taking on the relationship between moral disengagement and aggression. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 2015, 61(1): 10-29
33 Paciello M, Fida R, Tramontano C, et al. Stability and Change of Moral Disengagement and Its Impact on Aggression and Violence in Late Adolescence. Child Development, 2008, 79(5): 1288-1309
34 D. H, R. A, D. F. Family Influence on the Formation of Moral Identity in Adolescence: Longitudinal Analyses. Journal of Moral Education, 1999, 28(3): 375-386
35 Ouvrein G, De Backer C J S, Vandebosch H. Online celebrity aggression: A combination of low empathy and high moral disengagement? The relationship between empathy and moral disengagement and adolescents' online celebrity aggression. Computers in Human Behavior, 2018, 89: 61-69
36 Stern J A, Cassidy J. Empathy from infancy to adolescence: An attachment perspective on the development of individual differences. Developmental Review, 2018, 47: 1-22
37 Hawk S T, Keijsers L, Hale W W I, et al. Mind your own business! Longitudinal relations between perceived privacy invasion and adolescent-parent conflict. Journal of Family Psychology, 2009, 23(4): 511-520
38 Yoo H, Feng X, Day R D. Adolescents' Empathy and Prosocial Behavior in the Family Context: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2013, 42(12): 1858-1872
39 温忠麟. 实证研究中的因果推理与分析. 心理科学, 2017, (1): 200-208
2 Wang X, Lei L, Yang J, et al. Moral disengagement as mediator and moderator of the relation between empathy and aggression among Chinese male juvenile delinquents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 2017, 48(2): 316-326
3 Gini G, Pozzoli T, Bussey K. The role of individual and collective moral disengagement in peer aggression and bystanding: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2015, 43(3): 441-452
4 Kowalski R M, Giumetti G W, Schroeder A N, et al. Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 2014, 140(4): 1073-1137
5 Detert J R, Treviňo L K, Sweitzer V L. Moral disengagement in ethical decision making: A study of antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2008, 93(2): 374-391
6 Hyde L W, Shaw D S, Moilanen K L. Developmental precursors of moral disengagement and the role of moral disengagement in the development of antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2010, 38(2): 197-209
7 Ishoy G A. Exploring morality as a mediator of the association between parenting practices and violent and property offending among a sample of juvenile delinquents. Crime & Delinquency, 2017, 63(2): 113-136
8 Dodge K A, Greenberg M T, Malone P S. Testing an idealized dynamic cascade model of the development of serious violence in adolescence. Child Development, 2009, 79(6): 1907-1927
9 Miller N V, Johnston C J, Pasalich D S. Parenting and conduct problems: Moderation by child empathy. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 2014, 36(1): 74-83
10 Pinquart M. Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 2017, 53(5): 873-932
11 Valente J Y, Cogo-Moreira H, Sanchez Z M. Gradient of association between parenting styles and patterns of drug use in adolescence: A latent class analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2017, 180: 272-278
12 Van der Graaff J, Branje S, De Wied M, et al. The Moderating role of empathy in the association between parental support and adolescent aggressive and delinquent behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 2012, 38(5): 368-377
13 Pelton J, Gound M, Forehand R, et al. The moral disengagement scale: Extension with an American minority sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 2004, 26(1): 31-39
14 Sroufe L A. Attachment and development: A prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. Attachment & Human Development, 2005, 7(4): 349-367
15 Guajardo N R, Snyder G, Petersen R. Relationships among parenting practices, parental stress, child behaviour, and children's social-cognitive development. Infant & Child Development, 2009, 18(1): 37-60
16 Batanova M D, Loukas A. What are the unique and interacting contributions of school and family factors to early adolescents’ empathic concern and perspective taking? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2012, 41(10): 1382-1391
17 Richaud De Minzi M C. Children's perception of parental empathy as a precursor of children's empathy in middle and late childhood. Journal of Psychology, 2013, 147(6): 563-576
18 25 Zoll C, Enz S. A Questionnaire to Assess Affective and Cognitive Empathy in Children. Journal of Child Psychology, 2005, 15: 165-174
19 Wied M D, Goudena P P, Matthys W. Empathy in boys with disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 2005, 46(8): 867-880
20 Eisenberg N, Liew J, Pidada S U. The longitudinal relations of regulation and emotionality to quality of indonesian children's socioemotional functioning. Developmental Psychology, 2004, 40(5): 790-804
21 Farrant B M, Devine T A J, Maybery M T, et al. Empathy, perspective taking and prosocial behaviour: The Importance of parenting practices. Infant and Child Development, 2012, 21(2): 175-188
22 吴明隆. 结构方程模型:AMOS的操作与应用. 第二版. 重庆:重庆大学出版社,2010. 44-49
23 Hayes A F. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Journal of Educational Measurement, 2013, 51(3): 335-337
24 温忠麟, 叶宝娟. 中介效应分析:方法和模型发展. 心理科学进展, 2014, 22(5): 731-745
25 Hawk S T, Keijsers L, Frijns T, et al. I still haven't found what I'm looking for: Parental privacy invasion predicts reduced parental knowledge. Developmental Psychology, 2013, 49(7): 1286-1298
26 温忠麟, 叶宝娟. 中介效应分析:方法和模型发展. 心理科学进展, 2014, 22(5): 731-745
27 Hawk S T, Keijsers L, Frijns T, et al. I still haven't found what I'm looking for: Parental privacy invasion predicts reduced parental knowledge. Developmental Psychology, 2013, 49(7): 1286-1298
28 Eisenberg N, Fabes R A, Spinrad T L. Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development. New York: Wiley,2006
29 黄翯青, 苏彦捷. 共情的毕生发展:一个双过程的视角. 心理发展与教育, 2012, (4): 434-441
30 陈武英, 卢家楣, 刘连启, 等. 共情的性别差异. 心理科学进展, 2014, (9): 1423-1434
31 杨继平, 王兴超. 道德推脱对青少年攻击行为的影响:有调节的中介效应. 心理学报, 2012, (8): 1075-1085
32 Bussey K, Quinn C, Dobson J. The moderating role of empathic concern and perspective taking on the relationship between moral disengagement and aggression. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 2015, 61(1): 10-29
33 Paciello M, Fida R, Tramontano C, et al. Stability and Change of Moral Disengagement and Its Impact on Aggression and Violence in Late Adolescence. Child Development, 2008, 79(5): 1288-1309
34 D. H, R. A, D. F. Family Influence on the Formation of Moral Identity in Adolescence: Longitudinal Analyses. Journal of Moral Education, 1999, 28(3): 375-386
35 Ouvrein G, De Backer C J S, Vandebosch H. Online celebrity aggression: A combination of low empathy and high moral disengagement? The relationship between empathy and moral disengagement and adolescents' online celebrity aggression. Computers in Human Behavior, 2018, 89: 61-69
36 Stern J A, Cassidy J. Empathy from infancy to adolescence: An attachment perspective on the development of individual differences. Developmental Review, 2018, 47: 1-22
37 Hawk S T, Keijsers L, Hale W W I, et al. Mind your own business! Longitudinal relations between perceived privacy invasion and adolescent-parent conflict. Journal of Family Psychology, 2009, 23(4): 511-520
38 Yoo H, Feng X, Day R D. Adolescents' Empathy and Prosocial Behavior in the Family Context: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2013, 42(12): 1858-1872
39 温忠麟. 实证研究中的因果推理与分析. 心理科学, 2017, (1): 200-208