边界条件对多年冻土路基热稳定性的影响分析
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摘要
多年冻土区的年平均气温是影响冻土路基边界条件的重要因素.在附面层原理的基础上,考虑采用带有相变的控制方程和数值方法,以相同尺度的路基模型为前提,选取不同的年平均气温为影响因素,对青藏工程走廊公路路基的人为冻土上限和年平均地温进行了研究.结果表明:公路路基下年平均地温随着年平均气温的升高而升高,人为冻土上限随着年平均气温的升高而显著下降.在年平均气温为-7.16℃时,路基修筑50 a后其年平均地温为-3.61℃,其人为冻土上限为-0.97 m;年平均气温为-3.21℃的条件下,路基修筑50 a后其年平均地温仅为-0.1℃,其人为冻土上限也降至-13.11 m.因此,可以看出:在未来气候持续变暖的背景下,现有处于稳定状态的冻土路基将逐渐变得不稳定.
Annual mean temperature plays a very important role to embankment boundary conditions in permafrost regions. On the basis of principle of the boundary layer and unified embankment sizes,governing equation, which involves phase change,and finite element method were applied to study the heat effect along the QinghaiTibet Highway. Different locations along the Qinghai-Tibet engineering corridor were chosen to be the studying objects. It is found that annual mean ground temperature increases when annual mean air temperature increases. However,artificial permafrost table decreases remarkably with annual mean air temperature increasing. When the annual mean air temperature is- 7. 16 ℃,the annual mean ground temperature will be- 3. 16 ℃ and the artificial permafrost table will be- 0. 98 m 50 years later; when the annual mean air temperature is- 3. 21 ℃,the annual mean ground temperature will be- 0. 1 ℃ and the artificial permafrost table will be- 13. 11 m 50 years later. Thus,the conclusion can be drawn that stable embankment will turn into unstable one as global climate warming.
Annual mean temperature plays a very important role to embankment boundary conditions in permafrost regions. On the basis of principle of the boundary layer and unified embankment sizes,governing equation, which involves phase change,and finite element method were applied to study the heat effect along the QinghaiTibet Highway. Different locations along the Qinghai-Tibet engineering corridor were chosen to be the studying objects. It is found that annual mean ground temperature increases when annual mean air temperature increases. However,artificial permafrost table decreases remarkably with annual mean air temperature increasing. When the annual mean air temperature is- 7. 16 ℃,the annual mean ground temperature will be- 3. 16 ℃ and the artificial permafrost table will be- 0. 98 m 50 years later; when the annual mean air temperature is- 3. 21 ℃,the annual mean ground temperature will be- 0. 1 ℃ and the artificial permafrost table will be- 13. 11 m 50 years later. Thus,the conclusion can be drawn that stable embankment will turn into unstable one as global climate warming.
引文
[1]Wang Hainian,Dou Mingjian.A study on factors influencing thermal stability of permafrost embankments in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Highway,2005(5):1-5.[汪海年,窦明健.青藏高原多年冻土地区路基热稳定性影响因素分析[J].公路,2005(5):1-5.]
[2]Geng Ke.Impacts of freeze-thaw cycle on frost heaving forces on tunnel structures in cold regions[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(4):913-919.[耿珂.冻融循环对寒区隧道结构冻胀力的影响[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(4):913-919.]
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[4]Zhang Mingyi,Zhang Jianming,Lai Yuanming.Numerical analysis for critical height of railway embankment in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2005,41(2):111-120.
[5]Zhang Mingyi,Zhang Jianming,Lai Yuanming.Numerical analysis of the critical height of railway embankment in permafrost regions of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2004,26(3):312-318.[张明义,张建明,赖远明.青藏高原多年冻土区铁路路堤临界高度数值计算分析[J].冰川冻土,2004,26(3):312-318.]
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[7]Wu Qingbai,Shi Bin,Liu Yongzhi.Interaction study of permafrost and highway along Qinghai-Xizang Highway[J].Science in China(Series D),2003,46(2):97-105.[吴青柏,施斌,刘永智.青藏公路沿线多年冻土与公路相互作用研究[J].中国科学(D辑),2002,32(6):514-520.]
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[9]Yue Guangyang,Zhao Lin,Zhao Yonghua,et al.Relationship between soil properties in permafrost active layer and surface vegetation in Xidatan on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(3):565-573.[岳广阳,赵林,赵拥华,等.青藏高原西大滩多年冻土活动层土壤性状与地表植被的关系[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(3):565-573.]
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[11]Zhang Jinzhao,Wang Shuangjie,Tai Diancang.Design and construction of asphalt concrete pavement in permafrost region[J].Highway,2005(2):124-127.[章金钊,汪双杰,台电仓.多年冻土地区沥青混凝土路面的设计与施工[J].公路,2005(2):124-127.]
[12]Wang Shuangjie,Chen Jianbin.Nonlinear analysis for dimensional effects of temperature field of highway embankment in permafrost regions on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2008,30(10):1544-1549.[汪双杰,陈建斌.青藏高原多年冻土路基温度场公路空间效应的非线性分析[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(10):1544-1549.]
[13]Yu Qihao,Pan Xicai,Cheng Guodong,et al.Heat transfer process of roadway embankments with different type and width of road surface in permafrost regions[J].Progress in Natural Science,2007,17(3):314-319.[俞祁浩,程国栋,何乃武,等.不同路面和幅宽条件下冻土路基传热过程研究[J].自然科学进展,2006,16(11):1482-1486.]
[14]Liu Ge.Research on Protecting Measures of Thermal Effect of High-Grade Highway with Wide Asphalt Pavement in Permafrost Regions[D].Lanzhou:Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013.[刘戈.高原多年冻土区高等级公路热效应防治对策研究[D].兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2013.]
[15]Sun Liping,Dong Xianfu,Zhou Yong,et al.The effect of embankment slope orientation along the Qinghai-Tibet routes and related radiation mechanism[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(4):610-616.[孙立平,董献付,周勇,等.青藏线冻土区“阴阳坡”问题及其辐射机制[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(4):610-616.]
[16]Wu Qingbai,Mi Haizhen.Permafrost process change and control recommendations on Qinghai-Tibet Highway in permafrost region[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2000(2):14-17.[吴青柏,米海珍.青藏公路多年冻土路段冻土过程的变化和控制建议[J].水文地质工程地质,2000(2):14-17.]
[17]Li Dongqing,Huang Xing,Fang Jianhong.Compared analysis of embankment thermal stabilities in high temperature permafrost regions with and without climatic warming[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2012,204:1822-1829.
[18]Li D Q,Huang X,Ming F,et al.Influence of slope angle on thermal stability of embankment in permafrost regions[C]//Proceedings of World Congress on Engineering 2013:Volume I,London,UK,July 3-5,2013:161-166.
[19]Fu Chuanbo,Dan Li,Wu Jian,et al.Variation and abrupt change of maximum depth of frozen soil over Xinjiang under the background of global warming,1961-2005[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(6):1410-1418.[符传博,丹利,吴涧,等.全球变暖背景下新疆地区近45 a来最大冻土深度变化及其突变分析[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(6):1410-1418.]
[20]Zhang Youan,Wang Yujin.Frost resistance design for subgrade and pavement of mountain highway in margin region of QinghaiTibet Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(3):645-649.[张有安,王玉金.青藏高原边缘山区公路路基、路面抗冻设计研究[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(3):645-649.]
[21]Liu Zhiqiang,Xin Jian,Yu Wenbing.Random temperature fields of high-level highway wide embankment in cold regions[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(6):1499-1504.[刘志强,辛建,喻文兵.寒区高等级公路宽幅路基的随机温度场[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(6):1499-1504.]
[22]Liao Liping,Zhu Yingyan,Yang Zhiquan,et al.Advance and retreat fluctuation of the Ghulkin Glacier along the Karakoram Highway over hundred years[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(6):1391-1399.[廖丽萍,朱颖彦,杨志全,等.中国-巴基斯坦喀喇昆仑公路Ghulkin冰川百年进退变化[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(6):1391-1399.]
[23]Yu Qihao,Qian Jin,You Yanhui,et al.Experimental study of convective characteristics of block-stone embankment[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(2):411-417.[俞祁浩,钱进,游彦辉,等.块石路基对流特性实验研究[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(2):411-417.]
[24]Wu Ziwang,Cheng Guodong,Zhu Linnan,et al.Roadbed Engineering in Permafrost Region[M].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University Press,1988.[吴紫汪,程国栋,朱林楠,等.冻土路基工程[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,1988.]
[25]Bonacina C,Comini G,Fasano A,et al.Numerical solution of phase-change problems[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,1973,16(10):1825-1832.
[26]Qiu Guoqing,Liu Jingren,Liu Hongxu.Geocryological Glossary[M].Lanzhou:Gansu Science and Technology Press,1994.[邱国庆,刘经仁,刘鸿绪.冻土学辞典[M].兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,1994.]
[2]Geng Ke.Impacts of freeze-thaw cycle on frost heaving forces on tunnel structures in cold regions[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(4):913-919.[耿珂.冻融循环对寒区隧道结构冻胀力的影响[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(4):913-919.]
[3]Chou Yaling,Sheng Yu,Ma Wei.Calculation of difference in temperature between sunny slope and shady slope along railways in permafrost regions in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(S2):4102-4107.[丑亚玲,盛煜,马巍.青藏高原多年冻土区铁路路基阴阳坡表面温差的计算[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(S2):4102-4107.]
[4]Zhang Mingyi,Zhang Jianming,Lai Yuanming.Numerical analysis for critical height of railway embankment in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2005,41(2):111-120.
[5]Zhang Mingyi,Zhang Jianming,Lai Yuanming.Numerical analysis of the critical height of railway embankment in permafrost regions of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2004,26(3):312-318.[张明义,张建明,赖远明.青藏高原多年冻土区铁路路堤临界高度数值计算分析[J].冰川冻土,2004,26(3):312-318.]
[6]Zhang Jianming.Study on Roadbed Stability in Permafrost Regions on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Classification of Permafrost in Highway Engineering[D].PhD Thesis,Lanzhou:Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2004.[张建明.青藏高原冻土路基稳定性及公路工程多年冻土分类研究[D].博士论文,兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2004.]
[7]Wu Qingbai,Shi Bin,Liu Yongzhi.Interaction study of permafrost and highway along Qinghai-Xizang Highway[J].Science in China(Series D),2003,46(2):97-105.[吴青柏,施斌,刘永智.青藏公路沿线多年冻土与公路相互作用研究[J].中国科学(D辑),2002,32(6):514-520.]
[8]Chen Ji,Cheng Guodong,Niu Fujun,et al.Wind's cooling effect on frozen soil—For example of Qinghai-Tibet Railway[J].Advances in Earth Science,2005,20(3):275-281.[陈继,程国栋,吴青柏,等.冻土地区风的作用分析——以青藏铁路沿线多年冻土为例[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(3):275-281.]
[9]Yue Guangyang,Zhao Lin,Zhao Yonghua,et al.Relationship between soil properties in permafrost active layer and surface vegetation in Xidatan on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(3):565-573.[岳广阳,赵林,赵拥华,等.青藏高原西大滩多年冻土活动层土壤性状与地表植被的关系[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(3):565-573.]
[10]Liu Yongzhi,Wu Qingbai,Zhang Jianming,et al.Deformation of highway roadbed in permafrost regions of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2002,24(1):10-15.[刘永智,吴青柏,张建明,等.青藏高原多年冻土地区公路路基变形[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(1):10-15.]
[11]Zhang Jinzhao,Wang Shuangjie,Tai Diancang.Design and construction of asphalt concrete pavement in permafrost region[J].Highway,2005(2):124-127.[章金钊,汪双杰,台电仓.多年冻土地区沥青混凝土路面的设计与施工[J].公路,2005(2):124-127.]
[12]Wang Shuangjie,Chen Jianbin.Nonlinear analysis for dimensional effects of temperature field of highway embankment in permafrost regions on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2008,30(10):1544-1549.[汪双杰,陈建斌.青藏高原多年冻土路基温度场公路空间效应的非线性分析[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(10):1544-1549.]
[13]Yu Qihao,Pan Xicai,Cheng Guodong,et al.Heat transfer process of roadway embankments with different type and width of road surface in permafrost regions[J].Progress in Natural Science,2007,17(3):314-319.[俞祁浩,程国栋,何乃武,等.不同路面和幅宽条件下冻土路基传热过程研究[J].自然科学进展,2006,16(11):1482-1486.]
[14]Liu Ge.Research on Protecting Measures of Thermal Effect of High-Grade Highway with Wide Asphalt Pavement in Permafrost Regions[D].Lanzhou:Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013.[刘戈.高原多年冻土区高等级公路热效应防治对策研究[D].兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2013.]
[15]Sun Liping,Dong Xianfu,Zhou Yong,et al.The effect of embankment slope orientation along the Qinghai-Tibet routes and related radiation mechanism[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(4):610-616.[孙立平,董献付,周勇,等.青藏线冻土区“阴阳坡”问题及其辐射机制[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(4):610-616.]
[16]Wu Qingbai,Mi Haizhen.Permafrost process change and control recommendations on Qinghai-Tibet Highway in permafrost region[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2000(2):14-17.[吴青柏,米海珍.青藏公路多年冻土路段冻土过程的变化和控制建议[J].水文地质工程地质,2000(2):14-17.]
[17]Li Dongqing,Huang Xing,Fang Jianhong.Compared analysis of embankment thermal stabilities in high temperature permafrost regions with and without climatic warming[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2012,204:1822-1829.
[18]Li D Q,Huang X,Ming F,et al.Influence of slope angle on thermal stability of embankment in permafrost regions[C]//Proceedings of World Congress on Engineering 2013:Volume I,London,UK,July 3-5,2013:161-166.
[19]Fu Chuanbo,Dan Li,Wu Jian,et al.Variation and abrupt change of maximum depth of frozen soil over Xinjiang under the background of global warming,1961-2005[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(6):1410-1418.[符传博,丹利,吴涧,等.全球变暖背景下新疆地区近45 a来最大冻土深度变化及其突变分析[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(6):1410-1418.]
[20]Zhang Youan,Wang Yujin.Frost resistance design for subgrade and pavement of mountain highway in margin region of QinghaiTibet Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(3):645-649.[张有安,王玉金.青藏高原边缘山区公路路基、路面抗冻设计研究[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(3):645-649.]
[21]Liu Zhiqiang,Xin Jian,Yu Wenbing.Random temperature fields of high-level highway wide embankment in cold regions[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(6):1499-1504.[刘志强,辛建,喻文兵.寒区高等级公路宽幅路基的随机温度场[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(6):1499-1504.]
[22]Liao Liping,Zhu Yingyan,Yang Zhiquan,et al.Advance and retreat fluctuation of the Ghulkin Glacier along the Karakoram Highway over hundred years[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(6):1391-1399.[廖丽萍,朱颖彦,杨志全,等.中国-巴基斯坦喀喇昆仑公路Ghulkin冰川百年进退变化[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(6):1391-1399.]
[23]Yu Qihao,Qian Jin,You Yanhui,et al.Experimental study of convective characteristics of block-stone embankment[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(2):411-417.[俞祁浩,钱进,游彦辉,等.块石路基对流特性实验研究[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(2):411-417.]
[24]Wu Ziwang,Cheng Guodong,Zhu Linnan,et al.Roadbed Engineering in Permafrost Region[M].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University Press,1988.[吴紫汪,程国栋,朱林楠,等.冻土路基工程[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,1988.]
[25]Bonacina C,Comini G,Fasano A,et al.Numerical solution of phase-change problems[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,1973,16(10):1825-1832.
[26]Qiu Guoqing,Liu Jingren,Liu Hongxu.Geocryological Glossary[M].Lanzhou:Gansu Science and Technology Press,1994.[邱国庆,刘经仁,刘鸿绪.冻土学辞典[M].兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,1994.]