收入增长、大气污染与公众健康——基于CHNS的微观证据
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摘要
中国经济高速增长所带来的严峻环境污染及其对公众健康的损害,受到国内外媒体的极大关注。基于中国健康与营养家庭调查数据(CHNS),结合相应地区环境污染物与经济发展数据,本文试图从理论机制和实证层面探讨家庭收入提高对健康的正向效应能否缓解大气污染对公众健康的负向影响。研究发现:总体上,经济增长所带来的家庭收入提高能够显著减缓工业粉尘对健康损害,但并未能抵消工业氮化物(NOX)对公众健康的负向影响。进一步分析理论机制发现,收入对大气污染健康损害的减缓效应主要取决于家庭的环境支付意愿,"南低北高"的地区污染特征客观上造成"南低北高"的环境支付意愿差异,北方地区家庭收入提高抵消环境污染的健康福利表现较南方地区更为明显;受教育程度不同的群体显现出环境支付意愿的差异,受教育年限越高的人群更倾向于将家庭收入转换为减轻环境污染的健康福利。
The rapid increase of Chinese economy arouses public consensus on improving health,while generates environmental problems simultaneously. Air pollution,as one of the typical contaminations,impairs public health violently. This paper attempts to find out whether the positive effect of household income on public health could mitigate the negative effect of air pollution impairment in China. In accordance to micro-level health data from China's Health and Nutrition Survey( CHNS),the paper obtains provincial-level pollution data,including per unit area of industrial SO2,dust,soot and NOXemissions. The paper reveals that household income has remarkably relieved the health impairment of industrial dust,while industrial NOXemissions has robust negative effect on the health welfare of household income in reverse. Since the mitigating effect of household income on air pollution impairment is largely depended on residents' environmental payoff willingness,the paper further indicates that health welfare performance of northern household income is more obvious,due to the regional characteristic that‘low pollution in south China and high pollution in north China'cause the difference of ‘low environmental payoff willingness in south and high environmental payoff willingness in north '. Moreover,residents' environmental payoff willingness shows notable discrepancy in different educated groups; people with higher education are more inclined to transform household income into the health welfare,mitigating the air pollution impairment on health.
The rapid increase of Chinese economy arouses public consensus on improving health,while generates environmental problems simultaneously. Air pollution,as one of the typical contaminations,impairs public health violently. This paper attempts to find out whether the positive effect of household income on public health could mitigate the negative effect of air pollution impairment in China. In accordance to micro-level health data from China's Health and Nutrition Survey( CHNS),the paper obtains provincial-level pollution data,including per unit area of industrial SO2,dust,soot and NOXemissions. The paper reveals that household income has remarkably relieved the health impairment of industrial dust,while industrial NOXemissions has robust negative effect on the health welfare of household income in reverse. Since the mitigating effect of household income on air pollution impairment is largely depended on residents' environmental payoff willingness,the paper further indicates that health welfare performance of northern household income is more obvious,due to the regional characteristic that‘low pollution in south China and high pollution in north China'cause the difference of ‘low environmental payoff willingness in south and high environmental payoff willingness in north '. Moreover,residents' environmental payoff willingness shows notable discrepancy in different educated groups; people with higher education are more inclined to transform household income into the health welfare,mitigating the air pollution impairment on health.
引文
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[2]陈永伟,陈立中.为清洁空气定价:来自中国青岛的经验证据[J].世界经济,2012(4):140-160.[CHEN Yongwei,CHEN Lizhong.Price for clean air:empirical evidence from Qingdao,China[J].The journal of world economy,2012(4):140-160.]
[3]SUN C,KAHN M E,ZHENG S Q.Self-protection investment exacerbates air pollution exposure inequality in urban China[J].Ecological economics,2017,131:468-474.
[4]BENZEVAL M,JUDGE K,SHOULS S.Understanding the relationship between income and health:how much can be gleaned from cross-sectional data[J].Social policy&administration,2001,35:376-396.
[5]齐良书,李子奈.与收入相关的健康和医疗服务利用流动性[J].经济研究,2011(9):83-95.[QI Liangshu,LI Zinai.The incomerelated mobility of health and health care utilization[J].Economic research journal,2011(9):83-95.]
[6]封进,余央央.中国农村的收入差距与健康[J].经济研究,2007(1):79-88.[FENG Jin,YU Yangyang.Income inequality and health in rural China[J].Economic research journal,2007(1):79-88.]
[7]秦立健,陈波,秦雪征.健康对农民工外出务工收入的影响分析[J].世界经济文汇,2013(6):110-120.[QIN Lijian,CHEN Bo,QIN Xuezheng.Analysis of the influence of health on migrant workers’income[J].World economic papers,2013(6):110-120.]
[8]赵晓丽,范春阳,王予希.基于修正人力资本法的北京市空气污染物健康损失评价[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014(3):169-176.[ZHAO Xiaoli,FAN Chunyang,WANG Yuxi.Evaluation of health losses by air pollution in Beijing:a study based on corrected human capital method[J].China population,resources and environment,2014(3):169-176.]
[9]陈硕,陈婷.空气质量与公共健康:以火电厂二氧化硫排放量为例[J].经济研究,2014(8):158-169,183.[CHEN Shuo,CHEN Ting.The rise of China’s coastal areas:power of market[J].Economic research journal,2014(8):158-169,183.]
[10]CURRIE J,DAVIS L,GREENSTONE M,et al.Environmental health risks and housing values:evidence from 1,600 toxic plant openings and closings[J].American economic review,2015,105:678-709.
[11]谌仁俊,涂正革,黄必红.城市环境政策、大气污染与公众健康[R].2017.[SHEN Renjun,TU Zhengge,HUANG Bihong.Urban environmental policies,air pollution and public health[R].2017.]
[12]王兵,聂欣.经济发展的健康成本:污水排放与农村中老年健康[J].金融研究,2016(3):59-73.[WANG Bing,NIE Xin.The health cost of economic development:sewage discharge and the midaged and elderly health in rural[J].Journal of financial research,2016(3):59-73.]
[13]吴新悦,张城敏,葛秀平,等.北京市1 272例原发性肺癌生存时间及影响因素调査分析[J].北京医学,2009(1):20-23.[WU Xinyue,ZHANG Chengmin,GE Xiuping,et al.Beijing tuberculosis and thoracic tumor research institute,Beijing,China[J].Beijing medical journal,2009(1):20-23.]
[14]LELIEVELD J,EVANS J S,FNAIS M,et al.The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale[J].Nature,2015,525:367-371.