乡村规划中乡村人地关系基本认知方法研究——以扬州市江都区为例
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摘要
认识与把握乡村人地关系的特点与变化是乡村规划研究的一项基础性工作。论文以农村劳动力与村集体土地这两个核心要素为重点,分析探讨了两者之间三大基本关系、两项基本评价、四类典型特征,并运用空间数据分析技术,建构了相对完整的量化分析方法。以江苏省扬州市江都区为实证研究对象,研究结果表明,该方法能够比较全面和准确地认识县级行政单元范围内乡村人地关系的基本状况。这一研究为乡村规划中乡村的产业发展、居民点体系、空间组织和发展路径的制定奠定了科学基础。
It is a basic work for rural planning and research to understand and grasp the characteristics and changes of rural manland relationship. Based on the two core elements of rural labor force and collective land use, this paper explores the three basic relationships, two basic evaluations, four typical characteristics therebetween, and constructs a quantitative analysis method by using GIS spatial data analysis technology by taking Jiangdu District in Yangzhou as case study, the result of which shows that this method can describe the basic situation and typical characteristics of rural man-land relationship within the county-level scope in a comparatively comprehensive and accurate way. The research will lay a scientific foundation for the industry development and determination of settlement system, spatial organization, and developing path in rural planning.
It is a basic work for rural planning and research to understand and grasp the characteristics and changes of rural manland relationship. Based on the two core elements of rural labor force and collective land use, this paper explores the three basic relationships, two basic evaluations, four typical characteristics therebetween, and constructs a quantitative analysis method by using GIS spatial data analysis technology by taking Jiangdu District in Yangzhou as case study, the result of which shows that this method can describe the basic situation and typical characteristics of rural man-land relationship within the county-level scope in a comparatively comprehensive and accurate way. The research will lay a scientific foundation for the industry development and determination of settlement system, spatial organization, and developing path in rural planning.
引文
1赵之枫.乡村聚落人地关系的演化及其可持续发展研究[J].北京工业大学学报,2004(3):299-303.ZHAO Zhifeng.Evolution of Human-Land Relationship and Sustainable Development of the Rural Settlement[J].Journal of Beijing University of Technology,2004(3):299-303.
2孙静.人地关系与聚落形态变迁的规律性研究[D].合肥:合肥工业大学,2007.SUN Jing.The Research on Relations Between Human and Environment and the Changes of Settlement Types:Take the Huizhou Settlement for Example[D].Hefei:Hefei University of Technology,2007.
3翁一峰.苏南乡村人地空间组织与模式探究--以产权关系为视角[J].城市规划学刊,2014(6):30-37.WENG Yifeng.An Analysis of Rural Human-Land Organization from the Perspective of Property Rights:A Case Study on Southern Jiangsu Province[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014(6):30-37.
4陈佑启,武伟.城乡交错带人地系统的特征及其演变机制分析[J].地理科学,1998(5):27-33.CHEN Youqi,WU Wei.An Analysis on the Man-Land System and Its Dynamics in Urban-Rural Interlocking Belt[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,1998(5):27-33.
5刘彦随,李裕瑞.中国县域耕地与农业劳动力变化的时空耦合关系[J].地理学报,2010,65(12):1602-1612.LIU Yansui,LI Yurui.Spatio-Temporal Coupling Relationship Between Farmland and Agricultural Labor Changes at County Level in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(12):1602-1612.
6万晔,司徒群,朱彤,等.云南彝族农村聚落区人地关系研究[J].经济地理,2002(S1):63-66.WAN Ye,SITU Qun,ZHU Tong,et al.A Study on Manland Relationship Among Yunnan Dai Minority Village Settlement Area[J].Economic Geography,2002(S1):63-66.
7岳邦瑞,王庆庆,侯全华.人地关系视角下的吐鲁番麻扎村绿洲聚落形态研究[J].经济地理,2011,31(8):1345-1350.YUE Bangrui,WANG Qingqing,HOU Quanhua.Oasis Settlement Pattern Research of Turpan Mazar Village from Perspective of Man-Land Relationship[J].Economic Geography,2011,31(8):1345-1350.
8周宁,郝晋珉,杨立,等.曲周县农村居民点整理现实潜力测算与分析[J].中国土地科学,2011,25(10):52-57.ZHOU Ning,HAO Jinmin,YANG Li,et al.Measuring the Consolidation Potentiality of Rural Residential Area:A Case Study in Quzhou County[J].China Land Science,2011,25(10):52-57.
9塔娜,张裕凤,赵明,等.内蒙古自治区农村居民点用地整理潜力研究[J].经济地理,2012,32(8):136-141.TA Na,ZHANG Yufeng,ZHAO Ming,et al.Reclamation Potentiality Analysis on Rural Residential Land in Inner Mongolia[J].Economic Geography,2012,32(8):136-141.
10刘彦随.中国东部沿海地区乡村转型发展与新农村建设[J].地理学报,2007(6):563-570.LIU Yansui.Rural Transformation Development and New Countryside Construction in Eastern Coastal Area of China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2007(6):563-570.
11龙花楼,李裕瑞,刘彦随.中国空心化村庄演化特征及其动力机制[J].地理学报,2009,64(10):1203-1213.LONG Hualou,LI Yurui,LIU Yansui.Analysis of Evolutive Characteristics and Their Driving Mechanism of Hollowing Villages in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(10):1203-1213.
12杨忍,刘彦随,陈秧分.中国农村空心化综合测度与分区[J].地理研究,2012,31(9):1697-1706.YANG Ren,LIU Yansui,CHEN Yangfen.Comprehensive Measure and Partition of Rural Hollowing in China[J].Geographical Research,2012,31(9):1697-1706.
13宋伟,陈百明,张英.中国村庄宅基地空心化评价及其影响因素[J].地理研究,2013,32(1):20-28.SONG Wei,CHEN Baiming,ZHANG Ying.Typical Survey and Analysis on Influencing Factors of Village-Hollowing of Rural Housing Land in China[J].Geographical Research,2013,32(1):20-28.
14洪舒蔓,郝晋珉,艾东,等.基于人地关系的黄淮海平原土地整治策略[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(24):251-259.HONG Shuman,HAO Jinmin,AI Dong,et al.Land Consolidation Strategies in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain Based on Man-Earth Relationship[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(24):251-259.
15王磊,宋乃平.宁夏盐池县人地关系的演变及调适对策[J].资源科学,2007(6):138-145.WANG Lei,SONG Naiping.Evolution of Human-Land Relationship and Countermeasures for Adjustment in Yanchi County,Ningxia Autonomous Region[J].Resources Science,2007(6):138-145.
16杨杨,吴次芳,韦仕川.浙江省人地关系变化阶段特征及调整策略[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2007(1):61-65.YANG Yang,WU Cifang,WEI Shichuan.Research on the Stage Features of Man-Land Relationship and Adjustable Strategies:Take Zhejiang Province for Example[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2007(1):61-65.
17罗峰.农地制度约束下的人地关系[J].人口与经济,2007(3):1-6.LUO Feng.The Relationship Between Population Growth and Land Use Under the Restriction of Present Land-Use System[J].Population&Economics,2007(3):1-6.
18建林.论中国农村环境生态悖论现象的主要特点[J].求索,2006(6):60-63.JIAN Lin.The Main Characteristics of Ecological Paradox Phenomenon in China’s Rural Environment[J].Seeker,2006(6):60-63.
19陈修颖.人地和谐关系理论与农村经济可持续发展[J].经济社会体制比较,2008(4):163-168.CHEN Xiuying.Man-Land Harmonious Relationship and the Rural Economy Sustainable Development[J].Comparative Economic&Social Systems,2008(4):163-168.
20 BENTLEY J W.Economic and Ecological Approaches to Land Fragmentation:In Defense of a Much-Maligned Phenomenon[J].Annual Review of Anthropology,1987(16):31-67.
21李功奎,钟甫宁.农地细碎化、劳动力利用与农民收入--基于江苏省经济欠发达地区的实证研究[J].中国农村经济,2006(4):42-48.LI Gongkui,ZHONG Funing.Farmland Fragmentation,Labor Utilization,and Farmer’s Income:A Positive Study of the Underdeveloped Regions of Jiangsu[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2006(4):42-48.
22郭晋平.森林景观生态研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.GUO Jinping.Ecological Research of Forest Landscape[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2001.
23马颖忆,陆玉麒,张莉.江苏省人口空间格局演化特征[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(2):167-175.MA Yingyi,LU Yuqi,ZHANG Li.Evolvement of Spatial Pattern of Population with Data at County Level in Jiangsu Province[J].Progress in Geography,2012,31(2):167-175.
24王秀兰,包玉海.土地利用动态变化研究方法探讨[J].地理科学进展,1999(1):83-89.WANG Xiulan,BAO Yuhai.Study on the Methods of Land Use Dynamic Change Research[J].Progress in Geography,1999(1):83-89.
25毛蒋兴,闫小培.中国城市土地快速变化的特征与机制--以深圳为例[M].南京:南京大学出版社,2009.MAO Jiangxing,YAN Xiaopei.Characteristics and Mechanism of Rapid Urban Land Change in China:A Case Study of Shenzhen[M].Nanjing:Nanjing University Press,2009.
26 FORMAN R T T.Land Mosaics:The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995.
27刘滨谊,贺炜,刘颂.基于绿地与城市空间耦合理论的城市绿地空间评价与规划研究[J].中国园林,2012,28(5):42-46.LIU Binyi,HE Wei,LIU Song.Study of the Evaluation and Planning of Urban Green Space Based on the Coupling Theory of Green Space and City Space[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2012,28(5):42-46.
(1)从“人”、“地”完全对应考虑,生产方面的对应关系分别是一产农村劳动力对应农用地,二产农村劳动力对应村庄建设用地中的二产用地,三产农村劳动力对应村庄建设用地中的三产用地;生活方面则是农村劳动力对应村庄建设用地中的非生产用地。但考虑到数据精度、工作量,以及绝大多数村庄并无工业企业,三产不发达等状况,本文将“人”、“地”对应关系确定为:生产方面为一产农村劳动力对应农用地;生活方面为农村劳动力对应村庄建设用地。
(2)由于农村劳动力主要居住于村庄建设用地中,因此依存关系主要从生产方面进行判断。
(3)由于一产农村劳动力主要在农用地上从事生产,因而可以将一产农村劳动力概化为农用地,则生活方面可简化为研究农用地的形态;由于农村劳动力主要居住在村庄建设用地中,因此可以将农村劳动力概化为村庄建设用地,则生活方面可简化为研究村庄建设用地的形态。那么,如果农用地在空间上呈集聚态势则认为一产农村劳动力对农用地利用呈集聚态势,如果村庄建设用地在空间上呈集聚态势则认为农村劳动力对村庄建设用地利用呈集聚态势。
(4)具体解读是:斑块数量越多、平均面积越小、斑块面积标准差越大、斑块聚集度越低说明该类型土地呈现的空间景观格局越细碎、分散,则表示农村劳动力利用集体土地的空间集聚程度弱,呈分散态势;反之强,呈集聚态势。
(5)本文采用层次分析法并结合德尔菲法综合确定各指标权重值。
(6)本研究暂不考虑“人”、“地”无变化的状态。
(7)2000年以来,江都区进行了3次镇级以上行政区划调整,镇村行政边界均发生了较大的变化。为保证历年数据的准确性,以2013年行政界线为准,将其余年份数据按照2013行政区界进行相应合并。考虑到江都区部分社区已完全城镇化,社区人口也已完全转移为城镇人口,以及数据的有效性与连续性,本研究选择14个社区、263个行政村,共计277个村级单元为研究的最小单元,占2013年328个村级单元的84.5%,包含了所有行政村。
(8)将生活空间方面的联系指数进行空间插值,沿插值图中较明显的边界线画出分区线,则分区线界定出来的区域就是江都区生产方面乡村人地关系的分区。
2孙静.人地关系与聚落形态变迁的规律性研究[D].合肥:合肥工业大学,2007.SUN Jing.The Research on Relations Between Human and Environment and the Changes of Settlement Types:Take the Huizhou Settlement for Example[D].Hefei:Hefei University of Technology,2007.
3翁一峰.苏南乡村人地空间组织与模式探究--以产权关系为视角[J].城市规划学刊,2014(6):30-37.WENG Yifeng.An Analysis of Rural Human-Land Organization from the Perspective of Property Rights:A Case Study on Southern Jiangsu Province[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014(6):30-37.
4陈佑启,武伟.城乡交错带人地系统的特征及其演变机制分析[J].地理科学,1998(5):27-33.CHEN Youqi,WU Wei.An Analysis on the Man-Land System and Its Dynamics in Urban-Rural Interlocking Belt[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,1998(5):27-33.
5刘彦随,李裕瑞.中国县域耕地与农业劳动力变化的时空耦合关系[J].地理学报,2010,65(12):1602-1612.LIU Yansui,LI Yurui.Spatio-Temporal Coupling Relationship Between Farmland and Agricultural Labor Changes at County Level in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(12):1602-1612.
6万晔,司徒群,朱彤,等.云南彝族农村聚落区人地关系研究[J].经济地理,2002(S1):63-66.WAN Ye,SITU Qun,ZHU Tong,et al.A Study on Manland Relationship Among Yunnan Dai Minority Village Settlement Area[J].Economic Geography,2002(S1):63-66.
7岳邦瑞,王庆庆,侯全华.人地关系视角下的吐鲁番麻扎村绿洲聚落形态研究[J].经济地理,2011,31(8):1345-1350.YUE Bangrui,WANG Qingqing,HOU Quanhua.Oasis Settlement Pattern Research of Turpan Mazar Village from Perspective of Man-Land Relationship[J].Economic Geography,2011,31(8):1345-1350.
8周宁,郝晋珉,杨立,等.曲周县农村居民点整理现实潜力测算与分析[J].中国土地科学,2011,25(10):52-57.ZHOU Ning,HAO Jinmin,YANG Li,et al.Measuring the Consolidation Potentiality of Rural Residential Area:A Case Study in Quzhou County[J].China Land Science,2011,25(10):52-57.
9塔娜,张裕凤,赵明,等.内蒙古自治区农村居民点用地整理潜力研究[J].经济地理,2012,32(8):136-141.TA Na,ZHANG Yufeng,ZHAO Ming,et al.Reclamation Potentiality Analysis on Rural Residential Land in Inner Mongolia[J].Economic Geography,2012,32(8):136-141.
10刘彦随.中国东部沿海地区乡村转型发展与新农村建设[J].地理学报,2007(6):563-570.LIU Yansui.Rural Transformation Development and New Countryside Construction in Eastern Coastal Area of China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2007(6):563-570.
11龙花楼,李裕瑞,刘彦随.中国空心化村庄演化特征及其动力机制[J].地理学报,2009,64(10):1203-1213.LONG Hualou,LI Yurui,LIU Yansui.Analysis of Evolutive Characteristics and Their Driving Mechanism of Hollowing Villages in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(10):1203-1213.
12杨忍,刘彦随,陈秧分.中国农村空心化综合测度与分区[J].地理研究,2012,31(9):1697-1706.YANG Ren,LIU Yansui,CHEN Yangfen.Comprehensive Measure and Partition of Rural Hollowing in China[J].Geographical Research,2012,31(9):1697-1706.
13宋伟,陈百明,张英.中国村庄宅基地空心化评价及其影响因素[J].地理研究,2013,32(1):20-28.SONG Wei,CHEN Baiming,ZHANG Ying.Typical Survey and Analysis on Influencing Factors of Village-Hollowing of Rural Housing Land in China[J].Geographical Research,2013,32(1):20-28.
14洪舒蔓,郝晋珉,艾东,等.基于人地关系的黄淮海平原土地整治策略[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(24):251-259.HONG Shuman,HAO Jinmin,AI Dong,et al.Land Consolidation Strategies in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain Based on Man-Earth Relationship[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(24):251-259.
15王磊,宋乃平.宁夏盐池县人地关系的演变及调适对策[J].资源科学,2007(6):138-145.WANG Lei,SONG Naiping.Evolution of Human-Land Relationship and Countermeasures for Adjustment in Yanchi County,Ningxia Autonomous Region[J].Resources Science,2007(6):138-145.
16杨杨,吴次芳,韦仕川.浙江省人地关系变化阶段特征及调整策略[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2007(1):61-65.YANG Yang,WU Cifang,WEI Shichuan.Research on the Stage Features of Man-Land Relationship and Adjustable Strategies:Take Zhejiang Province for Example[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2007(1):61-65.
17罗峰.农地制度约束下的人地关系[J].人口与经济,2007(3):1-6.LUO Feng.The Relationship Between Population Growth and Land Use Under the Restriction of Present Land-Use System[J].Population&Economics,2007(3):1-6.
18建林.论中国农村环境生态悖论现象的主要特点[J].求索,2006(6):60-63.JIAN Lin.The Main Characteristics of Ecological Paradox Phenomenon in China’s Rural Environment[J].Seeker,2006(6):60-63.
19陈修颖.人地和谐关系理论与农村经济可持续发展[J].经济社会体制比较,2008(4):163-168.CHEN Xiuying.Man-Land Harmonious Relationship and the Rural Economy Sustainable Development[J].Comparative Economic&Social Systems,2008(4):163-168.
20 BENTLEY J W.Economic and Ecological Approaches to Land Fragmentation:In Defense of a Much-Maligned Phenomenon[J].Annual Review of Anthropology,1987(16):31-67.
21李功奎,钟甫宁.农地细碎化、劳动力利用与农民收入--基于江苏省经济欠发达地区的实证研究[J].中国农村经济,2006(4):42-48.LI Gongkui,ZHONG Funing.Farmland Fragmentation,Labor Utilization,and Farmer’s Income:A Positive Study of the Underdeveloped Regions of Jiangsu[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2006(4):42-48.
22郭晋平.森林景观生态研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.GUO Jinping.Ecological Research of Forest Landscape[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2001.
23马颖忆,陆玉麒,张莉.江苏省人口空间格局演化特征[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(2):167-175.MA Yingyi,LU Yuqi,ZHANG Li.Evolvement of Spatial Pattern of Population with Data at County Level in Jiangsu Province[J].Progress in Geography,2012,31(2):167-175.
24王秀兰,包玉海.土地利用动态变化研究方法探讨[J].地理科学进展,1999(1):83-89.WANG Xiulan,BAO Yuhai.Study on the Methods of Land Use Dynamic Change Research[J].Progress in Geography,1999(1):83-89.
25毛蒋兴,闫小培.中国城市土地快速变化的特征与机制--以深圳为例[M].南京:南京大学出版社,2009.MAO Jiangxing,YAN Xiaopei.Characteristics and Mechanism of Rapid Urban Land Change in China:A Case Study of Shenzhen[M].Nanjing:Nanjing University Press,2009.
26 FORMAN R T T.Land Mosaics:The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995.
27刘滨谊,贺炜,刘颂.基于绿地与城市空间耦合理论的城市绿地空间评价与规划研究[J].中国园林,2012,28(5):42-46.LIU Binyi,HE Wei,LIU Song.Study of the Evaluation and Planning of Urban Green Space Based on the Coupling Theory of Green Space and City Space[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2012,28(5):42-46.
(1)从“人”、“地”完全对应考虑,生产方面的对应关系分别是一产农村劳动力对应农用地,二产农村劳动力对应村庄建设用地中的二产用地,三产农村劳动力对应村庄建设用地中的三产用地;生活方面则是农村劳动力对应村庄建设用地中的非生产用地。但考虑到数据精度、工作量,以及绝大多数村庄并无工业企业,三产不发达等状况,本文将“人”、“地”对应关系确定为:生产方面为一产农村劳动力对应农用地;生活方面为农村劳动力对应村庄建设用地。
(2)由于农村劳动力主要居住于村庄建设用地中,因此依存关系主要从生产方面进行判断。
(3)由于一产农村劳动力主要在农用地上从事生产,因而可以将一产农村劳动力概化为农用地,则生活方面可简化为研究农用地的形态;由于农村劳动力主要居住在村庄建设用地中,因此可以将农村劳动力概化为村庄建设用地,则生活方面可简化为研究村庄建设用地的形态。那么,如果农用地在空间上呈集聚态势则认为一产农村劳动力对农用地利用呈集聚态势,如果村庄建设用地在空间上呈集聚态势则认为农村劳动力对村庄建设用地利用呈集聚态势。
(4)具体解读是:斑块数量越多、平均面积越小、斑块面积标准差越大、斑块聚集度越低说明该类型土地呈现的空间景观格局越细碎、分散,则表示农村劳动力利用集体土地的空间集聚程度弱,呈分散态势;反之强,呈集聚态势。
(5)本文采用层次分析法并结合德尔菲法综合确定各指标权重值。
(6)本研究暂不考虑“人”、“地”无变化的状态。
(7)2000年以来,江都区进行了3次镇级以上行政区划调整,镇村行政边界均发生了较大的变化。为保证历年数据的准确性,以2013年行政界线为准,将其余年份数据按照2013行政区界进行相应合并。考虑到江都区部分社区已完全城镇化,社区人口也已完全转移为城镇人口,以及数据的有效性与连续性,本研究选择14个社区、263个行政村,共计277个村级单元为研究的最小单元,占2013年328个村级单元的84.5%,包含了所有行政村。
(8)将生活空间方面的联系指数进行空间插值,沿插值图中较明显的边界线画出分区线,则分区线界定出来的区域就是江都区生产方面乡村人地关系的分区。