赋权视角下的乡村规划社区参与及其影响分析——以陈庄为例
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摘要
面向乡村振兴的规划需要真正的社区参与,已有研究多聚焦于规划技术改进,对村民参与主动性关注不足,更受制于村民较弱的参与能力。本文从赋权理论激发弱势群体权能的新视角出发,以江苏省句容市陈庄的社区参与乡村规划试验为例,结合社区心理学行为分析的"认知-情感-互动"逻辑,构建乡村规划赋权作用于社区参与行为的分析框架,并从模拟参与选择、活动参与度和组织化程度三方面测度社区参与行为及其变化。研究通过三年半共计84次跟踪调研的参与式观察、访谈和问卷调查,收集村民、规划团队、政府言行的全过程资料,分析得出:针对不同规划阶段社区参与的特定目的,规划采用差异化的赋权策略,对社区进行了很高程度的信息、教育和制度赋权。尽管规划中后期的实际参与率稍低于初期模拟的参与意愿,但赋权仍维持了较高的社区参与广度,且显著提升了社区参与深度,包括村民参与动机的转变以及个体学习、集体行动等参与能力的提高。赋权的作用,通过增加村民的信息与知识、增强村民的信心和责任,进而改变村民对规划、社区发展和自身的认知、情感以及互动能力这一传导路径得以实现。研究深化对乡村规划社区参与行为的认识,并对激发村民参与积极性与能力具有借鉴意义。
The Report of the 19 th CPC National Congress has put forward the strategy of rural revitalization, which pays more attention to villagers' needs and subjective initiatives. This provides an opportunity to change status quo of rural planning which lacks community participation. While most current researches concerning the improvement of community involvement in rural planning are focused on the maturing of planning methods and techniques,little attention is paid to the motivations and abilities to participation of villagers. However,there are specific challenges for rural community participation in China, especially, most villagers are ignorant, diffident and lack of responsibilities to participate. The Empowerment Theory, which was proposed by an American sociological researcher in the 1970 s, offers a new perspective in stimulating initiatives and powers of vulnerable groups and improving their abilities to participate. However, there are still short of domestic relevant experimental studies.Taking the experiment in Chenzhuang Village, which has implemented community participation in its planning as a case, and from the perspective of villagers' behaviors, this study has carried out 84 fieldworks in three and a half years, and adopted participatory observations, non-structured interviews, and questionnaire surveys to collect information and data about behaviors of villagers, local government officials, and rural planners during the whole process. Firstly, this research described the empowerment process of Chenzhuang planning and analyzed its empowering strategies applied in different planning stages. Secondly,the study tried to measure the changes of community involvement behaviors through three groups of indicators, namely situation selection of ways to participate, the width and depth of engagement in community activities and organizations. Finally, this paper explored the action path of empowerment on community participation behavior via mediating variables, namely perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of concerning actors. The results are as follows:(1)Chenzhuang planning has adopted diverse empowering methods in different planning stages according to their differentiated community participation goals and has achieved to implement high-intensity information, education, and institutional empowerment on the rural community.(2) The rural residents who actually have taken steps to participate in rural planning are slightly smaller than those who have expressed their willingness to participate in simulated situation;however, the rate of community participation still keeps high at a level of 63%. In the meantime, villagers' initiatives to engage and their abilities have been promoted rapidly. They have been driven by responsibilities instead of self-interest only, which has facilitated community collective action. The depth of community participation has been continuously strengthened.(3) Thanks to being given information and knowledge through empowerment, the villagers set up confidence and responsibilities to participate, which has changed their cognition of, emotion for and interaction with community planning, development and themselves. Furthermore, this has promoted villagers' participation motivations and abilities.
The Report of the 19 th CPC National Congress has put forward the strategy of rural revitalization, which pays more attention to villagers' needs and subjective initiatives. This provides an opportunity to change status quo of rural planning which lacks community participation. While most current researches concerning the improvement of community involvement in rural planning are focused on the maturing of planning methods and techniques,little attention is paid to the motivations and abilities to participation of villagers. However,there are specific challenges for rural community participation in China, especially, most villagers are ignorant, diffident and lack of responsibilities to participate. The Empowerment Theory, which was proposed by an American sociological researcher in the 1970 s, offers a new perspective in stimulating initiatives and powers of vulnerable groups and improving their abilities to participate. However, there are still short of domestic relevant experimental studies.Taking the experiment in Chenzhuang Village, which has implemented community participation in its planning as a case, and from the perspective of villagers' behaviors, this study has carried out 84 fieldworks in three and a half years, and adopted participatory observations, non-structured interviews, and questionnaire surveys to collect information and data about behaviors of villagers, local government officials, and rural planners during the whole process. Firstly, this research described the empowerment process of Chenzhuang planning and analyzed its empowering strategies applied in different planning stages. Secondly,the study tried to measure the changes of community involvement behaviors through three groups of indicators, namely situation selection of ways to participate, the width and depth of engagement in community activities and organizations. Finally, this paper explored the action path of empowerment on community participation behavior via mediating variables, namely perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of concerning actors. The results are as follows:(1)Chenzhuang planning has adopted diverse empowering methods in different planning stages according to their differentiated community participation goals and has achieved to implement high-intensity information, education, and institutional empowerment on the rural community.(2) The rural residents who actually have taken steps to participate in rural planning are slightly smaller than those who have expressed their willingness to participate in simulated situation;however, the rate of community participation still keeps high at a level of 63%. In the meantime, villagers' initiatives to engage and their abilities have been promoted rapidly. They have been driven by responsibilities instead of self-interest only, which has facilitated community collective action. The depth of community participation has been continuously strengthened.(3) Thanks to being given information and knowledge through empowerment, the villagers set up confidence and responsibilities to participate, which has changed their cognition of, emotion for and interaction with community planning, development and themselves. Furthermore, this has promoted villagers' participation motivations and abilities.
引文
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(1)规划相关活动的平均参与率,根据案例地实际开展的、面向全体村民的、共计4次村民会议(B11)、4次村民知识教育培训(B12)以及1次规划试验活动(B13)所记录的村民参与率进行加权平均计算;同时,根据规划不同阶段所开展的村民会议、知识教育培训的村民参与率的变化衡量活动参与广度的变化。
(2)参与式观察日志记录(2014年2月)。
(3)参与式观察日志记录(2015年7月)。
(4)访谈记录(2014年2月,2015年7月)。
(5)访谈记录(2014年2月—4月)。
(6)村民参与率按出席会议的村民户数与陈庄常住67户之比计算。
(7)访谈记录(2014年2月—4月)。
(8)访谈记录(2015年7月)。
(9)访谈记录(2015年8月)。
(10)张CH,为陈庄张姓村民姓名的简写。
[2]刘彦随.中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴.地理学报,2018,73(4):637-650.[Liu Yansui.Research on the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in the new era in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(4):637-650.]
[3]李郇,彭惠雯,黄耀福.参与式规划:美好环境与和谐社会共同缔造.城市规划学刊,2018,(1):24-30.[Li Xun,Peng Huiwen,Huang Yaofu.Participatory planning:jointly create a better environment and a harmonious society.Urban Planning Forum,2018,(1):24-30.]
[4]葛丹东,华晨.论乡村视角下的村庄规划技术策略与过程模式.城市规划,2010,34(6):55-59,92.[Ge Dandong,Hua Chen.Technical tactics and process model of village planning in the perspective of countryside.City Planning Review,2010,34(6):55-59,92.]
[5]张尚武.城镇化与规划体系转型:基于乡村视角的认识.城市规划学刊,2013,(6):19-25.[Zhang Shangwu.Urbanization and transformation of the planning system:A rural perspective.Urban Planning Forum,2013,(6):19-25.]
[6]吴祖泉.建设主体视角的乡村建设思考.城市规划,2015,39(11):85-91.[Wu Zuquan.Thoughts on rural construction from the perspective of construction subjects.City Planning Review,2015,39(11):85-91.]
[7]郭永锐,张捷.社区恢复力研究进展及其地理学研究议题.地理科学进展,2015,34(1):100-109.[Guo Yongrui,Zhang Jie.Research progress and themes of geography on community resilience.Progress in Geography,2015,34(1):100-109.]
[8]陈培培,张敏.从美丽乡村到都市居民消费空间:行动者网络理论与大世凹村的社会空间重构.地理研究,2015,34(8):1435-1446.[Chen Peipei,Zhang Min.From beautiful village to urban residents'consumption space:Actor-network theory and the social space reconstruction of Dashiao village.Geographical Research,2015,34(8):1435-1446.]
[9]黄震方,陆林,苏勤,等.新型城镇化背景下的乡村旅游发展:理论反思与困境突破.地理研究,2015,34(8):1409-1421.[Huang Zhenfang,Lu Lin,Su Qin,et al.Research and development of rural tourism under the background of new urbanization:Theoretical reflection and breakthrough of predicament.Geographical Research,2015,34(8):1409-1421.]
[10]李玉恒,阎佳玉,武文豪,等.世界乡村转型历程与可持续发展展望.地理科学进展,2018,37(5):627-635.[Li Yuheng,Yan Jiayu,Wu Wenhao,et al.The process of rural transformation in the world and prospects of sustainable development.Progress in Geography,2018,37(5):627-635.]
[11]李开猛,王锋,李晓军.村庄规划中全方位村民参与方法研究:来自广州市美丽乡村规划实践.城市规划,2014,38(12):34-42.[Li Kaimeng,Wang Feng,Li Xiaojun.Study of approaches of all-round villagers’participation in village planning:A practice of beautiful countryside planning in Guangzhou City.City Planning Review,2014,38(12):34-42.]
[12]保继刚,孙九霞.社区参与旅游发展的中西差异.地理学报,2006,61(4):401-413.[Bao Jigang,Sun Jiuxia.A contrastive study on the difference in community participation in tourism between China and the West.Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,61(4):401-413.]
[13]许世光,魏建平,曹轶,等.珠江三角洲村庄规划公众参与的形式选择与实践.城市规划,2012,36(2):58-65.[Xu Shiguang,Wei Jianping,Cao Yi,et al.Form selection and practices of public participation in village planning in Pearl River Delta.City Planning Review,2012,36(2):58-65.]
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(1)规划相关活动的平均参与率,根据案例地实际开展的、面向全体村民的、共计4次村民会议(B11)、4次村民知识教育培训(B12)以及1次规划试验活动(B13)所记录的村民参与率进行加权平均计算;同时,根据规划不同阶段所开展的村民会议、知识教育培训的村民参与率的变化衡量活动参与广度的变化。
(2)参与式观察日志记录(2014年2月)。
(3)参与式观察日志记录(2015年7月)。
(4)访谈记录(2014年2月,2015年7月)。
(5)访谈记录(2014年2月—4月)。
(6)村民参与率按出席会议的村民户数与陈庄常住67户之比计算。
(7)访谈记录(2014年2月—4月)。
(8)访谈记录(2015年7月)。
(9)访谈记录(2015年8月)。
(10)张CH,为陈庄张姓村民姓名的简写。