论中国人地关系演进的新时代特征——“中国人地关系研究”专辑序言
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摘要
人地关系是地理学科古老又年轻的话题,其内涵伴随人类社会发展不断丰富,具体表现形式也具有鲜明的时代特性。自吴传钧先生提出人地关系地域系统理论以来,人地关系在学科建设及国家重大发展战略制定研究中发挥着基础科学支撑作用,其作为地理学研究核心的地位逐步被强化。在人地冲突不断加剧的时代背景下,深化对人地关系的系统认知,基于人地关系地域系统理论探讨人地关系动态演进的理论基础,并从综合视角审视新时期中国人地关系的演进过程、核心特征及机制,继而探讨现代人地关系的协调路径。总的来说,人地关系演进的实质是人地要素之间围绕发展空间的博弈过程,新时期中国人地关系演变速度加快,人地要素的相互作用程度不断加深。通过技术进步、增加要素投入和调配资源等方式,中国基本已化解了"以量为主"的第一代人地矛盾,而进入"以质为主"的第二代人地矛盾期。典型表现是,粮食总量不再短缺,但在生产粮食过程中引发的土壤退化和水资源污染等问题加剧;区域性资源不再短缺,但在跨区域开发调配资源过程中引发的生态退化和环境污染等问题凸显。提升人的思想认知和加深对人地关系的综合认知是纠偏人地演进路径的关键。
The man-land relationship is ancient but remains a relatively young research area within geography. As the connotations of this relationship have developed continuously in concert with human society, man-land characteristics tend to exhibit particular time stamps.Studies in this area have performed a basic scientific support role as a component of the development of geography and the formulation of major national development strategies ever since areal system theory for man-land relationships was proposed by Wu Chuanjun. The central status that this field occupies in geographical research has also been gradually strengthened over time. In the context of ever growing conflicts between man and nature and with the aim of furthering our understanding of man-land relationships, this series of papers aims to explore the theoretical foundation that underlies the dynamic evolution of this field based initially on areal system theory. The second aim of this work is to extract and understand evolutionary processes as well as dominant characteristics and mechanisms of change to further discuss feasible methods to coordinate human activities and benefit nature. It is generally the case that the foundation underlying the evolution of man-land relationships is the nature of the game between humans and nature within the development space. The evolution of this relationship within China has been accelerating markedly and a number of combinations are becoming ever clearer. Technological progress has also led to an increase in inputs and resource allocation while the first-generation contradiction characterized by the concept of "amount" in this context has disappeared. At the same time, a second-generation contradiction characterized by the concept of "quality" has also developed; typical characteristics in this case include the fact that food shortages are decreasing while other problems including soil degradation and water pollution caused by food production are intensifying. Although regional resources are no longer in short supply across China, problems such as ecological degeneration and environmental pollution caused by their allocation across multi-regions have increased. It is therefore necessary to enhance our comprehensive understanding of the evolution of man-land relationships as well as our own role in this system.
The man-land relationship is ancient but remains a relatively young research area within geography. As the connotations of this relationship have developed continuously in concert with human society, man-land characteristics tend to exhibit particular time stamps.Studies in this area have performed a basic scientific support role as a component of the development of geography and the formulation of major national development strategies ever since areal system theory for man-land relationships was proposed by Wu Chuanjun. The central status that this field occupies in geographical research has also been gradually strengthened over time. In the context of ever growing conflicts between man and nature and with the aim of furthering our understanding of man-land relationships, this series of papers aims to explore the theoretical foundation that underlies the dynamic evolution of this field based initially on areal system theory. The second aim of this work is to extract and understand evolutionary processes as well as dominant characteristics and mechanisms of change to further discuss feasible methods to coordinate human activities and benefit nature. It is generally the case that the foundation underlying the evolution of man-land relationships is the nature of the game between humans and nature within the development space. The evolution of this relationship within China has been accelerating markedly and a number of combinations are becoming ever clearer. Technological progress has also led to an increase in inputs and resource allocation while the first-generation contradiction characterized by the concept of "amount" in this context has disappeared. At the same time, a second-generation contradiction characterized by the concept of "quality" has also developed; typical characteristics in this case include the fact that food shortages are decreasing while other problems including soil degradation and water pollution caused by food production are intensifying. Although regional resources are no longer in short supply across China, problems such as ecological degeneration and environmental pollution caused by their allocation across multi-regions have increased. It is therefore necessary to enhance our comprehensive understanding of the evolution of man-land relationships as well as our own role in this system.
引文
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[4]吴传钧.人地关系与经济布局:吴传钧文集.北京:学苑出版社,2008.[Wu Chuanjun.Man-Land Relationship and Economic Layout:Works of Wu Chuanjun.Beijing:Academic Press,2008.]
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[7]蔡运龙,陆大道,周一星,等.地理科学的中国进展与国际趋势.地理学报,2004,59(6):803-810.[Cai Yunlong,Lu Dadao,Zhou Yixing,et al.Chinese progress and international trends of geography.Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(6):803-810.]
[8]樊杰.我国主体功能区划的科学基础.地理学报,2007,62(4):339-350.[Fan Jie.The scientific foundation of major function oriented zoning in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2007,62(4):339-350.]
[9]樊杰.中国主体功能区划方案.地理学报,2015,70(2):186-201.[Fan Jie.Draft of major function oriented zoning of China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(2):186-201.]
[10]吴传钧.论地理学的研究核心:人地关系地域系统.经济地理,1991,11(3):1-6.[Wu Chuanjun.The core of study of geography:Man-land relationship areal system.Economic Geography,1991,11(3):1-6.]
[11]樊杰.人地系统可持续过程、格局的前沿探索.地理学报,2014,69(8):1060-1068.[Fan Jie.Frontier approach of the sustainable process and pattern of human-environment system.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(8):1060-1068.]
[12]陆大道,郭来喜.地理学的研究核心:人地关系地域系统.地理学报,1998,53(2):97-105.[Lu Dadao,Guo Laixi.Man earth areal system:The core of geographical study:On the geographical thoughts and academic contributions of academician Wu Chuanjun.Acta Geographica Sinica,53(2):97-105.]
[13]郑度.21世纪人地关系研究前瞻.地理研究,2002,21(1):9-13.[Zheng Du.Prospects of studies on man-land relationship in the 21st century.Geographical Research,2002,21(1):9-13.]
[14]陆大道.关于地理学的“人—地系统”理论研究.地理研究,2002,21(2):135-145.[Lu Dadao.Theoretical studies of man-land system as the core of geographical science.Geographical Research,2002,21(2):135-145.]
[15]张雷,刘毅.中国东部沿海地带人地关系状态分析.地理学报,2004,59(2):311-319.[Zhang Lei,Liu Yi.An analysis on man-land relationship of eastern China.Acta Geographica Sinica.2004,59(2):311-319.]
[16]王国良.中国扶贫政策:趋势与挑战.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005.[Wang Guoliang.A Policy Study on the Poverity Reduction Progrem of PRC:Trends and Challenges.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press,2005.]
[17]朱训,尹惠宇,项仁奎,等.中国矿情:第二卷.金属矿产.北京:科学出版社,1999.[Zhu Xun,Yin Huiyu,Xiang Renkui,et al.Chinese Mining Development:Second Volume,Metallic Minerals.Beijing:Science Press,1999.]
[18]刘毅,金凤君.沿海地区人地关系协调发展战略.北京:商务印书馆,2005.[Liu Yi,Jin Fengjun.The Coordinated Development Strategy of Man-land Relations in Coastal Areas of China.Beijing:The Commercial Press,2005.]
[19]刘盛和,邓羽,胡章.中国流动人口地域类型的划分方法及空间分布特征.地理学报,2010,65(10):1187-1197.[Liu Shenghe,Deng Yu,Hu Zhang.Research on classification methods and spatial patterns of the regional types of China's floating population.Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(10):1187-1197.]
[20]马丽,金凤君.我国区域经济发展与生态安全格局的空间耦合研究.环境与发展,2014,26(5):53-57.[Ma Li,Jin Fengjun.The space coupling research on regional economy development and ecological safety pattern in China.Environment and Development,2014,26(5):53-57.]
[21]傅伯杰,吕一河,高光耀.中国主要陆地生态系统服务与生态安全研究的重要进展.自然杂志,2012,34(5):261-272.[Fu Bojie,Lv Yihe,Gao Guangyao.Major research progresses on the ecosystem service and ecological safety of main terrestrial eco-systems in China.Chinese Journal of Nature,2012,34(5):261-272.]
[22]傅伯杰,周国逸,白永飞,等.中国主要陆地生态系统服务功能与生态安全.地球科学进展,2009,24(6):571-576.[Fu Bojie,Zhou Guoyi,Bai Yongfei,et al.The main terrestrial ecosystem services and ecological security in China.Advances in Earth Science,2009,24(6):571-576.]
[23]张文忠,余建辉,王岱,等.中国资源型城市可持续发展研究.北京:科学出版社,2014.[Zhang Wenzhong,Yu Jianhui,Wang Dai,et al.Study on Sustainable Development of Resource-based Cities in China.Beijing:Science Press,2014.]
[24]张雷.我国现代人地关系与资源环境基础.中国人口·资源与环境,1999,9(4):32-37.[Zhang Lei.Resources and environment foundation and man-land relationship in modern China.China Population,Resources and Environment,1999,9(4):32-37.]
[25]陆大道,樊杰.2050:中国的区域发展.北京:科学出版社,2009.[Lu Dadao,Fan Jie.2050:Regional Development of China.Beijing:Science Press,2009.]
[26]牛文元.生态文明的理论内涵与计量模型.中国科学院院刊,2013,28(2):163-172.[Niu Wenyuan.Theoretical connotation of ecological civilization and its quantitative model.Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013,28(2):163-172.]
[27]樊明.种粮行为与粮食政策.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2011.[Fan Ming.A Study on Grain Policy Based on Grain Production Behavior.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press,2011.]
[2]刘毅,杨宇.中国人口、资源与环境面临的突出问题及应对新思考.中国科学院院刊,2014,29(2):248-257.[Liu Yi,Yang Yu.Serious problems and countermeasures of China's population,resources,and environment.Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2014,29(2):248-257.]
[3]张雷,刘慧.中国国家资源环境安全问题初探.中国人口·资源与环境,2002,12(1):41-46.[Zhang Lei,Liu Hui.An issue on the national security of natural resources and environment for China.China Population,Resources and Environment,2002,12(1):41-46.]
[4]吴传钧.人地关系与经济布局:吴传钧文集.北京:学苑出版社,2008.[Wu Chuanjun.Man-Land Relationship and Economic Layout:Works of Wu Chuanjun.Beijing:Academic Press,2008.]
[5]王铮.论人地关系的现代意义.人文地理,1995,10(2):1-5.[Wang Zheng.On the modern meaning of the relationship between the man and the earth.Human Geography,1995,10(2):1-5.]
[6]陆大道,樊杰.经济地理学的领路人、人文地理学的开拓者:沉痛悼念我国当代杰出的地理学家吴传钧先生.经济地理,2009,29(3):353-356.[Lu Dadao,Fan Jie.Pioneers of economic geography and human geography:Mournful tribute to our country's outstanding contemporary geographer Wu Chuanjun.Economic Geography,2009,29(3):353-356.]
[7]蔡运龙,陆大道,周一星,等.地理科学的中国进展与国际趋势.地理学报,2004,59(6):803-810.[Cai Yunlong,Lu Dadao,Zhou Yixing,et al.Chinese progress and international trends of geography.Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(6):803-810.]
[8]樊杰.我国主体功能区划的科学基础.地理学报,2007,62(4):339-350.[Fan Jie.The scientific foundation of major function oriented zoning in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2007,62(4):339-350.]
[9]樊杰.中国主体功能区划方案.地理学报,2015,70(2):186-201.[Fan Jie.Draft of major function oriented zoning of China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(2):186-201.]
[10]吴传钧.论地理学的研究核心:人地关系地域系统.经济地理,1991,11(3):1-6.[Wu Chuanjun.The core of study of geography:Man-land relationship areal system.Economic Geography,1991,11(3):1-6.]
[11]樊杰.人地系统可持续过程、格局的前沿探索.地理学报,2014,69(8):1060-1068.[Fan Jie.Frontier approach of the sustainable process and pattern of human-environment system.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(8):1060-1068.]
[12]陆大道,郭来喜.地理学的研究核心:人地关系地域系统.地理学报,1998,53(2):97-105.[Lu Dadao,Guo Laixi.Man earth areal system:The core of geographical study:On the geographical thoughts and academic contributions of academician Wu Chuanjun.Acta Geographica Sinica,53(2):97-105.]
[13]郑度.21世纪人地关系研究前瞻.地理研究,2002,21(1):9-13.[Zheng Du.Prospects of studies on man-land relationship in the 21st century.Geographical Research,2002,21(1):9-13.]
[14]陆大道.关于地理学的“人—地系统”理论研究.地理研究,2002,21(2):135-145.[Lu Dadao.Theoretical studies of man-land system as the core of geographical science.Geographical Research,2002,21(2):135-145.]
[15]张雷,刘毅.中国东部沿海地带人地关系状态分析.地理学报,2004,59(2):311-319.[Zhang Lei,Liu Yi.An analysis on man-land relationship of eastern China.Acta Geographica Sinica.2004,59(2):311-319.]
[16]王国良.中国扶贫政策:趋势与挑战.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005.[Wang Guoliang.A Policy Study on the Poverity Reduction Progrem of PRC:Trends and Challenges.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press,2005.]
[17]朱训,尹惠宇,项仁奎,等.中国矿情:第二卷.金属矿产.北京:科学出版社,1999.[Zhu Xun,Yin Huiyu,Xiang Renkui,et al.Chinese Mining Development:Second Volume,Metallic Minerals.Beijing:Science Press,1999.]
[18]刘毅,金凤君.沿海地区人地关系协调发展战略.北京:商务印书馆,2005.[Liu Yi,Jin Fengjun.The Coordinated Development Strategy of Man-land Relations in Coastal Areas of China.Beijing:The Commercial Press,2005.]
[19]刘盛和,邓羽,胡章.中国流动人口地域类型的划分方法及空间分布特征.地理学报,2010,65(10):1187-1197.[Liu Shenghe,Deng Yu,Hu Zhang.Research on classification methods and spatial patterns of the regional types of China's floating population.Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(10):1187-1197.]
[20]马丽,金凤君.我国区域经济发展与生态安全格局的空间耦合研究.环境与发展,2014,26(5):53-57.[Ma Li,Jin Fengjun.The space coupling research on regional economy development and ecological safety pattern in China.Environment and Development,2014,26(5):53-57.]
[21]傅伯杰,吕一河,高光耀.中国主要陆地生态系统服务与生态安全研究的重要进展.自然杂志,2012,34(5):261-272.[Fu Bojie,Lv Yihe,Gao Guangyao.Major research progresses on the ecosystem service and ecological safety of main terrestrial eco-systems in China.Chinese Journal of Nature,2012,34(5):261-272.]
[22]傅伯杰,周国逸,白永飞,等.中国主要陆地生态系统服务功能与生态安全.地球科学进展,2009,24(6):571-576.[Fu Bojie,Zhou Guoyi,Bai Yongfei,et al.The main terrestrial ecosystem services and ecological security in China.Advances in Earth Science,2009,24(6):571-576.]
[23]张文忠,余建辉,王岱,等.中国资源型城市可持续发展研究.北京:科学出版社,2014.[Zhang Wenzhong,Yu Jianhui,Wang Dai,et al.Study on Sustainable Development of Resource-based Cities in China.Beijing:Science Press,2014.]
[24]张雷.我国现代人地关系与资源环境基础.中国人口·资源与环境,1999,9(4):32-37.[Zhang Lei.Resources and environment foundation and man-land relationship in modern China.China Population,Resources and Environment,1999,9(4):32-37.]
[25]陆大道,樊杰.2050:中国的区域发展.北京:科学出版社,2009.[Lu Dadao,Fan Jie.2050:Regional Development of China.Beijing:Science Press,2009.]
[26]牛文元.生态文明的理论内涵与计量模型.中国科学院院刊,2013,28(2):163-172.[Niu Wenyuan.Theoretical connotation of ecological civilization and its quantitative model.Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013,28(2):163-172.]
[27]樊明.种粮行为与粮食政策.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2011.[Fan Ming.A Study on Grain Policy Based on Grain Production Behavior.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press,2011.]