太湖西岸沉积物中典型挥发性硫化物的分布特征研究
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摘要
挥发性硫化物是微囊藻死亡分解产生的主要藻源性嗅味污染物,伴随微囊藻水华的暴发而大量产生,不仅严重影响了水体的水质状况,也给沿湖居民以及水生生物带来危害。本研究分析了夏季太湖西岸近岸带上覆水以及沉积物中三种典型挥发性硫化物二甲硫醚(DMS)、二甲二硫醚(DMDS)、二甲三硫醚(DMTS)的分布特征及其与营养盐之间的关系。结果表明,挥发性硫化物(VSCs)在沉积物表层含量最高,其中DMDS浓度最高达262.25 ng·g~(–1),DMTS浓度最高达50.90 ng·g~(–1)。空间分布上:在近岸带,表层沉积物(0 cm—4 cm)自然芦苇带内挥发性硫化物的含量低于人工挖掘的漕沟内;近岸带嗅味物质明显高于湖区内。研究认为,藻类大量聚集死亡沉积至湖泊底部,降低沉积物的氧化还原电位,促进了致嗅物质的产生,为湖泛的暴发留下隐患。建议在近岸带蓝藻聚集区适时打捞,底泥疏浚等生态治理措施,降低湖泛风险。
The volatile sulfide is considered to be the main odor pollutants produced by decomposition of Microcystis spp. The outbreak of Microcystis spp. bloom can bring a large number of volatile sulfide compounds(VSCs), which will not only affect the water quality of the lake, but also do harm to aquatic organisms and residents. The concentration of DMS, DMDS and DMTS in overlying water and sediments along the west littoral zone of Taihu Lake were investigated. The results displayed that the highest contents of the DMDS and DMTS in the surface sediments around the Maodu River were 262.25 ng·g~(–1) and 50.90 ng·g~(–1), respectively. In the spatial distribution, the contents of VSCs were higher in artificial reed zone than those of the natural reed ditch in the surface sediment(<4 cm). Similarly, the concentration of VSCs was higher in the near shore than that in the open area. In Taihu Lake, the high-density cyanobacteria gathered, died and deposited in the bottom, which promoted the production of VSCs and the formation of black-bloom. Therefore, we propose to immediately remove the cyanobacteria and dredge the sediments in the littoral zone of Taihu Lake.
The volatile sulfide is considered to be the main odor pollutants produced by decomposition of Microcystis spp. The outbreak of Microcystis spp. bloom can bring a large number of volatile sulfide compounds(VSCs), which will not only affect the water quality of the lake, but also do harm to aquatic organisms and residents. The concentration of DMS, DMDS and DMTS in overlying water and sediments along the west littoral zone of Taihu Lake were investigated. The results displayed that the highest contents of the DMDS and DMTS in the surface sediments around the Maodu River were 262.25 ng·g~(–1) and 50.90 ng·g~(–1), respectively. In the spatial distribution, the contents of VSCs were higher in artificial reed zone than those of the natural reed ditch in the surface sediment(<4 cm). Similarly, the concentration of VSCs was higher in the near shore than that in the open area. In Taihu Lake, the high-density cyanobacteria gathered, died and deposited in the bottom, which promoted the production of VSCs and the formation of black-bloom. Therefore, we propose to immediately remove the cyanobacteria and dredge the sediments in the littoral zone of Taihu Lake.
引文
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[14]ASHITANI K,HISHIDA Y,FUJIWARA K.Behavior of musty odorous compounds during the process of water treatment[J].Water Science and Technology,1988,20(8-9):261–267.
[15]LI L,WAN N,GAN N,et al.Annual dynamics and origins of the odorous compounds in the pilot experimental area of Lake Dianchi,China[J].Water Science&Technology,2007,55(5).
[16]邵晨,黎雷,于水利,等.产嗅藻类对东太湖某地原水中嗅味物质2-MIB的贡献[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(9):2328–2333.
[17]李巧霞,潘纲,王丹,等.太湖十八湾嗅味物质变化规律及除嗅方法[J].环境工程学报,2012,6(9):3191–3195.
[18]成银,高乃云,张可佳.硫醚类嗅味物质的检测和去除技术研究进展[J].四川环境,2011,30(2):119–124.
[19]YU S,XIAO Q,ZHONG X,et al.Simultaneous determination of six earthy–musty smelling compounds in water by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Analytical Methods,2014,6(22):9152–9159.
[20]MARTINEZ C,RAMIREZ N,GOMEZ V,et al.Simultaneous determination of 76 micropollutants in water samples by headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry[J].Talanta,2013,116:937–945.
[21]马康,张金娜,何雅娟,等.顶空固相微萃取-气质联用测定环境水样中7种痕量土霉味物质[J].分析化学,2011,29(12):1823–1829.
[22]GOSTELOW P,Parsons S A,STUETZ R.Odour measurements for sewage treatment works[J].Water Research,2001,35(3):579–597.
[23]刘树娟.硝酸钙对深圳河底泥中嗅味物质原位控制方法研究[D].北京:清华大学.2012.
[24]ZZUO Y,LI L,ZHANG T,et al.Contribution of Streptomyces in sediment to earthy odor in the overlying water in Xionghe Reservoir,China[J].Water research,2010,44(20):6085–6094.
[25]陆桂华,马倩.太湖水域“湖泛”及其成因研究[J].水科学进展,2009,20(3):438–442.
[26]王成林,张咏,张宁红,等.太湖藻源性“湖泛”形成机制的气象因素分析[J].环境科学,2011,32(2):401–408.
[27]应太林,张国莹.苏州河水体黑臭机理及底质再悬浮对水体的影响[J].上海环境科学,1997,16(1):23–26.
[28]范良民.滇池蓝藻成份分析及利用途径探讨[J].云南环境科学,1999,18(2):46–47,36.
[29]李克朗.太湖蓝藻资源化利用可行性研究[D].无锡:江南大学,2009.12–13.
[30]DENG X,XIE P,QI M,et al.Microwave-assisted purgeand-trap extraction device coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the determination of five predominant odors in sediment,fish tissues,and algal cells[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2012,1219:75–82.
[31]金星.藻类代谢产物中典型异味物质及其变化规律研究[D].南京:南京理工大学,2009.
[32]齐敏,孙小雪,邓绪伟,等.太湖不同形态异味物质含量,相互关系及其与环境因子关系的探讨[J].2013,25(1):31–38.
[33]崔连艳.固相微萃取—超临界萃取—气质联用方法在测定有机锡污染中的应用[D].南宁:广西大学.2008.
[34]HUANG W,YOUNG T,Schlautman M A,et al.A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sediments.9.General isotherm nonlinearity and applicability of the dual reactive domain model[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1997,31(6):1703–1710.
[35]ZHONG F,GAO Y,YU T,et al.The management of undesirable cyanobacteria blooms in channel catfish ponds using a constructed wetland:Contribution to the control of off-flavor occurrences[J].Water research,2011,45(19):6479–6488.
[36]LI L,WAN N,GAN N,et al.Annual dynamics and origins of the odorous compounds in the pilot experimental area of Lake Dianchi,China[J].Water Science&Technology,2007,55(5).
[37]QI M,CHEN J,SUN X,et al.Development of models for predicting the predominant taste and odor compounds in Taihu Lake,China.Plo S one,2012,7(12),e51976.
[38]GUTTMAN L,VAN R.2-Methylisoborneol and geosmin uptake by organic sludge derived from a recirculating aquaculture system[J].Water research,2009,43(2):474–480.
[39]SHEN Q,SHAO S,WANG Z,et al.Simulation of black bloom in Moon Bay of Lake Taihu and physical and chemicalresponses of water and sediment.Adv[J].Water Sci.2011,22:710–719.
[40]CHEN L,WANG C,LI Y.Study on movement of cyanobacteria bloom with special wind-field condition in Taihu Lake[J].Adm Tech Environ Monit24,2012,409–415.
[41]DENG X,LIANG G,CHEN J,et al.Simultaneous determination of eight common odors in natural water body using automatic purge and trap coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A 1218,2011,3791–3798.
[42]叶春,李春华,陈小刚,等.太湖湖滨带类型划分及生态修复模式研究[J].湖泊科学,2012,(06):822–828.
[43]OZAKI K,OHTA A,IWATA C,et al.Lysis of cyanobacteria with volatile organic compounds[J].Chemosphere,2008,71(8):1531–1538.
[44]HEDGES J,KEIL R,BENNER R.What happens to terrestrial organic matter in the ocean?[J].Organic geochemistry,1997,27(5):195–212.
[45]KRISTENSEN E,BLACKBUM T.The fate of organic carbon and nitrogen in experimental marine sediment systems:influence of bioturbation and anoxia[J].Journal of Marine Research,1987,45(1):231–257.
[46]ZUO Y,LI L,ZHANG T,et al.Contribution of Streptomyces in sediment to earthy odor in the overlying water in Xionghe Reservoir,China[J].Water Research,2010,44(20):6085–6094.
[47]GINZBURG B,CHALIFA I,GUN J,et al.DMS formation by dimethylsulfoniopropionate route in freshwater[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1998,32(14):2130–2136.
[48]李大鹏,李伟光.S市水源水致臭物质分析研究[J].苏州科技学院学报(工程技术版),2006,02:52–53+66.
[2]SHEN Q,LIU C,ZHOU Q,et al.Effects of physical and chemical characteristics of surface sediments in the formation of shallow lake algae-induced black bloom[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2013,25(12):2353–2360.
[3]HE W,Sh ANG J,LU X,et al.Effects of sludge dredging on the prevention and control of algae-caused black bloom in Taihu Lake,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2013,25(3):430–440.
[4]SHEN Q,ZHOU Q,SHANG J,et al.Beyond hypoxia:occurrence and characteristics of black blooms due to the decomposition of the submerged plant Potamogeton crispus in a shallow lake[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2014,26(2):281–288.
[5]刘小华,叶英,袁宁,等.吹扫捕集法结合三重四极杆气质联用仪测定水中5种臭味物质含量[J].环境化学,2014,33(6):1056–1058.
[6]杨华,席劲瑛,胡洪营,等.HS-SPME-GC-MS法测定黑臭河流中二甲基三硫醚[J].环境科学与技术,2011(S1):223–226.
[7]张锡辉,伍婧娉,王治军,等.HS—SPME—GC法测定水中典型嗅味物质[J].中国给水排水,2007,23(2):78–82.
[8]黎雯,吴文忠.东湖富营养水体中藻菌异味性次生代谢产物的研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(2):212–216.
[9]李林,宋立荣,甘南琴,等.顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱测定水中异味化合物[J].分析化学,2005,33(8):1058–1062.
[10]李林.淡水水体中藻源异味化合物的分布,动态变化与降解研究[D].武汉:中国科学院水生生物研究所,2005.
[11]李大鹏,李伟光.S市水源水致臭物质分析研究[J].苏州科技学院学报:工程技术版,2006,19(2):52–53.
[12]CHEN J,XIE P,MA Z,et al.A systematic study on spatial and seasonal patterns of eight taste and odor compounds with relation to various biotic and abiotic parameters in Gonghu Bay of Lake Taihu,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2010,409(2):314–325.
[13]于建伟,李宗来,曹楠,等.无锡市饮用水嗅味突发事件致嗅原因及潜在问题分析[J].环境科学学报,2007,(11):1771–1777.
[14]ASHITANI K,HISHIDA Y,FUJIWARA K.Behavior of musty odorous compounds during the process of water treatment[J].Water Science and Technology,1988,20(8-9):261–267.
[15]LI L,WAN N,GAN N,et al.Annual dynamics and origins of the odorous compounds in the pilot experimental area of Lake Dianchi,China[J].Water Science&Technology,2007,55(5).
[16]邵晨,黎雷,于水利,等.产嗅藻类对东太湖某地原水中嗅味物质2-MIB的贡献[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(9):2328–2333.
[17]李巧霞,潘纲,王丹,等.太湖十八湾嗅味物质变化规律及除嗅方法[J].环境工程学报,2012,6(9):3191–3195.
[18]成银,高乃云,张可佳.硫醚类嗅味物质的检测和去除技术研究进展[J].四川环境,2011,30(2):119–124.
[19]YU S,XIAO Q,ZHONG X,et al.Simultaneous determination of six earthy–musty smelling compounds in water by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Analytical Methods,2014,6(22):9152–9159.
[20]MARTINEZ C,RAMIREZ N,GOMEZ V,et al.Simultaneous determination of 76 micropollutants in water samples by headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry[J].Talanta,2013,116:937–945.
[21]马康,张金娜,何雅娟,等.顶空固相微萃取-气质联用测定环境水样中7种痕量土霉味物质[J].分析化学,2011,29(12):1823–1829.
[22]GOSTELOW P,Parsons S A,STUETZ R.Odour measurements for sewage treatment works[J].Water Research,2001,35(3):579–597.
[23]刘树娟.硝酸钙对深圳河底泥中嗅味物质原位控制方法研究[D].北京:清华大学.2012.
[24]ZZUO Y,LI L,ZHANG T,et al.Contribution of Streptomyces in sediment to earthy odor in the overlying water in Xionghe Reservoir,China[J].Water research,2010,44(20):6085–6094.
[25]陆桂华,马倩.太湖水域“湖泛”及其成因研究[J].水科学进展,2009,20(3):438–442.
[26]王成林,张咏,张宁红,等.太湖藻源性“湖泛”形成机制的气象因素分析[J].环境科学,2011,32(2):401–408.
[27]应太林,张国莹.苏州河水体黑臭机理及底质再悬浮对水体的影响[J].上海环境科学,1997,16(1):23–26.
[28]范良民.滇池蓝藻成份分析及利用途径探讨[J].云南环境科学,1999,18(2):46–47,36.
[29]李克朗.太湖蓝藻资源化利用可行性研究[D].无锡:江南大学,2009.12–13.
[30]DENG X,XIE P,QI M,et al.Microwave-assisted purgeand-trap extraction device coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the determination of five predominant odors in sediment,fish tissues,and algal cells[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2012,1219:75–82.
[31]金星.藻类代谢产物中典型异味物质及其变化规律研究[D].南京:南京理工大学,2009.
[32]齐敏,孙小雪,邓绪伟,等.太湖不同形态异味物质含量,相互关系及其与环境因子关系的探讨[J].2013,25(1):31–38.
[33]崔连艳.固相微萃取—超临界萃取—气质联用方法在测定有机锡污染中的应用[D].南宁:广西大学.2008.
[34]HUANG W,YOUNG T,Schlautman M A,et al.A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sediments.9.General isotherm nonlinearity and applicability of the dual reactive domain model[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1997,31(6):1703–1710.
[35]ZHONG F,GAO Y,YU T,et al.The management of undesirable cyanobacteria blooms in channel catfish ponds using a constructed wetland:Contribution to the control of off-flavor occurrences[J].Water research,2011,45(19):6479–6488.
[36]LI L,WAN N,GAN N,et al.Annual dynamics and origins of the odorous compounds in the pilot experimental area of Lake Dianchi,China[J].Water Science&Technology,2007,55(5).
[37]QI M,CHEN J,SUN X,et al.Development of models for predicting the predominant taste and odor compounds in Taihu Lake,China.Plo S one,2012,7(12),e51976.
[38]GUTTMAN L,VAN R.2-Methylisoborneol and geosmin uptake by organic sludge derived from a recirculating aquaculture system[J].Water research,2009,43(2):474–480.
[39]SHEN Q,SHAO S,WANG Z,et al.Simulation of black bloom in Moon Bay of Lake Taihu and physical and chemicalresponses of water and sediment.Adv[J].Water Sci.2011,22:710–719.
[40]CHEN L,WANG C,LI Y.Study on movement of cyanobacteria bloom with special wind-field condition in Taihu Lake[J].Adm Tech Environ Monit24,2012,409–415.
[41]DENG X,LIANG G,CHEN J,et al.Simultaneous determination of eight common odors in natural water body using automatic purge and trap coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A 1218,2011,3791–3798.
[42]叶春,李春华,陈小刚,等.太湖湖滨带类型划分及生态修复模式研究[J].湖泊科学,2012,(06):822–828.
[43]OZAKI K,OHTA A,IWATA C,et al.Lysis of cyanobacteria with volatile organic compounds[J].Chemosphere,2008,71(8):1531–1538.
[44]HEDGES J,KEIL R,BENNER R.What happens to terrestrial organic matter in the ocean?[J].Organic geochemistry,1997,27(5):195–212.
[45]KRISTENSEN E,BLACKBUM T.The fate of organic carbon and nitrogen in experimental marine sediment systems:influence of bioturbation and anoxia[J].Journal of Marine Research,1987,45(1):231–257.
[46]ZUO Y,LI L,ZHANG T,et al.Contribution of Streptomyces in sediment to earthy odor in the overlying water in Xionghe Reservoir,China[J].Water Research,2010,44(20):6085–6094.
[47]GINZBURG B,CHALIFA I,GUN J,et al.DMS formation by dimethylsulfoniopropionate route in freshwater[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1998,32(14):2130–2136.
[48]李大鹏,李伟光.S市水源水致臭物质分析研究[J].苏州科技学院学报(工程技术版),2006,02:52–53+66.