退化人工柠条林灌下沙埋干预的土壤水文效应
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摘要
灌丛沙堆是旱区灌丛植被水文过程的快通道,也是调节土壤水分平衡的关键点。以荒漠草原退化人工柠条林为研究对象,通过人工沙埋的方式改变灌丛沙堆大小与形态,在连续监测分析基础上(2012—2016年),探讨了人工沙埋干预下灌丛沙堆土壤水文过程与水文效应的动态响应。结果表明:与对照相比,(1)沙埋干预并未显著改变表层0—10cm主要的水文物理指标,但是显著提高了5—10cm土壤水分入渗速率,同时0—5cm初渗率显著降低;(2)沙埋干预明显提高了降水后表层0—5cm土壤的即时持水性,同时降水后表层土壤水分含量衰减过程呈现出很强的季节性变化;(3)2012—2016年生长季末沙埋处理的0—100cm土壤相对储水率分别为11.3%,-6.5%,4.5%,4.3%,15.7%,这种效应集中在0—60cm,对照处理下层土壤(60—100cm)水分含量的波动性更强。总体而言,沙埋干预对表层土壤水文物理特性无显著影响,但是显著提高了5—10cm土层水分入渗性能并降低了0—5cm初渗率;但是这种局部入渗性能的加强并未提高水分补给深度,上下层间水文联系反而弱化。沙埋干预的长期水文效应及其作为旱化成龄人工林适应性管理措施的适宜性还有待进一步的跟踪监测与分析。
Nebkhas are the fast pathways for hydrological processes of shrub vegetation in arid regions,and also the key points for regulating soil water balance.Taking the degraded artificial Caragana intermdia in desert grassland asobject,the dynamic responses of hydrological processes and hydrological effects of Nebkhas by artificial sand buried were explored for five consecutive years(2012-2016).The results showed that the sand burial intervention did not significantly change the main hydrology physical indicators of 0—10 cm in the surface layer,but significantly increased soil moisture infiltration rate of 5—10 cm,while infiltration rate of the 0—5 cm was significantly reduced.The instant water capacity of 0—5 cm soil surface was significantly improved by the sand burial intervention.After the precipitation,the decay process of moisture content in surface soil showed a strong seasonal change.The relative storage effects of 0—100 cm soil with sand burial at the end of the growing seasons in 2012—2016 were 11.3%,-6.5%,4.5%,4.3%,and15.7%,and the increase of 0—60 cm was the most obvious.In general,the sand burial intervention had nosignificant effects on the hydrophysical characteristics of the surface soil.Water infiltration rate of soil 5—10 cm layer was significantly improved,but infiltration rate of the 0—5 cm was reduced.However,the enhancement of local infiltration performance did not increase the depth of water recharge,while the hydrological connections between the upper and lower layers were weakened.
Nebkhas are the fast pathways for hydrological processes of shrub vegetation in arid regions,and also the key points for regulating soil water balance.Taking the degraded artificial Caragana intermdia in desert grassland asobject,the dynamic responses of hydrological processes and hydrological effects of Nebkhas by artificial sand buried were explored for five consecutive years(2012-2016).The results showed that the sand burial intervention did not significantly change the main hydrology physical indicators of 0—10 cm in the surface layer,but significantly increased soil moisture infiltration rate of 5—10 cm,while infiltration rate of the 0—5 cm was significantly reduced.The instant water capacity of 0—5 cm soil surface was significantly improved by the sand burial intervention.After the precipitation,the decay process of moisture content in surface soil showed a strong seasonal change.The relative storage effects of 0—100 cm soil with sand burial at the end of the growing seasons in 2012—2016 were 11.3%,-6.5%,4.5%,4.3%,and15.7%,and the increase of 0—60 cm was the most obvious.In general,the sand burial intervention had nosignificant effects on the hydrophysical characteristics of the surface soil.Water infiltration rate of soil 5—10 cm layer was significantly improved,but infiltration rate of the 0—5 cm was reduced.However,the enhancement of local infiltration performance did not increase the depth of water recharge,while the hydrological connections between the upper and lower layers were weakened.
引文
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[3] Pool M R,Pool S K,Parvaneh I,et al.Nebkhas of salvadora persica and their effect on the growth and survival of Prosopis cineraria,Tamarix aphylla,and Capparis decidua trees and shrubs[J].Flora,2013,208(8/9):502-507.
[4] Li X Y,Hu X,Zhang Z H,et al.Shrub hydropedology:Preferential water availability to deep soil layer[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2013,12(4):1742-1751.
[5] Zhang Y F,Wang X P,Hu R,et al.Stemflow in two xerophytic shrubs and its significance to soil water and nutrient enrichment[J].Ecological Research,2013,28(4):567-579.
[6] Li X R,He M Z,Stefan Z,et al.Micro-geomorphology determines community structure of biological soil crusts at small scales[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2010,35(8):932-940.
[7] Li X R,Tian F,Jia R L,et al.Do biological soil crusts determine vegetation changes in sandy deserts?Implications for managing artificial vegetation[J].Hydrological Processes,2010,24(25):3621-3630.
[8]杨志鹏,李小雁,刘连友,等.毛乌素沙地固沙灌木树干茎流特征[J].科学通报,2008,53(8):939-945.
[9] Li X Y,Liu L Y,Gao S Y,et al.Stemflow in three shrubs and its effect on soil water enhancement in semiarid loess region of China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148(10):1501-1507.
[10] Llorens P,Domingo F.Rainfall partitioning by vegetation under Mediterranean conditions:A review of studies in Europe[J].Journal of Hydrology,2007,335:37-54.
[11] Kai S,Ebermann N,Schalling N.Evidence of doublefunneling effect of beech trees by visualization of flow pathways using dye tracer[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,470/471:184-192.
[12]孙涛,唐进年,韩福贵,等.旱区荒漠灌丛沙堆研究进展及展望[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(4):351-356.
[13]杨新国,赵伟,陈林,等.荒漠草原人工柠条林土壤与植被的演变特征[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(4):590-594.
[14]张甘霖,龚子同.土壤调查实验室分析方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2012:23-30.
[15]中国科学院南京土壤研究所.土壤理化分析[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1978:511-525.
[16]杜建会,严平,董玉祥.干旱地区灌丛沙堆研究现状与展望[J].地理学报,2010,65(3):339-350.
[17]孟杰,卜崇峰,张兴昌,等.移除和沙埋对沙土生物结皮土壤蒸发的影响[J].水土保持通报,2011,31(1):58-62,159.
[18]王月,李程,李爱德,等.白刺沙堆退化与土壤水分的关系[J].生态学报,2015,35(5):1407-1421.
[19]张军红,吴波.干旱、半干旱地区土壤水分研究进展[J].中国水土保持,2012(2):40-43.
[20] Li B,Gao J R,Wang X R,et al.Effects of biological soil crusts on water infiltration and evaporation Yanchi Ningxia,Maowusu Desert,China[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2016,31(4):311-323.
[21] Liu B,Zhao W Z,Liu Z L,et al.Changes in species diversity,aboveground biomass,and vegetation cover along an afforestation successional gradient in a semiarid desert steppe of China[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,81:301-311.