气质、父母教养方式与幼儿心理韧性的关系
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摘要
目的:考察3～5岁幼儿心理韧性的发展特点并探讨气质、父母教养方式与幼儿心理韧性之间的关系,检验父母教养方式的中介作用。方法:选取杭州市570名幼儿为被试对象,由幼儿教师完成Devereux幼儿心理韧性量表评定,由幼儿父母完成气质问卷和教养方式问卷的评定。采用AMOS 17.0对幼儿气质、父母教养方式与心理韧性之间的关系进行结构方程模型检验,并采用非参数百分位Bootstrap方法对模型的中介效应进行检验。结果:共回收有效问卷432份,回收率为75.79%。5岁幼儿心理韧性的主动性和自我调节两个维度高于3岁和4岁幼儿(均P<0.01),依恋/关系维度高于4岁幼儿(P<0.01);女生的主动性和自我调节维度高于男生(P<0.05或P<0.01)。气质的负性情绪维度与心理韧性三个维度均呈负相关(均P<0.05),而努力控制维度和权威型教养方式则与心理韧性三个维度均呈正相关(均P<0.05)。负性情绪和努力控制均部分通过权威型教养方式预测幼儿心理韧性(中介效应分别为-0.0143和0.0363)。结论:3～5岁幼儿心理韧性存在年龄、性别差异,且父母教养方式在气质与心理韧性之间起中介作用。
Objective: To investigate the developmental characteristics of resilience in children aged 3-5, and to explore the relationship between temperament, parenting style and resilience. Methods: A total of 570 preschoolers aged 3-5 years in Hangzhou participated in this study. The children's teachers completed the assessment of the resilience scale of DECA-P2(Devereux Early Childhood Assessment for Preschoolers Second Edition); the children's parents completed assessment of temperament questionnaire CBQ(Children' s Behavior Questionnaire) and parenting style questionnaire PSDQ(Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire). Results : Totally 432 valid questionnaires were retrieved with a recovery rate of 75. 79%. The levels of initiative and self-regulation of 5-y children were higher than those of children aged 3 or 4(all P<0.01); the level of attachment/relationship of 5-y children was higher than that of children aged 4(P<0.01); the levels of initiative and self-regulation of girls were higher than those of boys(P<0.05 or P<0. 01). The negative affect dimension of temperament was negatively correlated with resilience(all P<0.05),while the effortful control and authoritative parenting styles were positively correlated with resilience(all P<0.05). The negative affect and effortful control were able to partially predict resilience of children through authoritative parenting style(mediating effect were-0.0143 and 0. 0363).Conclusion: Preschoolers aged 3-5 years with different age and gender show differences in resilience, and parenting styles may play a mediating effect between temperament and resilience.
Objective: To investigate the developmental characteristics of resilience in children aged 3-5, and to explore the relationship between temperament, parenting style and resilience. Methods: A total of 570 preschoolers aged 3-5 years in Hangzhou participated in this study. The children's teachers completed the assessment of the resilience scale of DECA-P2(Devereux Early Childhood Assessment for Preschoolers Second Edition); the children's parents completed assessment of temperament questionnaire CBQ(Children' s Behavior Questionnaire) and parenting style questionnaire PSDQ(Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire). Results : Totally 432 valid questionnaires were retrieved with a recovery rate of 75. 79%. The levels of initiative and self-regulation of 5-y children were higher than those of children aged 3 or 4(all P<0.01); the level of attachment/relationship of 5-y children was higher than that of children aged 4(P<0.01); the levels of initiative and self-regulation of girls were higher than those of boys(P<0.05 or P<0. 01). The negative affect dimension of temperament was negatively correlated with resilience(all P<0.05),while the effortful control and authoritative parenting styles were positively correlated with resilience(all P<0.05). The negative affect and effortful control were able to partially predict resilience of children through authoritative parenting style(mediating effect were-0.0143 and 0. 0363).Conclusion: Preschoolers aged 3-5 years with different age and gender show differences in resilience, and parenting styles may play a mediating effect between temperament and resilience.
引文
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[22]杨丽珠,宋辉.幼儿自我控制能力发展的研究[J].心理与行为研究,2003(1):51-56.YANG Lizhu,SONG Hui.Development on preschool children’s self-control ability[J].Studies of Psychology and Behavior,2003(1):51-56.(in Chinese)
[23]KOCHANSKA G,COY K C,MURRAY K T.The development of self-regulation in the first four years of life[J].Child Dev,2001,72(4):1091-1111.
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[26]林崇德.发展心理学[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1995:188-189.LIN Chongde.Developmental psychology[M].Beijing:People’s Education Press,1995:188-189.(in Chinese)
[27]陆芳,陈国鹏.幼儿情绪调节策略与气质的相关研究[J].心理科学,2009,(2):417-419.LU Fang,CHEN Guopeng.The study on the relation between preschool children’s emotion regulation strategies and their temperaments[J].Psychological Science,2009,(2):417-419.(in Chinese)
[28]贾高鼎,曾明,王爱平,等.父母教养方式对儿童自尊的独特贡献:儿童气质的调节[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2016,24(3):535-539.JIA Gaoding,ZENG Ming,WANG Aiping,et al.The unique contribution of parenting styles on self-esteem of pupils:moderating of temperament[J].Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology,2016,24(3):535-539.(in Chinese)
[29]陶俊媛.3-6岁学前儿童自尊与社会适应行为关系研究[D].天津:天津师范大学,2012:35-36.TAO Junyuan.Study on the relationship between selfesteem and social adaptation behavior of 3-6 year old preschool children[D].Tianjin:Tianjin Normal University,2012:35-36.(in Chinese)
[30]刘庆,王苗苗,相青,等.青少年心理韧性与父母教养方式的关系[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2016,24(7):1039-1042.LIU Qing,WANG Miaomiao,XIANG Qing.The relationships among resilience and parentings style in adolescents[J].China Journal of Health Psychology,2016,24(7):1039-1042.(in Chinese)
[31]BESTEIRO E M,QUINTANILLA A J.The relationship between parenting styles or parenting practices,and anxiety in childhood and adolescence:a systematic review[J].Rev Esp Pedagog,2017,75(2):337-351.
[32]NORONA A N,BAKER B L.The effects of early positive parenting and developmental delay status on child emotion dysregulation[J].J Intellect Disabil Res,2017,61(2):130-143.
[2]SHINER R L,MASTEN A S.Childhood personality as a harbinger of competence and resilience in adulthood[J].Dev Psychopathol,2012,24(2):507-528.
[3]BLOCK J,KREMEN A M.IQ and ego-resiliency:conceptual and empirical connections and separateness[J].J Pers Soc Psychol,1996,70(2):349-361.
[4]TUSAIE K,DYER J.Resilience:a historical review of the construct[J].Holist Nurs Pract,2004,18(1):3-8;quiz 9-10.
[5]NAGLIERI J A,LEBUFFE P A,ROSS K M.Measuring resilience in children:from theory to practice[M]//GOLOSTEIN S,BROOKS R B.Handbook of resilience in children.2nd ed.New York:Springer,2013:241-259.
[6]MOBLEY C E,PULLIS M E.Temperament and behavioral adjustment in preschool children[J].Early Childhood Research Quarterly,1991,6(4):577-586.
[7]TSCHANN J M,KAISER P,CHESNEY M A,et al.Resilience and vulnerability among preschool children:family functioning,temperament,and behavior problems[J].J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry,1996,35(2):184-192.
[8]MARTINEZ-TORTEYA C,ANNE B G,VON E A,et al.Resilience among children exposed to domestic violence:the role of risk and protective factors[J].Child Dev,2009,80(2):562-577.
[9]SHINER R L,MASTEN A S.Childhood personality as a harbinger of competence and resilience in adulthood[J].Dev Psychopathol,2012,24(2):507-528.
[10]CHARI U,CHANDRASHEKHAR P.Parents:a resource to promote resilience in children[J].Asian JPsychiatr,2014,10:114.
[11]BRONFENBRENNER U,MORRIS P A.The bioecological model of human development[M]//DAMON W,LERNER R M.Handbook of Child Psychology.6th ed.New York:John Wiley&Sons,2006:793-828.
[12]SOLCOVA I,BLATNYMARTIN JELíNEKVLADIMíR KEBZA M.Relation of toddler temperament and perceived parenting styles to adult resilience[J].CeskoslovenskáPsychologie,2016,60(1):61-70.
[13]RINALDI C M,HOWE N.Mothers’and fathers’parenting styles and associations with toddlers’externalizing,internalizing,and adaptive behaviors[J].Early Child Res Q,2012,27(2):266-273.
[14]季雨竹,牛玉柏,唐志东,等.Devereux幼儿心理韧性评估量表第二版的中文修订[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2015,29(7):551-555.JI Yuzhu,NIU Yubai,TANG Zhidong,et al.Validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the Devereux early childhood assessment for preschoolers second edition[J].Chinese Mental Health Journal,2015,29(7):551-555.(in Chinese)
[15]PUTNAM S P,ROTHBART M K.Development of short and very short forms of the Children’s behavior questionnaire[J].J Pers Assess,2006,87(1):102-112.
[16]叶仁敏,MARY K R,庞正建,等.《儿童行为问卷表》(CBQ)的测定研究[J].应用心理学,1990,(4):6-11.YE Renmin,MARY K R,PANG Zhengjian,et al.Atest of children’s behavior questionnaire[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Psychology,1990,(4):6-11.(in Chinese)
[17]ROBINSON C C,MANDLECO B,OLSEN S F,et al.The parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire(PSDQ)[M].Handbook of Family Measurement Techniques,2001.
[18]WU P,ROBINSON C C,YANG C M,et al.Similarities and differences in mothers’parenting of preschoolers in China and the United States[J].Int JBehav Dev,2002,26(6):481-491.
[19]劳拉·E·伯克.伯克毕生发展心理学:从0岁到青少年[M].4版.陈会昌,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2014:270-273.LAURA E B.Development through the lifespan[M].4th ed.CHEN Huichang,trans.Beijing:China Renmin University Press,2014:270-273.(in Chinese)
[20]华弥之,周仁来.学前行为与情绪量表在中国学前儿童中的应用[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2012,20(3):320-324.HUA Mizhi,ZHOU Renlai.Reversion of preschool behavioral and emotional ratingscale in chinese preschoolers:validity and reliability[J].Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology,2012,20(3):320-324.(in Chinese)
[21]GUSNARD D A,OLLINGER J M,SHULMAN G L,et al.Persistence and brain circuitry[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2003,100(6):3479-3484.
[22]杨丽珠,宋辉.幼儿自我控制能力发展的研究[J].心理与行为研究,2003(1):51-56.YANG Lizhu,SONG Hui.Development on preschool children’s self-control ability[J].Studies of Psychology and Behavior,2003(1):51-56.(in Chinese)
[23]KOCHANSKA G,COY K C,MURRAY K T.The development of self-regulation in the first four years of life[J].Child Dev,2001,72(4):1091-1111.
[24]戴维·谢弗,凯瑟琳·基普.发展心理学:儿童与青少年[M].6版.邹泓,译.北京:中国轻工业出版社,2009:470-471.DAVID R S,KATHERINE K.Developmental psychology:childhood and adolescence[M].6th ed.ZOU Hong,trans.Beijing:China Light Industry Press,2009:470-471.(in Chinese)
[25]孟昭兰.情绪心理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2005:122-123.MENG Zhaolan.Emotional psychology[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2005:122-123.(in Chinese)
[26]林崇德.发展心理学[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1995:188-189.LIN Chongde.Developmental psychology[M].Beijing:People’s Education Press,1995:188-189.(in Chinese)
[27]陆芳,陈国鹏.幼儿情绪调节策略与气质的相关研究[J].心理科学,2009,(2):417-419.LU Fang,CHEN Guopeng.The study on the relation between preschool children’s emotion regulation strategies and their temperaments[J].Psychological Science,2009,(2):417-419.(in Chinese)
[28]贾高鼎,曾明,王爱平,等.父母教养方式对儿童自尊的独特贡献:儿童气质的调节[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2016,24(3):535-539.JIA Gaoding,ZENG Ming,WANG Aiping,et al.The unique contribution of parenting styles on self-esteem of pupils:moderating of temperament[J].Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology,2016,24(3):535-539.(in Chinese)
[29]陶俊媛.3-6岁学前儿童自尊与社会适应行为关系研究[D].天津:天津师范大学,2012:35-36.TAO Junyuan.Study on the relationship between selfesteem and social adaptation behavior of 3-6 year old preschool children[D].Tianjin:Tianjin Normal University,2012:35-36.(in Chinese)
[30]刘庆,王苗苗,相青,等.青少年心理韧性与父母教养方式的关系[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2016,24(7):1039-1042.LIU Qing,WANG Miaomiao,XIANG Qing.The relationships among resilience and parentings style in adolescents[J].China Journal of Health Psychology,2016,24(7):1039-1042.(in Chinese)
[31]BESTEIRO E M,QUINTANILLA A J.The relationship between parenting styles or parenting practices,and anxiety in childhood and adolescence:a systematic review[J].Rev Esp Pedagog,2017,75(2):337-351.
[32]NORONA A N,BAKER B L.The effects of early positive parenting and developmental delay status on child emotion dysregulation[J].J Intellect Disabil Res,2017,61(2):130-143.