美国人眼中的东方巨龙:涉华新闻关注与美国人对中国的认知、态度的关系
|
摘要
中国成为美国媒介报道最多的外国,本研究通过一项针对18岁以上美国人的在线调查(N=848),发现美国人对中国的态度较负面,美国受众对中国政治话题(如人权)和中美冲突的新闻相对较感兴趣,而对中国文化和旅游的新闻兴趣较小。分析发现,美国人对涉华新闻关注度显著增强了其对中国的了解,但并没有显著影响其对华态度,即媒介也许能告诉受众"想什么",可是很难劝服人们"怎么想"。美国人对中国的了解程度与对华态度间并无显著相关,直接经验(来华旅游、与中国亲友交往等)与对中国的兴趣则不但显著正向影响了其对中国的态度,也显著提升了其对中国的了解。另外,人口统计变量对美国人涉华态度的影响大于其对涉华了解程度的影响。
China is the most-covered foreign country by US media. The current study is based on an online survey of US adults(N=848), and it finds that Americans hold relatively negative attitudes toward China(54.25 on feeling thermometer of 0-100). American audience are relatively interested in political issues, such as human rights and China-US conflicts, but they don't have much interest in tourism or culture in China. It shows that the Americans' attention on coverage about China significantly increase their knowledge about China, but it doesn't significantly influence their attitude toward China. That's to say, the US media may be successful in telling Americans what to think about of China, but it is not very efficient in telling its audience what to think. Though the knowledge and attitude about China doesn't have significant correlation, both direct experiences(traveling and interaction with Chinese friends or relatives) and interest toward China significantly promote Americans' knowledge and attitude about China. Demographic traits have more impacts on Americans' attitude toward China than on their knowledge about China.
China is the most-covered foreign country by US media. The current study is based on an online survey of US adults(N=848), and it finds that Americans hold relatively negative attitudes toward China(54.25 on feeling thermometer of 0-100). American audience are relatively interested in political issues, such as human rights and China-US conflicts, but they don't have much interest in tourism or culture in China. It shows that the Americans' attention on coverage about China significantly increase their knowledge about China, but it doesn't significantly influence their attitude toward China. That's to say, the US media may be successful in telling Americans what to think about of China, but it is not very efficient in telling its audience what to think. Though the knowledge and attitude about China doesn't have significant correlation, both direct experiences(traveling and interaction with Chinese friends or relatives) and interest toward China significantly promote Americans' knowledge and attitude about China. Demographic traits have more impacts on Americans' attitude toward China than on their knowledge about China.
引文
韦路,吴飞&丁方舟(2013)。新媒体,新中国?网络使用与美国人的中国形象认知。《新闻与传播研究》,(7),15-33。
张洪忠,虞鑫(2013)。媒介建构:中国人对美国的文化认知。《新闻与传播研究》,(4),25-43。
Golan,G.,&Wanta,W.(2003).International elections on US network news:An examination of factors affecting newsworthiness.International Communication Gazette,65(1),25-39.
Golan,G.J.,&Lukito,J.(2015).The rise of the dragon?Framing China’s global leadership in elite American newspapers.International Communication Gazette,77(8),754-772.
Hofman,J.E.,&Zak,I.(1969).Interpersonal contact and attitude change in a cross-cultural situation.The Journal of Social Psychology,78(2),165-171.
Kim,K.,&Barnett,G.A.(1996).The determinants of international news flow:A network analysis.Communication Research,23(3),323-352.
Korzenny,F.,del Toro,W.,&Gaudino,J.(1987).International news media exposure,knowledge,and attitudes.Journal of Broadcasting&Electronic Media,31(1),73-87.
McNelly,J.T.,&Izcaray,F.(1986).International news exposure and images of nations.Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly,63(3),546-553.
Peng,Z.(2004).Representation of China:An across time analysis of coverage in the New York Times and Los Angeles Times.Asian Journal of Communication,14(1),53-67.
Perry,D.K.(1989).World news and US public opinion about the Soviet Union:A panel analysis.Communication Research Reports,6(1),63-66.
Perry,D.K.(1990).News reading,knowledge about,and attitudes toward foreign countries.Journalism&mass communication quarterly,67(2),353-358.
Salwen,M.B.,&Matera,F.R.(1992).Public salience of foreign nations.Journalism&mass communication Quarterly,69(3),623-632.
Semetko,H.A.,Brzinski,J.B.,Weaver,D.,&Willnat,L.(1992).TV news and US public opinion about foreign countries:The impact of exposure and attention.International Journal of Public Opinion Research,4(1),18-36.
Stone,G.C.,&Xiao,Z.(2007).Anointing a new enemy:The rise of anti-China coverage after the USSR's demise.International Communication Gazette,69(1),91-108.
Wanta,W.(1997).The public and the national agenda:How people learn about important issues.Mahwah,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Wanta,W.,Golan,G.,&Lee,C.(2004).Agenda setting and international news:Media influence on public perceptions of foreign nations.Journalism&mass communication Quarterly,81(2),364-377.
Wanta,W.,&Hu,Y.W.(1993).The agenda-setting effects of international news coverage:An examination of differing news frames.International Journal of Public Opinion Research,5(3),250-264.
Williams,R.(2006).Generalized ordered logit/partial proportional odds models for ordinal dependent variables.Stata Journal,6(1),58.
Willnat,L.,&Luo,Y.(2011).Watching the dragon:global television news about China.Chinese Journal of Communication,4(3),255-273.
Willnat,L.,&Metzgar,E.T.(2012,June).American perceptions of China and the Chinese:Do the media matter?Paper presented at the 65th Annual Meeting of the World Association for Public Opinion Research.Hong Kong.
Wu,H.D.(1998).Investigating the determinants of international news flow:A meta-analysis.International Communication Gazette,60(6),493-512.
Wu,H.D.,&Hamilton,J.M.(2004).US foreign correspondents:Changes and continuity at the turn of the century.International Communication Gazette,66(6),517-532.
Zhang,C.&Meadows Ⅲ,C.W.(2012),“International coverage,foreign policy,and national image:Exploring the complexities of media coverage,public opinion,and presidential agenda,”International Journal of Communication,(6),20.
1.本文问卷调查得到了美国佛罗里达大学新闻与传播学院教授Wayne Wanta博士的无私帮助,以及北京交通大学传播系研究生杨智芳在收集、整理资料上给予的帮助。
2.参见盖洛普调查网站:http://www.gallup.com/poll/1627/china.aspx。
3.参见盖洛普调查网站:http://www.gallup.com/poll/146039/china-tops-list-countries-vitallyimportant-egypt-9th.aspx。
4.参见盖洛普调查网站:http://www.gallup.com/poll/189347/americans-china-top-economyfuture.aspx。
5.参见Holsti,O.R.(1996).Public opinion and American foreign policy.Ann Arbor,MI:University of Michigan Press.
6.由于本调查针对18岁以上美国成年人,年龄选项分为18-24岁、25-34岁、35-44岁、45-54岁、55-64岁和65岁以上,在其后的方程中有些选项进行了合并。
7.分为高中以下、高中、大学、研究生及以上。
8.收入分为20000美元以下、20000-39,999美元、40000-69999美元、70000-99999美元、100000-149999美元和150000美元以上
9.引自世界互联网统计(Internet World Stats):http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats14.htm。
张洪忠,虞鑫(2013)。媒介建构:中国人对美国的文化认知。《新闻与传播研究》,(4),25-43。
Golan,G.,&Wanta,W.(2003).International elections on US network news:An examination of factors affecting newsworthiness.International Communication Gazette,65(1),25-39.
Golan,G.J.,&Lukito,J.(2015).The rise of the dragon?Framing China’s global leadership in elite American newspapers.International Communication Gazette,77(8),754-772.
Hofman,J.E.,&Zak,I.(1969).Interpersonal contact and attitude change in a cross-cultural situation.The Journal of Social Psychology,78(2),165-171.
Kim,K.,&Barnett,G.A.(1996).The determinants of international news flow:A network analysis.Communication Research,23(3),323-352.
Korzenny,F.,del Toro,W.,&Gaudino,J.(1987).International news media exposure,knowledge,and attitudes.Journal of Broadcasting&Electronic Media,31(1),73-87.
McNelly,J.T.,&Izcaray,F.(1986).International news exposure and images of nations.Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly,63(3),546-553.
Peng,Z.(2004).Representation of China:An across time analysis of coverage in the New York Times and Los Angeles Times.Asian Journal of Communication,14(1),53-67.
Perry,D.K.(1989).World news and US public opinion about the Soviet Union:A panel analysis.Communication Research Reports,6(1),63-66.
Perry,D.K.(1990).News reading,knowledge about,and attitudes toward foreign countries.Journalism&mass communication quarterly,67(2),353-358.
Salwen,M.B.,&Matera,F.R.(1992).Public salience of foreign nations.Journalism&mass communication Quarterly,69(3),623-632.
Semetko,H.A.,Brzinski,J.B.,Weaver,D.,&Willnat,L.(1992).TV news and US public opinion about foreign countries:The impact of exposure and attention.International Journal of Public Opinion Research,4(1),18-36.
Stone,G.C.,&Xiao,Z.(2007).Anointing a new enemy:The rise of anti-China coverage after the USSR's demise.International Communication Gazette,69(1),91-108.
Wanta,W.(1997).The public and the national agenda:How people learn about important issues.Mahwah,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Wanta,W.,Golan,G.,&Lee,C.(2004).Agenda setting and international news:Media influence on public perceptions of foreign nations.Journalism&mass communication Quarterly,81(2),364-377.
Wanta,W.,&Hu,Y.W.(1993).The agenda-setting effects of international news coverage:An examination of differing news frames.International Journal of Public Opinion Research,5(3),250-264.
Williams,R.(2006).Generalized ordered logit/partial proportional odds models for ordinal dependent variables.Stata Journal,6(1),58.
Willnat,L.,&Luo,Y.(2011).Watching the dragon:global television news about China.Chinese Journal of Communication,4(3),255-273.
Willnat,L.,&Metzgar,E.T.(2012,June).American perceptions of China and the Chinese:Do the media matter?Paper presented at the 65th Annual Meeting of the World Association for Public Opinion Research.Hong Kong.
Wu,H.D.(1998).Investigating the determinants of international news flow:A meta-analysis.International Communication Gazette,60(6),493-512.
Wu,H.D.,&Hamilton,J.M.(2004).US foreign correspondents:Changes and continuity at the turn of the century.International Communication Gazette,66(6),517-532.
Zhang,C.&Meadows Ⅲ,C.W.(2012),“International coverage,foreign policy,and national image:Exploring the complexities of media coverage,public opinion,and presidential agenda,”International Journal of Communication,(6),20.
1.本文问卷调查得到了美国佛罗里达大学新闻与传播学院教授Wayne Wanta博士的无私帮助,以及北京交通大学传播系研究生杨智芳在收集、整理资料上给予的帮助。
2.参见盖洛普调查网站:http://www.gallup.com/poll/1627/china.aspx。
3.参见盖洛普调查网站:http://www.gallup.com/poll/146039/china-tops-list-countries-vitallyimportant-egypt-9th.aspx。
4.参见盖洛普调查网站:http://www.gallup.com/poll/189347/americans-china-top-economyfuture.aspx。
5.参见Holsti,O.R.(1996).Public opinion and American foreign policy.Ann Arbor,MI:University of Michigan Press.
6.由于本调查针对18岁以上美国成年人,年龄选项分为18-24岁、25-34岁、35-44岁、45-54岁、55-64岁和65岁以上,在其后的方程中有些选项进行了合并。
7.分为高中以下、高中、大学、研究生及以上。
8.收入分为20000美元以下、20000-39,999美元、40000-69999美元、70000-99999美元、100000-149999美元和150000美元以上
9.引自世界互联网统计(Internet World Stats):http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats14.htm。