国家重点生态功能区生态状况变化与保护成效评估——以海南岛中部山区国家重点生态功能区为例
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摘要
自2000年提出生态功能保护区的概念以来,历时17年不断探索和发展完善,中国已经形成了一批国家重点生态功能区和相关配套政策,成为生态保护红线划定的重要依据和主体功能区战略实施的主要组成,对保障国家生态安全和优化国土空间格局具有十分重要的意义。海南岛中部山区在2001年成为国家生态功能保护区试点,2010年被确定为国家重点生态功能区,是较早实施生态功能保护的重点管控区域之一。本文以海南岛中部山区热带雨林重点生态功能区为研究区域,综合利用多源卫星遥感数据和地面观测统计数据,集成地统计学和生态评估模型模拟方法,以生态系统格局、植被长势、服务功能为主要评估内容,通过时空尺度拓展和多维时空对比分析,探讨了该重点生态功能区生态系统变化和保护成效。结果发现:(1)2013年功能区森林面积占比为84.5%,显著高于海南岛平均水平。1990-2013年功能区内建设用地逐渐增加。2010年功能区实施后,人类活动强度仍然呈现持续增加态势,面积比例从0.5%增加到0.8%,主要表现为城镇建设和耕地开垦。(2)功能区水源涵养服务功能明显优于功能区外部,1990-2013年水源涵养服务功能总体上略有增加,但是不同时间段的波动变化明显,特别是1990-2000年和2000-2013年两个时间段内均表现为先减少后增加的变化特征。功能区单位面积的水源涵养量为51.78万m2/km2,明显高于功能区外部。(3)功能区土壤保持服务功能明显要优于功能区外部,1990-2013年表现出剧烈波动、稳定性较差。功能区单位面积的土壤保持量为1.95万t/km2,明显高于功能区外部。(4)功能区人类扰动指数明显小于功能区外部,生物多样性威胁程度明显偏小,有利于生物多样性的保护。功能区平均人类扰动指数为0.3664,比功能区外部低0.1152。1990-2013年功能区外部人类扰动指数变化幅度为0.0152,约为功能区内部变化幅度的5.31倍。特别是2010-2013年,功能区内部人类扰动指数增加幅度要明显小于功能区外部。
Ecosystem services have become one of the major aspects of ecosystem management and evaluation. As a key area of ecosystem services, evaluation of ecosystem changes and implementation effect is important for national key ecological function zones.Such evaluation can help to maintain national ecological security, drive the implementation of the main function zone strategy and advance the construction of an ecological civilization. This article explores the ecological zone of a tropical rainforest region in the central mountain area of Hainan Island, China. Multi-source satellite data and ground observation statistics are analyzed with geo-statistics method and ecological assessment model. The core analysis of this paper includes ecosystem pattern, quality and service. By means of spatial and temporal scale expansion and multi-dimensional space-time correlation analysis, we examine the trend and stability characteristics of ecosystem change, and evaluate the implementation effect. The results showed that, first, the forest area ratio was 84.5% in 2013, which was significantly higher than the average level in Hainan Island. During 1990-2013, settlement gradually increased in ecological zone. After the implementation of the function zone in 2010, human activity intensity was still increasing, with the area ratio rising from 0.5% to 0.8%. The main land use change was urban construction and land reclamation. Second, water conservation in the ecological function zone was better than that outside the zone. During 1990-2013, water conservation increased slightly, and had obvious fluctuation in different periods. Water conservation change decreased first and then increased during both the periods 1990-2000 and2000-2013. Water conservation quantity was 0.5178 million cubic metres per square kilometer,which was higher than the average outside the zone. Third, soil conservation in the ecological function zone was also better than that outside the zone. Soil conservation showed dramatic fluctuations and relatively poor stability during 1990-2013. Soil conservation quantity was19500 tons per square kilometer in the ecological function zone. Fourth, the human disturbance index in the ecological function zone was significantly less than that outside the zone and had lower biodiversity threat level. This would be beneficial to biodiversity conservation. In the ecological function zone, average human disturbance index was 0.3664 and 0.1152 lower than that outside the zone. During 1990-2013, human disturbance index variation range outside the zone was 0.0152, about 5.31 times that of the inner zone. Especially in 2010-2013, the increased range of human disturbance index in the ecological function zone was significantly less than that outside value the zone.
Ecosystem services have become one of the major aspects of ecosystem management and evaluation. As a key area of ecosystem services, evaluation of ecosystem changes and implementation effect is important for national key ecological function zones.Such evaluation can help to maintain national ecological security, drive the implementation of the main function zone strategy and advance the construction of an ecological civilization. This article explores the ecological zone of a tropical rainforest region in the central mountain area of Hainan Island, China. Multi-source satellite data and ground observation statistics are analyzed with geo-statistics method and ecological assessment model. The core analysis of this paper includes ecosystem pattern, quality and service. By means of spatial and temporal scale expansion and multi-dimensional space-time correlation analysis, we examine the trend and stability characteristics of ecosystem change, and evaluate the implementation effect. The results showed that, first, the forest area ratio was 84.5% in 2013, which was significantly higher than the average level in Hainan Island. During 1990-2013, settlement gradually increased in ecological zone. After the implementation of the function zone in 2010, human activity intensity was still increasing, with the area ratio rising from 0.5% to 0.8%. The main land use change was urban construction and land reclamation. Second, water conservation in the ecological function zone was better than that outside the zone. During 1990-2013, water conservation increased slightly, and had obvious fluctuation in different periods. Water conservation change decreased first and then increased during both the periods 1990-2000 and2000-2013. Water conservation quantity was 0.5178 million cubic metres per square kilometer,which was higher than the average outside the zone. Third, soil conservation in the ecological function zone was also better than that outside the zone. Soil conservation showed dramatic fluctuations and relatively poor stability during 1990-2013. Soil conservation quantity was19500 tons per square kilometer in the ecological function zone. Fourth, the human disturbance index in the ecological function zone was significantly less than that outside the zone and had lower biodiversity threat level. This would be beneficial to biodiversity conservation. In the ecological function zone, average human disturbance index was 0.3664 and 0.1152 lower than that outside the zone. During 1990-2013, human disturbance index variation range outside the zone was 0.0152, about 5.31 times that of the inner zone. Especially in 2010-2013, the increased range of human disturbance index in the ecological function zone was significantly less than that outside value the zone.
引文
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[11]Li Guoping,Li Xiao,Wang Haizhou.Ecological compensation effect of national key ecological function area's transfer payment policy.Modern Economic Science,2013,35(5):58-64.[李国平,李潇,汪海洲.国家重点生态功能区转移支付的生态补偿效果分析.当代经济科学,2013,35(5):58-64.]
[12]吴旗韬,陈伟莲,张虹鸥,等.南岭生态功能区产业选择及发展路径探索.生态经济,2014,30(2):88-92.[Wu Qitao,Chen Weilian,Zhang Hong'ou,et al.Choice and development path of leading industry in Nanling ecological function zone.Ecological Economy,2014,30(2):88-92.]
[13]Li Yingying,Liu Kang,Hu Sheng,et al.Water conservation function of Ziwuling ecological area in Shaanxi Province.Arid Land Geography,2015,38(3):636-642.[李盈盈,刘康,胡胜,等.陕西省子午岭生态功能区水源涵养能力研究.干旱区地理,2015,38(3):636-642.]
[14]Huang Lin,Cao Wei,Wu Dan,et al.Assessment on the changing conditions of ecosystems in key ecological function zones in China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(9):2758-2766.[黄麟,曹巍,吴丹,等.2000-2010年我国重点生态功能区生态系统变化状况.应用生态学报,2015,26(9):2758-2766.]
[15]Liu Jiyuan,Kuang Wenhui,Zhang Zengxiang,et al.Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns,and causes of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s.Journal of Geographical Sciences,2014,24(2):195-210.
[16]Chen Jin,J?nsson P,Tamura M,et al.A simple method for reconstructing a high-quality NDVI time-series data set based on the Savitzky-Golay filter.Remote sensing of Environment,2004,91(3):332-344.
[17]Savitzky Abraham,Marcel J E Golay.Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures.Analytical Chemistry,1964,36(8):1627-1639.
[18]Zhao Tongqian,Ouyang Zhiyun,Zheng Hua.Forest ecosystem services and their valuation in China.Journal of Natural Resources,2004,19(4):480-491.[赵同谦,欧阳志云,郑华.中国森林生态系统服务功能及其价值评价.自然资源学报,2004,19(4):480-491.]
[19]Renard K G,Foster G R,Weesies G A,et al.Predicting soil erosion by water:A guide to conservation planning with the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE).USDA Agriculture Handbook,Washington,1997.
[20]Zhang Wenbo,Xie Yun,Liu Baoyuan.Rainfall erosivity estimation using daily rainfall amounts.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2002,22(6):705-711.[章文波,谢云,刘宝元.利用日雨量计算降雨侵蚀力的方法研究.地理科学,2002,22(6):705-711.]
[21]Wischmeier W H,Johnson C B,Cross B V.A soil erodibility nomograph for farmland and construction sites.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1971,26(26):189-193.
[22]Mc Cool D K,Brown L G,Foster G R,et al.Revised slope steepness factor for the Universal Soil Loss Equation.Transactions of the ASAE,1987,30(5):1387-1396.
[23]Liu B Y,Nearing M A,Risse L M.Slope gradient effects on soil loss for steep slopes.Transaction of American Society of Agriculture Engineers,1994,37(6):1835-1840.
[24]Cai Chongfa,Ding Shuwen,Shi Zhihua,et al.Study of applying USLE and geographical information system IDRISI to predict soil erosion in small watershed.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,14(2):19-24.[蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华,等.应用USLE模型与地理信息系统IDRISI预测小流域土壤侵蚀量的研究.水土保持学报,2000,14(2):19-24.]
[2]Zheng Yaomin,Zhang Haiying,Niu Zhenguo,et al.Protection efficacy of national wetland reserves in China.Chinese Science Bulletin,2012,57(1):1-24.[郑姚闽,张海英,牛振国,等.中国国家级湿地自然保护区保护成效初步评估.科学通报,2012,57(1):1-24.]
[3]Yang Jun,Zhang Mingxiang,Lei Guangchun.Biases in"Protection efficacy of national wetland reserves in China".Chinese Science Bulletin,2012,57(15):1367-1370.[杨军,张明祥,雷光春.《中国国家级湿地自然保护区保护成效初步评估》中的偏差.科学通报,2012,57(15):1367-1370.]
[4]Zheng Yaomin,Niu Zhenguo,Gong Peng,et al.Response to the article:"Biases in protection efficacy of national wetland reserves in China".Chinese Science Bulletin,2012,57(15):1371-1376.[郑姚闽,牛振国,宫鹏.对《中国国家级湿地自然保护区保护成效初步评估中的偏差》一文的回应.科学通报,2012,57(15):1371-1376.]
[5]Hou Peng,Yang Min,Zhai Jun,et al.Discussion about natural reserve and construction of national ecological security pattern.Geographical Research,2017,36(3):420-428.[侯鹏,杨旻,翟俊,等.论自然保护地与国家生态安全格局构建.地理研究,2017,36(3):420-428.]
[6]Zhao Guosong,Liu Jiyuan,Kuang Wenhui,et al.Disturbance impacts of land use change on biodiversity conservation priority areas across China during 1990-2010.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(11):1640-1650.[赵国松,刘纪远,匡文慧,等.1990-2010年中国土地利用变化对生物多样性保护重点区域的扰动.地理学报,2014,69(11):1640-1650.]
[7]Zhang Yili,Hu Zhongjun,Qi Wei,et al.Assessment of protection effectiveness of nature reserves on the Tibetan Plateau based on net primary production and the large-sample-comparison method.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(7):1027-1040.[张镱锂,胡忠俊,祁威,等.基于NPP数据和样区对比法的青藏高原自然保护区保护成效分析.地理学报,2015,70(7):1027-1040.]
[8]Hou Peng,Wang Qiao,Shen Wenming,et al.Progress of integrated ecosystem assessment:Concept,framework and challenges.Geographical Research,2015,34(10):1809-1823.[侯鹏,王桥,申文明,等.生态系统综合评估研究进展:内涵、框架与挑战.地理研究,2015,34(10):1809-1823.]
[9]Zheng Hua,Li Yifeng,Ouyang Zhiyun,et al.Progress and perspectives of ecosystem services management.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(3):702-710.[郑华,李屹峰,欧阳志云,等.生态系统服务功能管理研究进展.生态学报,2013,33(3):702-710.]
[10]Kong Fanbin.Eco-compensation mechanism for ecological function conservation zones in the headwaters:A case study of Dongjiang riverhead region in Jiangxi province.Economic Geography,2010,30(2):299-305.[孔凡斌.江河源头水源涵养生态功能区生态补偿机制研究:以江西东江源区为例.经济地理,2010,30(2):299-305.]
[11]Li Guoping,Li Xiao,Wang Haizhou.Ecological compensation effect of national key ecological function area's transfer payment policy.Modern Economic Science,2013,35(5):58-64.[李国平,李潇,汪海洲.国家重点生态功能区转移支付的生态补偿效果分析.当代经济科学,2013,35(5):58-64.]
[12]吴旗韬,陈伟莲,张虹鸥,等.南岭生态功能区产业选择及发展路径探索.生态经济,2014,30(2):88-92.[Wu Qitao,Chen Weilian,Zhang Hong'ou,et al.Choice and development path of leading industry in Nanling ecological function zone.Ecological Economy,2014,30(2):88-92.]
[13]Li Yingying,Liu Kang,Hu Sheng,et al.Water conservation function of Ziwuling ecological area in Shaanxi Province.Arid Land Geography,2015,38(3):636-642.[李盈盈,刘康,胡胜,等.陕西省子午岭生态功能区水源涵养能力研究.干旱区地理,2015,38(3):636-642.]
[14]Huang Lin,Cao Wei,Wu Dan,et al.Assessment on the changing conditions of ecosystems in key ecological function zones in China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(9):2758-2766.[黄麟,曹巍,吴丹,等.2000-2010年我国重点生态功能区生态系统变化状况.应用生态学报,2015,26(9):2758-2766.]
[15]Liu Jiyuan,Kuang Wenhui,Zhang Zengxiang,et al.Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns,and causes of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s.Journal of Geographical Sciences,2014,24(2):195-210.
[16]Chen Jin,J?nsson P,Tamura M,et al.A simple method for reconstructing a high-quality NDVI time-series data set based on the Savitzky-Golay filter.Remote sensing of Environment,2004,91(3):332-344.
[17]Savitzky Abraham,Marcel J E Golay.Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures.Analytical Chemistry,1964,36(8):1627-1639.
[18]Zhao Tongqian,Ouyang Zhiyun,Zheng Hua.Forest ecosystem services and their valuation in China.Journal of Natural Resources,2004,19(4):480-491.[赵同谦,欧阳志云,郑华.中国森林生态系统服务功能及其价值评价.自然资源学报,2004,19(4):480-491.]
[19]Renard K G,Foster G R,Weesies G A,et al.Predicting soil erosion by water:A guide to conservation planning with the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE).USDA Agriculture Handbook,Washington,1997.
[20]Zhang Wenbo,Xie Yun,Liu Baoyuan.Rainfall erosivity estimation using daily rainfall amounts.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2002,22(6):705-711.[章文波,谢云,刘宝元.利用日雨量计算降雨侵蚀力的方法研究.地理科学,2002,22(6):705-711.]
[21]Wischmeier W H,Johnson C B,Cross B V.A soil erodibility nomograph for farmland and construction sites.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1971,26(26):189-193.
[22]Mc Cool D K,Brown L G,Foster G R,et al.Revised slope steepness factor for the Universal Soil Loss Equation.Transactions of the ASAE,1987,30(5):1387-1396.
[23]Liu B Y,Nearing M A,Risse L M.Slope gradient effects on soil loss for steep slopes.Transaction of American Society of Agriculture Engineers,1994,37(6):1835-1840.
[24]Cai Chongfa,Ding Shuwen,Shi Zhihua,et al.Study of applying USLE and geographical information system IDRISI to predict soil erosion in small watershed.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,14(2):19-24.[蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华,等.应用USLE模型与地理信息系统IDRISI预测小流域土壤侵蚀量的研究.水土保持学报,2000,14(2):19-24.]