1990-2010年中国土地利用变化对生物多样性保护重点区域的扰动
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摘要
基于人类土地利用活动对不同生态系统生物多样性保护服务的影响,构建生态系统综合人类扰动指数,结合不同级别的生物多样性保护区域(一般重要、中等重要、重要、极重要四个级别)从全国尺度及区域尺度分析了中国1990-2010年土地利用变化对生物多样性保护重点区域的扰动。结果表明:就2010年现状而言,我国中东部地区人类扰动程度较大,西部地区人类扰动程度较低,全国生物多样性保护中等重要、重要、极重要区域的人类扰动程度低于全国整体(包括所有级别)均值。就20年来人类扰动程度变化态势而言,全国中东部人类扰动程度变化幅度总体高于西部,生物多样性保护中等重要、重要、极重要区域人类扰动程度均呈轻微上升趋势,但增加幅度低于全国整体增加幅度。随着东部地区的快速城市化以及东北、新疆等地区的农田开垦等土地利用活动,生物多样性保护中等重要、重要、极重要区域等重点区域人类扰动程度呈现上升趋势,应引起重视;而随着黄土高原等地区退耕还林还草工程的实施,人类扰动程度整体则呈现一定的下降趋势。青藏高原区扰动变化幅度很小,几乎没有变化。总体而言,中国目前陆地国土开发利用的空间格局与生物多样性保护保护重要区域的空间分布是相互匹配的,这有利于国家生物多样性保护的整体布局。同时,20年来生态系统综合人类扰动指数变幅的区域分异也与生物多样性保护重要性空间格局相吻合,说明20年来针对生态保护的各项政策与措施在减少生物多样性保护重点区域人类扰动方面产生了积极的成效。
Considering the impacts of land use change on biodiversity conservation services of varied ecosystems,the Ecosystem Comprehensive Anthropogenic Disturbance Index(ECADI) is built to assess disturbance impacts of land use change during 1990-2010 on biodiversity conservation priority areas of China at national and regional scales.Four levels of biodiversity conservation areas are categorized:generally important areas,moderately important areas,important areas,and very important areas.Results showed that:In 2010,the ECADI value is higher in Central and Eastern China than that in Western China,and the values of the moderate important,important and very important regions are lower than the average value of the whole country at all levels.Notably,in recent 20 years,the change extent of ECADI in Central and Eastern China was much greater compared with that in Western China,and the change extent of ECADI in the moderately important,important and very important biodiversity conservation regions all showed slightly increasing trends,with the increasing degree lower than that of whole China at all levels.Due to human activities such as urbanization in Eastern China and cropland reclamation in Northeast China and Xinjiang,ECADI value in the moderately important,important and very important biodiversity conservation areas showed an increasing trend,which should be given more attention.However,ECADI value in the Loess Plateau presented a decreasing trend because of the obvious effectiveness of Green for Grain Project.Furthermore,the variation was negligible in the Tibetan Plateau.
Considering the impacts of land use change on biodiversity conservation services of varied ecosystems,the Ecosystem Comprehensive Anthropogenic Disturbance Index(ECADI) is built to assess disturbance impacts of land use change during 1990-2010 on biodiversity conservation priority areas of China at national and regional scales.Four levels of biodiversity conservation areas are categorized:generally important areas,moderately important areas,important areas,and very important areas.Results showed that:In 2010,the ECADI value is higher in Central and Eastern China than that in Western China,and the values of the moderate important,important and very important regions are lower than the average value of the whole country at all levels.Notably,in recent 20 years,the change extent of ECADI in Central and Eastern China was much greater compared with that in Western China,and the change extent of ECADI in the moderately important,important and very important biodiversity conservation regions all showed slightly increasing trends,with the increasing degree lower than that of whole China at all levels.Due to human activities such as urbanization in Eastern China and cropland reclamation in Northeast China and Xinjiang,ECADI value in the moderately important,important and very important biodiversity conservation areas showed an increasing trend,which should be given more attention.However,ECADI value in the Loess Plateau presented a decreasing trend because of the obvious effectiveness of Green for Grain Project.Furthermore,the variation was negligible in the Tibetan Plateau.
引文
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[19]Banou C,Alvarez E,Bagaria G et al.Spatial patterns of land use changes across a Mediterranean metropolitan landscape:Implications for biodiversity management.Environmental Management,2013,52(4):971-80.
[20]Zhang Shuping,Zheng Guangmei,Xu Jiliang.Habit use of urban tree sparrows in the process of urbanization:Beijing as a case study.Biodiversity Science,2006,14(5):372-381.[张淑萍,郑光美,徐基良.城市化对城市麻雀栖息地利用的影响:以北京市为例.生物多样性,2006,14(5):372-381.]
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[22]Liu Jiyuan,Kuang Wenhui,Zhang Zengxiang et al.Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns,and causes of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(1):3-14.[刘纪远,匡文慧,张增祥等.20世纪80年代末以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局.地理学报,2014,69(1):3-14.]
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[24]Zhang Lu,Ouyang Zhiyun,Xiao Yi et al.Priority areas for biodiversity conservation in Hainan Island:Evaluation and systematic conservation planning.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(8):2105-2112.[张路,欧阳志云,肖燚等.海南岛生物多样性保护优先区评价与系统保护规划.应用生态学报,2011,22(8):2105-2112.]
[25]Liu Jiyuan et al.Land Use in the Tibet Autonomous Region.Beijing:Science Press,1992.[刘纪远等.西藏自治区土地利用.北京:科学出版社,1992.]
[26]Zhuang Dafang,Liu Jiyuan.Study on the model of regional differentiation of land use degree in China.Journal of Resources,1997,12(2):105-111.[庄大方,刘纪远.中国土地利用程度的区域分异模型研究.自然资源学报,1997,12(2):105-111.]
[27]Grondin P,Gauthier S,Borcard D et al.A new approach to ecological land classification for the Canadian boreal forest that integrates disturbances.Landscape Ecology,2013,29(1):1-16.
[28]Blüthgen N,Dormann C F,Prati D et al.A quantitative index of land-use intensity in grasslands:Integrating mowing,grazing and fertilization.Basic and Applied Ecology,2012,13(3):207-220.
[29]Kuemmerle T,Erb K,Meyfroidt P et al.Challenges and opportunities in mapping land use intensity globally.Current opinion in environmental sustainability,2013,5(5):484-493.
[30]Deng Wenhong.Habitat fragmentation and bird life.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(6):3181-3187.[邓文洪.栖息地破碎化与鸟类生存.生态学报,2009,29(6):3181-3187.]
[2]Pekin BK,Pijanowski BC.Global land use intensity and the endangerment status of mammal species.Diversity and Distributions,2012,18:909-918.
[3]Butchart S H,Walpole M.Global biodiversity:Indicators of recent declines.Science,2010,328(5982):1164-1168.
[4]Wei Fuwen,Nie Yonggang.Advancements of the researches on biodiversity loss mechanisms.Chinese Science Bulletin,2014,59(6):430-437.[魏辅文,聂永刚.生物多样性丧失机制研究进展.科学通报,2014,59(6):430-437.]
[5]Zhao Shidong,Zhang Yongmin.Ecosystems and human well-being:The achievements,contributions and prospects of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.Advances in Earth Science,2006,21(9):865-872.[赵士洞,张永民.生态系统与人类福址—千年生态系统评估的成就、贡献与展望.地球科学进展,2006,21(9):865-872.]
[6]Xu Haigen,Ding Hui,Wu Jun et al.Interpretation of the 2020 Global biodiversity targets and its assessment indicators.Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2012,28(1):1-9.[徐海根,丁晖,吴军等.2020年全球生物多样性目标解读及其评估指标探讨.生态与农村环境学报,2012,28(1):1-9.]
[7]Turnhout E,Bloomfield B.Conservation policy:Listen to the voices of experience.Nature,2012,488:454-455.
[8]Ma Keping.IPBES:IPCC in biodiversity fields.Biodiversity Science,2012,20(4):409-410.[马克平.IPBES:生物多样性领域的IPCC.生物多样性,2012,20(4):409-410.]
[9]Ma Jianzhang,Rong Ke,Cheng Kun.Research and practice on biodiversity in situ conservation in China:Progress and prospect.Biodiversity Science,2012,20(5):551-558.[马建章,戎可,程鲲.中国生物多样性就地保护的研究与实践.生物多样性,2012,20(5):551-558.]
[10]Wu Jianyong,Xue Dayuan,Zhao Fuwei et al.Progress of the study on investigation and conservation of biodiversity in China.Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2013,29(2):146-151.[武建勇,薛达元,赵富伟等.中国生物多样性调查与保护研究进展.生态与农村环境学报,2013,29(2):146-151.]
[11]Zheng Yaoming,Zhang Haiying,Niu Zhenguo et al.Protection efficacy of national wetland reserves in China.Chinese Science Bulletin,2012,57(4):207-230.[郑姚闽,张海英,牛振国等.中国国家级湿地自然保护区保护成效初步评估.科学通报,2012,57(4):207-230.]
[12]Fan Zemeng,Zhuang Xuan,Li Jing et al.Transition trends of land-cover in national nature reserves of China.Acta Geographica Sinca,2012,67(12):1623-1633.[范泽孟,张轩,李婧等.国家级自然保护区土地覆盖类型转换趋势.地理学报,2012,67(12):1623-1633.]
[13]Xu H,Wu Jun,Liu Y et al.Biodiversity congruence and conservation strategies.BioScience,2008,58(7):632-639.
[14]Xu H,Tang X,Liu J et al.China's progress toward the significant reduction of the rate of biodiversity loss.Bioscience,2009,59(10):843-852.
[15]Ma Keping.Monitoring is the effective way to assess biodiversity conservation process.Biodiversity Science,2011,19(2):125-126.[马克平.监测是评估生物多样性保护进展的有效途径.生物多样性,2011,19(2):125-126.]
[16]Mooney H A,Duraiappah A,Larigauderie A.Evolution of natural and social science interactions in global change research programs.PNAS,2013,110(Suppl 1):3665-3672.
[17]Su Hongxin,Ma Keping.Response and acclimation of biodiversity and ecosystem function to global change:Progress and prospects.Chinese Journal of Nature,32(6):344-352.[苏宏新,马克平.生物多样性和生态系统功能对全球变化的响应与适应:进展与展望.自然杂志,32(6):344-352.]
[18]Li Yanmei,Niu Dong,Zhang Zhiqiang et al.Review of international scientific programmes and frontiers of biodiversity research.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(4):2115-2123.[李延梅,牛栋,张志强等.国际生物多样性研究科学计划与热点述评.生态学报,2009,29(4):2115-2123.]
[19]Banou C,Alvarez E,Bagaria G et al.Spatial patterns of land use changes across a Mediterranean metropolitan landscape:Implications for biodiversity management.Environmental Management,2013,52(4):971-80.
[20]Zhang Shuping,Zheng Guangmei,Xu Jiliang.Habit use of urban tree sparrows in the process of urbanization:Beijing as a case study.Biodiversity Science,2006,14(5):372-381.[张淑萍,郑光美,徐基良.城市化对城市麻雀栖息地利用的影响:以北京市为例.生物多样性,2006,14(5):372-381.]
[21]Wu Jianguo,Lv Jiajia.Effects of land use change on the biodiversity.Ecology and Environment,2008,17(3):1276-1281.[吴建国,吕佳佳.土地利用变化对生物多样性的影响.生态环境,2008,17(3):1276-1281.]
[22]Liu Jiyuan,Kuang Wenhui,Zhang Zengxiang et al.Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns,and causes of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(1):3-14.[刘纪远,匡文慧,张增祥等.20世纪80年代末以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局.地理学报,2014,69(1):3-14.]
[23]Zhang Zengxiang,Zhao Xiaoli,Wang Xiao et al.Land Use Remote Sensing Monitoring in China.Beijing:Star Map Press,2012:62-80.[张增祥,赵晓丽,汪潇等.中国土地利用遥感监测.北京:星球地图出版社,2012:62-80.]
[24]Zhang Lu,Ouyang Zhiyun,Xiao Yi et al.Priority areas for biodiversity conservation in Hainan Island:Evaluation and systematic conservation planning.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(8):2105-2112.[张路,欧阳志云,肖燚等.海南岛生物多样性保护优先区评价与系统保护规划.应用生态学报,2011,22(8):2105-2112.]
[25]Liu Jiyuan et al.Land Use in the Tibet Autonomous Region.Beijing:Science Press,1992.[刘纪远等.西藏自治区土地利用.北京:科学出版社,1992.]
[26]Zhuang Dafang,Liu Jiyuan.Study on the model of regional differentiation of land use degree in China.Journal of Resources,1997,12(2):105-111.[庄大方,刘纪远.中国土地利用程度的区域分异模型研究.自然资源学报,1997,12(2):105-111.]
[27]Grondin P,Gauthier S,Borcard D et al.A new approach to ecological land classification for the Canadian boreal forest that integrates disturbances.Landscape Ecology,2013,29(1):1-16.
[28]Blüthgen N,Dormann C F,Prati D et al.A quantitative index of land-use intensity in grasslands:Integrating mowing,grazing and fertilization.Basic and Applied Ecology,2012,13(3):207-220.
[29]Kuemmerle T,Erb K,Meyfroidt P et al.Challenges and opportunities in mapping land use intensity globally.Current opinion in environmental sustainability,2013,5(5):484-493.
[30]Deng Wenhong.Habitat fragmentation and bird life.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(6):3181-3187.[邓文洪.栖息地破碎化与鸟类生存.生态学报,2009,29(6):3181-3187.]