双翅目昆虫传粉研究进展
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摘要
昆虫传粉不仅在自然生态系统中发挥着十分重要的作用,也和农业生态系统中产量密切相关。众所周知,膜翅目昆虫是最重要的传粉昆虫。双翅目昆虫分布广,物种多,数量大,也是一类十分重要的传粉昆虫,但其传粉作用未受到足够的重视。本文主要综述了双翅目传粉昆虫的主要种类、传粉效力、传粉特征、与植物的协同进化以及双翅目昆虫传粉的生态学意义。据记载双翅目昆虫中至少有71个科涉及虫媒种类,目前有资料显示访花昆虫类群中双翅目约有54 417种,按涉及的种数排序居于昆虫纲传粉昆虫目中第4位。尽管双翅目昆虫单次访问可携带花粉量相对较少(相比于膜翅目),但是较高访问速率及庞大的个体数量,保证了其作为有效传粉者的地位。传粉综合征能够有效揭示植物与传粉者的协同进化关系,尤其是对一些专化传粉现象(如五味子科-瘿蚊系统)和泛化传粉的深入研究,更加深了我们对协同进化的理解。就生态学意义而言,一方面双翅目传粉昆虫是膜翅目传粉昆虫的有益补充,另一方面在一些特殊环境中,双翅目昆虫具有不可替代的作用。当前传粉昆虫(包括双翅目)数量急剧下降,而且双翅目昆虫的传粉价值还利用较少。结合我国当前的研究现状提出了以下未来研究重点:1)加深双翅目传粉效力和适应意义的案例研究以明确双翅目昆虫在传粉体系中的地位;2)加强栖息地格局变化与昆虫多样性的研究以明确栖息地改变对昆虫的影响程度;3)梳理访花和传粉、专化传粉和泛化传粉等关系以更加明确双翅目昆虫在与植物协同进化中的作用;4)逐步深入探讨花粉浪费和花粉竞争以探究传粉策略和植物繁殖策略。这些努力将为双翅目传粉昆虫的知识普及、资源保护与利用研究等方面提供参考。
Pollination is a very important link in natural ecosystem, and it is also a key step related with the yield in agricultural ecosystem. As well known, hymenopterans are the most important pollinating insects. In fact, dipterans are also important pollinators due to the advantages of wide distribution, diverse richness, and enormous abundance. Yet the pollination by dipterans has not been paid enough attention. In this article we mainly summarized the main dipteran pollinators, the pollination effectiveness and pollination features of dipteran insects as pollinators, their coevolution with plants, and the ecological meaning of pollination by dipteran insects. It is recorded that at least 71 families of Diptera are involved in entomophily, and new evidence indicates that there are about 54 417 species of Diptera among flower-visiting insects, ranking the 4 th in the orders of Insecta involved in entomophily based on the number of species involved. Although dipteran insects carry relatively less pollen on a single visit(compared to Hymenoptera), high visitation rate and enormous individuals ensure their position as effective pollinators. Pollination syndromes can effectively reveal the co-evolutionary relationship between plants and pollinators. Especially in recent years, the in-depth study of specialized pollination(e. g. Schisandraceae and midge system) and generalized pollination has deepened our understanding of coevolution. In terms of ecological meaning of pollination, on the one hand, dipteran insects are beneficial supplement to Hymenoptera, and on the other hand, in some special environments dipteran insects can play an irreplaceable role. At present the number of pollinating insects(including Diptera) has declined sharply, while the pollination value of dipteran insects is still less utilized. According to the current research situation in China, we put forward the following aspects as the future research focus: i) deepening case studies on the effectiveness and adaptability of dipteran insects as pollinators in order to determine the position of dipteran insects in pollination system; ii) strengthening the studies on habitat pattern change and insect diversity in order to clarify the impact of habitat change on insects; iii) sorting the relationship between flower-visiting and pollination, specialized pollination and generalized pollination in order to clarify the role of dipteran insects in the co-evolution with plants; and iv) gradually deepening the investigation of pollen waste and pollen competition in order to explore pollination strategies and plant reproductive strategies. All these efforts will be helpful for knowledge popularization, conservation and further utilization of Diptera as a pollinating group.
Pollination is a very important link in natural ecosystem, and it is also a key step related with the yield in agricultural ecosystem. As well known, hymenopterans are the most important pollinating insects. In fact, dipterans are also important pollinators due to the advantages of wide distribution, diverse richness, and enormous abundance. Yet the pollination by dipterans has not been paid enough attention. In this article we mainly summarized the main dipteran pollinators, the pollination effectiveness and pollination features of dipteran insects as pollinators, their coevolution with plants, and the ecological meaning of pollination by dipteran insects. It is recorded that at least 71 families of Diptera are involved in entomophily, and new evidence indicates that there are about 54 417 species of Diptera among flower-visiting insects, ranking the 4 th in the orders of Insecta involved in entomophily based on the number of species involved. Although dipteran insects carry relatively less pollen on a single visit(compared to Hymenoptera), high visitation rate and enormous individuals ensure their position as effective pollinators. Pollination syndromes can effectively reveal the co-evolutionary relationship between plants and pollinators. Especially in recent years, the in-depth study of specialized pollination(e. g. Schisandraceae and midge system) and generalized pollination has deepened our understanding of coevolution. In terms of ecological meaning of pollination, on the one hand, dipteran insects are beneficial supplement to Hymenoptera, and on the other hand, in some special environments dipteran insects can play an irreplaceable role. At present the number of pollinating insects(including Diptera) has declined sharply, while the pollination value of dipteran insects is still less utilized. According to the current research situation in China, we put forward the following aspects as the future research focus: i) deepening case studies on the effectiveness and adaptability of dipteran insects as pollinators in order to determine the position of dipteran insects in pollination system; ii) strengthening the studies on habitat pattern change and insect diversity in order to clarify the impact of habitat change on insects; iii) sorting the relationship between flower-visiting and pollination, specialized pollination and generalized pollination in order to clarify the role of dipteran insects in the co-evolution with plants; and iv) gradually deepening the investigation of pollen waste and pollen competition in order to explore pollination strategies and plant reproductive strategies. All these efforts will be helpful for knowledge popularization, conservation and further utilization of Diptera as a pollinating group.
引文
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