草方格造林固沙过程中土壤性质变化及分形特征——以腾格里沙漠东南缘为例
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摘要
以腾格里沙漠东南缘草方格人工固沙植被区为研究对象,分别选取流动沙地、4年和30年固沙植被区为研究样地,于春季、夏季和秋季研究了草方格造林固沙过程中土壤性质变化及分形特征。结果表明:(1)土壤含水量与土壤pH既受到不同固沙年限的影响,亦受到季节变化的调控。(2)流动沙地、4年和30年固沙植被区土壤电导率分别为77.84～82.34,86.04～114.68,113.80～168.66μS/m,土壤有机碳含量分别为0.86～1.74,1.30～1.52,7.96～17.36g/kg,土壤全氮含量分别为0.18～0.32,0.24～0.26,0.44～0.78g/kg。(3)仅流动沙地土壤具有粗沙粒成分,含量占0.50%～0.53%。流动沙地、4年和30年固沙植被区土壤中沙粒含量分别为40.42%～43.82%,14.36%～17.17%和12.01%～14.75%,土壤细沙粒含量分别为55.44%～58.84%,80.15%～83.19%和42.55%～53.30%,土壤极细沙粒含量分别为0.24%～0.31%,2.45%～3.33%和15.85%～21.35%。仅30年固沙植被区土壤具有黏粒和粉粒成分,含量分别为0.84%～1.33%和15.16%～22.75%。(4)土壤粗沙粒与土壤电导率间呈负相关性(P<0.05),土壤细沙粒、中沙粒均与土壤电导率、有机碳、全氮、碳氮比之间呈显著负相关性(P<0.01),而土壤黏粒、粉粒、极细沙粒均与土壤电导率、有机碳、全氮、碳氮比呈显著正相关性(P<0.01)。(5)土壤分形维数介于0～3。流动沙地、4年和30年固沙植被区土壤分形维数分别为0.55～0.82,1.57～1.67和2.37～2.59。(6)土壤分形维数与土壤粗沙粒和中沙粒间呈负相关性(P<0.05),与土壤黏粒、粉粒和极细沙粒间呈显著正相关性(P<0.01),而与土壤细沙粒间无相关性(P>0.05)。研究表明,在腾格里沙漠地区扎设草方格并进行人工造林固沙,有利于改善土壤质地,促使土壤理化性质向良好的方向发展,促进土壤质量提升和实现沙漠化防治。
In Shapotou districts of southeastTengger Desert,we selected the flow sand,4 and 30 years sand fixing areas within straw checkerboard as the research plots to study the soil properties and fractal characteristics during the process of forestation and sand fixation by straw checkerboard across seasons.The results showed that:(1)Soil moisture content and soil pH were affected by both timing of sand fixation and seasonal variations.(2)Soil electrical conductivity of the flow sand,the 4 year and the 30 years sand fixing vegetation area was77.84～82.34,86.04～114.68 and 113.80～168.66μS/m,respectively,and soil organic carbon of the three kinds of plots was 0.86～1.74,1.30～1.52 and 7.96～17.36 g/kg,respectively,and soil total nitrogen was0.18～0.32,0.24～0.26,and 0.44～0.78 g/kg,respectively.(3)Coarse sand was found only in the flowsand,and the content was 0.50%～0.53%.Medium sand content of the flow sand,the 4 year and the 30 years sand fixing vegetation area was 40.42%～43.82%,14.36%～17.17% and 12.01%～14.75%,respectively,and fine sand content was 55.44%～58.84%,80.15%～83.19% and 42.55%～53.30%,respectively,and very find sand was 0.24%～0.31%,2.45%～3.33% and 15.85%～21.35%,respectively.Clay and silt were found in the 30 years sand fixing vegetation area,and the content was 0.84%～1.33% and 15.16%～22.75%,respectively.(4)There was a negative correlation between coarse sand and soil electrical conductivity(P<0.05),and fine sand and medium sand both showed significant negative correlation with electrical conductivity,organic carbon,total nitrogen and carbon-nitrogen ratio(P<0.01).Clay,silt and very fine sand all showed significant positive correlation with soil electrical conductivity,organic carbon,total nitrogen and carbonnitrogen ratio(P<0.01).(5)The soil fractal dimension was 0～3,soil fractal dimensionof the flow sand,the4 year and the 30 years sand fixing vegetation area was 0.55～0.82,1.57～1.67 and 2.37～2.59,respectively.(6)There was a negative correlation between soil fractal dimension and coarse sand,medium sand(P<0.05),which had significant positive correlation with clay,silt,and very fine sand(P<0.01),but had no correlation with soil fine sand(P>0.05).It was concluded that the stabilization of flows and by straw checkerboard and artificial forestation and sand fixation in southeast Tengger Desert could improve soil texture,promotethe better development of soil physical-chemical properties and the improvement of soil quality,and prevent and control desertification.
In Shapotou districts of southeastTengger Desert,we selected the flow sand,4 and 30 years sand fixing areas within straw checkerboard as the research plots to study the soil properties and fractal characteristics during the process of forestation and sand fixation by straw checkerboard across seasons.The results showed that:(1)Soil moisture content and soil pH were affected by both timing of sand fixation and seasonal variations.(2)Soil electrical conductivity of the flow sand,the 4 year and the 30 years sand fixing vegetation area was77.84～82.34,86.04～114.68 and 113.80～168.66μS/m,respectively,and soil organic carbon of the three kinds of plots was 0.86～1.74,1.30～1.52 and 7.96～17.36 g/kg,respectively,and soil total nitrogen was0.18～0.32,0.24～0.26,and 0.44～0.78 g/kg,respectively.(3)Coarse sand was found only in the flowsand,and the content was 0.50%～0.53%.Medium sand content of the flow sand,the 4 year and the 30 years sand fixing vegetation area was 40.42%～43.82%,14.36%～17.17% and 12.01%～14.75%,respectively,and fine sand content was 55.44%～58.84%,80.15%～83.19% and 42.55%～53.30%,respectively,and very find sand was 0.24%～0.31%,2.45%～3.33% and 15.85%～21.35%,respectively.Clay and silt were found in the 30 years sand fixing vegetation area,and the content was 0.84%～1.33% and 15.16%～22.75%,respectively.(4)There was a negative correlation between coarse sand and soil electrical conductivity(P<0.05),and fine sand and medium sand both showed significant negative correlation with electrical conductivity,organic carbon,total nitrogen and carbon-nitrogen ratio(P<0.01).Clay,silt and very fine sand all showed significant positive correlation with soil electrical conductivity,organic carbon,total nitrogen and carbonnitrogen ratio(P<0.01).(5)The soil fractal dimension was 0～3,soil fractal dimensionof the flow sand,the4 year and the 30 years sand fixing vegetation area was 0.55～0.82,1.57～1.67 and 2.37～2.59,respectively.(6)There was a negative correlation between soil fractal dimension and coarse sand,medium sand(P<0.05),which had significant positive correlation with clay,silt,and very fine sand(P<0.01),but had no correlation with soil fine sand(P>0.05).It was concluded that the stabilization of flows and by straw checkerboard and artificial forestation and sand fixation in southeast Tengger Desert could improve soil texture,promotethe better development of soil physical-chemical properties and the improvement of soil quality,and prevent and control desertification.
引文
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[11]王德,傅伯杰,陈利顶,等.不同土地利用类型下土壤粒径分形分析:以黄土丘陵沟壑区为例[J].生态学报,2007,27(7):3081-3089.
[12]杨晓玉,邵天杰,赵景波.腾格里沙漠沙坡头地区旱季沙层含水量[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(2):88-92.
[13]李新荣,张志山,谭会娟,等.我国北方风沙危害区生态重建与恢复:腾格里沙漠土壤水分与植被承载力的探讨[J].中国科学(生命科学),2014,44(3):257-266.
[14]程皓,李霞,侯平,等.塔里木河下游不同覆盖度灌木防风固沙功能野外观测研究[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(6):1022-1026.
[15]蒋德明,曹成有,押田敏雄,等.科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿人工林防风固沙及改良土壤效应研究[J].干旱区研究,2008,25(5):653-658.
[16]罗维成,赵文智,孙程鹏,等.科尔沁沙地樟子松(Pinussylvestris)人工固沙林演变过程中物种多样性和土壤水分特征[J].中国沙漠,2018,38(1):126-132.
[17]刘任涛,杨新国,宋乃平,等.荒漠草原区固沙人工柠条林生长过程中土壤性质演变规律[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):108-112.
[18]孙宇瑞.土壤含水率和盐分对土壤电导率的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2000,5(4):39-41.
[19]韩跃,马风云,解国磊,等.黄河三角洲盐碱地混交林土壤电导率的空间异质性[J].中国水土保持科学,2014,12(5):84-89.
[20]周正虎,王传宽,张全智.土地利用变化对东北温带幼龄林土壤碳氮磷含量及其化学计量特征的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(20):6694-6702.
[21]贾晓红,李新荣,王新平,等.流沙固定过程中土壤性质变异初步研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(4):46-50.
[22] Guo Y,Zhao H,Zuo X,et al.Biological soil crust development and its topsoil properties in the process of dune stabilization,Inner Mongolia,China[J].Environmental Geology,2008,54(3):653-662.
[23]张俊华,李国栋,南忠仁,等.黑河绿洲区耕作影响下的土壤粒径分布及其与有机碳的关系[J].地理研究,2012,31(4):608-618.
[24]赵存玉.半干旱沙质草原沙漠化过程中植被变化及其与生境的关系[D].兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2006.
[25]柳云龙,吕军,王人潮.低丘红壤作物易旱与土壤持水供水特性的关系[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2002,28(1):42-46.
[26]仓木拉,木兰,王晓栋,等.西藏锦鸡儿群落表层土壤粒径空间分布特征及其与土壤水分相关性分析[J].家畜生态学报,2014,35(9):23-27.
[27] Peng H,Horton R,Lei T,et al.A modified method for estimating fine and coarse fractal dimensions of soil particle size distributions based on laser diffraction analysis[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2015,15(4):937-948.
[28]魏茂宏,林慧龙.江河源区高寒草甸退化序列土壤颗粒分布及其分形维数[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(3):679-686.
[29]桂东伟,雷加强,曾凡江,等.塔里木盆地南缘绿洲农田土壤颗粒分布分形特征及影响因素研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(4):730-735.
[30] Yu J,Lv X,Bin M,et al.Fractal features of soil particle size distribution in newly formed wetlands in the Yellow River Delta[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:e10540.
[31] Bai E,Boutton T W,Liu F,et al.Spatial variation of soilδ13 C and its relation to carbon input and soil texture in a subtropical lowland woodland[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,44(1):102-112.
[32]姜坤,秦海龙,卢瑛,等.广东省不同母质发育土壤颗粒分布的分形维数特征[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(6):319-324.
[33] Gao G L,Ding G D,Zhao Y Y,et al.Characterization of soil particle size distribution with a fractal model in the desertified regions of northern China[J].Acta Geophysica,2016,64(1):1-14.
[34]刘阳,陈波,杨新兵,等.冀北山地典型森林土壤颗粒分形特征[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(3):159-163.
[2]王涛,吴薇,赵哈林,等.科尔沁地区现代沙漠化过程的驱动因素分析[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(5):519-528.
[3] Houérou H N.Restoration and rehabilitation of arid and semiarid Mediterranean ecosystems in north Africa and west Asia:A review[J].Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation,2000,14(1):3-14.
[4]李尝君,曾凡江,郭京衡,等.植被恢复程度与沙地土壤性质:以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘为例[J].干旱区研究,2015,32(6):1061-1067.
[5]徐丽恒,王继和,李毅,等.腾格里沙漠南缘沙漠化逆转过程中的土壤物理性质变化特征[J].中国沙漠,2008,28(4):690-695.
[6]陈小红,段争虎,谭明亮,等.沙漠化逆转过程中土壤颗粒分布及其养分含量的变化特征:以宁夏盐池县为例[J].土壤通报,2010,41(6):1412-1417.
[7] Su Y Z,Zhao H L,Zhao W Z,et al.Fractal features of soil particle size distribution and the implication for indicating desertification[J].Geoderma,2004,122(1):43-49.
[8] Tyler S W,Wheat-craft S W.Application of fractal mathematics to soil water retention estimation[J].Science Society of America Journal,1989,53(4):987-996.
[9]高玉寒,姚云峰,李龙,等.赤峰市敖汉旗4种类型土壤机械组成及分形维数的垂直分布特征[J].江苏农业科学,2017,45(11):236-239.
[10]刘云鹏,王国栋,张社奇,等.陕西4种土壤粒径分布的分形特征研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003,31(2):92-94.
[11]王德,傅伯杰,陈利顶,等.不同土地利用类型下土壤粒径分形分析:以黄土丘陵沟壑区为例[J].生态学报,2007,27(7):3081-3089.
[12]杨晓玉,邵天杰,赵景波.腾格里沙漠沙坡头地区旱季沙层含水量[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(2):88-92.
[13]李新荣,张志山,谭会娟,等.我国北方风沙危害区生态重建与恢复:腾格里沙漠土壤水分与植被承载力的探讨[J].中国科学(生命科学),2014,44(3):257-266.
[14]程皓,李霞,侯平,等.塔里木河下游不同覆盖度灌木防风固沙功能野外观测研究[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(6):1022-1026.
[15]蒋德明,曹成有,押田敏雄,等.科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿人工林防风固沙及改良土壤效应研究[J].干旱区研究,2008,25(5):653-658.
[16]罗维成,赵文智,孙程鹏,等.科尔沁沙地樟子松(Pinussylvestris)人工固沙林演变过程中物种多样性和土壤水分特征[J].中国沙漠,2018,38(1):126-132.
[17]刘任涛,杨新国,宋乃平,等.荒漠草原区固沙人工柠条林生长过程中土壤性质演变规律[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):108-112.
[18]孙宇瑞.土壤含水率和盐分对土壤电导率的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2000,5(4):39-41.
[19]韩跃,马风云,解国磊,等.黄河三角洲盐碱地混交林土壤电导率的空间异质性[J].中国水土保持科学,2014,12(5):84-89.
[20]周正虎,王传宽,张全智.土地利用变化对东北温带幼龄林土壤碳氮磷含量及其化学计量特征的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(20):6694-6702.
[21]贾晓红,李新荣,王新平,等.流沙固定过程中土壤性质变异初步研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(4):46-50.
[22] Guo Y,Zhao H,Zuo X,et al.Biological soil crust development and its topsoil properties in the process of dune stabilization,Inner Mongolia,China[J].Environmental Geology,2008,54(3):653-662.
[23]张俊华,李国栋,南忠仁,等.黑河绿洲区耕作影响下的土壤粒径分布及其与有机碳的关系[J].地理研究,2012,31(4):608-618.
[24]赵存玉.半干旱沙质草原沙漠化过程中植被变化及其与生境的关系[D].兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,2006.
[25]柳云龙,吕军,王人潮.低丘红壤作物易旱与土壤持水供水特性的关系[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2002,28(1):42-46.
[26]仓木拉,木兰,王晓栋,等.西藏锦鸡儿群落表层土壤粒径空间分布特征及其与土壤水分相关性分析[J].家畜生态学报,2014,35(9):23-27.
[27] Peng H,Horton R,Lei T,et al.A modified method for estimating fine and coarse fractal dimensions of soil particle size distributions based on laser diffraction analysis[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2015,15(4):937-948.
[28]魏茂宏,林慧龙.江河源区高寒草甸退化序列土壤颗粒分布及其分形维数[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(3):679-686.
[29]桂东伟,雷加强,曾凡江,等.塔里木盆地南缘绿洲农田土壤颗粒分布分形特征及影响因素研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(4):730-735.
[30] Yu J,Lv X,Bin M,et al.Fractal features of soil particle size distribution in newly formed wetlands in the Yellow River Delta[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:e10540.
[31] Bai E,Boutton T W,Liu F,et al.Spatial variation of soilδ13 C and its relation to carbon input and soil texture in a subtropical lowland woodland[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,44(1):102-112.
[32]姜坤,秦海龙,卢瑛,等.广东省不同母质发育土壤颗粒分布的分形维数特征[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(6):319-324.
[33] Gao G L,Ding G D,Zhao Y Y,et al.Characterization of soil particle size distribution with a fractal model in the desertified regions of northern China[J].Acta Geophysica,2016,64(1):1-14.
[34]刘阳,陈波,杨新兵,等.冀北山地典型森林土壤颗粒分形特征[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(3):159-163.