创造蛮族:古代希腊人建构他者新探
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摘要
"蛮族人"是希腊人对一切非希腊人的统称,是他们建构的与"自我"构成二元对立的"他者"。这是古风时代伊奥尼亚人的一项发明。伊奥尼亚人是在与外族相遇的情境中开始将外族他者化的。希波战争后涌现的各类蛮族意象几乎均属"雅典制造"。希波战争、雅典民主、奴隶制等因素是大量制造蛮族的主要动力。大量制造的结果是,"蛮族人"作为对所有非希腊族群的蔑称,最终为所有希腊人所熟知。
The"barbarian"was a generic term used by the Greeks to describe all non-Greeks and thus formed the"Other"whom they constructed as the antithesis of the"Self". This"Other"was an Ionian invention in the Archaic period. It was in the context of their encounters with foreign ethnic groups that the Ionians began"othering"them. A large number of images of barbarians emerging shortly after the Persian Wars were almost"made in Athens". The Persian Wars, the Athenian democracy and slavery among others constituted dynamics of fabricating barbarians on large scale. As a result, the"barbarian", as a pejorative designation for all the non-Greek ethnic groups, came to be well known among all the Greeks.
The"barbarian"was a generic term used by the Greeks to describe all non-Greeks and thus formed the"Other"whom they constructed as the antithesis of the"Self". This"Other"was an Ionian invention in the Archaic period. It was in the context of their encounters with foreign ethnic groups that the Ionians began"othering"them. A large number of images of barbarians emerging shortly after the Persian Wars were almost"made in Athens". The Persian Wars, the Athenian democracy and slavery among others constituted dynamics of fabricating barbarians on large scale. As a result, the"barbarian", as a pejorative designation for all the non-Greek ethnic groups, came to be well known among all the Greeks.
引文
[1]Julius Jüthner.Hellenen und Barbaren.Aus der Geschichte des Nationalbewu?tseins.Leipzig:Dieterich’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung m.b.H.,1923.
[2]Edith Hall.Inventing the Barbarian:Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1989.
[3]Paul Cartledge.The Greeks:A Portrait of Self and Others.Oxford&New York:Oxford University Press,1993.
[4]Jonathan M.Hall.Hellenicity:Between Ethnicity and Culture.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2002.
[5]Lynette Mitchell.Panhellenism and the Barbarian in Archaic and Classical Greece.Swansea:The Classical Press of Wales,2007.
[6]Pericles Georges.Barbarian Asia and the Greek Experience:From the Archaic Period to the Age of Xenophon.Baltimore&London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1994.
[7]黄洋.古代希腊罗马文明的“东方”想像.历史研究,2006,304(1).
[8]Yang Huang.Orientalism in the Ancient World:Greek and Roman Images of the Orient from Homer to Virgil.地中海研究所纪要,2007,5.
[9]Hyun Jin Kim.Ethnicity and Foreigners in Ancient Greece and China.London:Gerald Duckworth&Co.Ltd.,2009.
[10]Ernst Weidner.Β?ρβαρο?.Glotta,1912,4(3).
[11]Julius Pokorny.Indogermanisches etymologisches W?rterbuch,I.Band.Bern:Francke Verlag,1959.
[12]G.S.Kirk.The Iliad:A Commentary,Volume II:Books 5-8.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[13]Hans Schwabl et al.Grecs et Barbares.Genève:Foundation Hardt,1962.
[14]Franz Studniczka.Kyrene.Eine altgriechische G?ttin.Leipzig:F.A.Brockhaus,1890.
[15]Gerard Naddaf.The Greek Concept of Nature.Albany:State University of New York Press,2005.
[16]Edward W.Said.Orientalism.New York:Vintage Books,1979.
[17]Thomas Wiedemann.Greek and Roman Slavery.London:Routledge,1988.
[18]John Boardman.Athenian Black Figure Vases.Oxford,Oxford University Press,1974.
[19]M.F.Vos.Scythian Archers in Archaic Attic Vase Painting.Groningen,1963.
[20]J.G.P.Best.Thracian Peltasts and their Influence on Greek Warfare.Groningen,1969.
(1)本文所引古希腊语文献出处均按国际学术界通用的章、节、段或行统一标号标注,以便读者能够容易地在任何版本中查对,并与已发行的版本译法商榷。译文均为自译。不再一一作注。
(1)不包括谈及米底人本身,而仅仅是用“米底人”代指波斯人的情况,见Aiskhylos,Persai,236,791;Herodotos,Historiai 9.7a,17,44,46等。
(1)另参见Herodotos,Historiai 4.155。
(1)例如Euripides,Herakles mainomenos,642-646;Euripides,Erektra 314-318;Euripides,Andromakhe 1-4;Aristophanes,Akharnai77-82,113;Xenophon,Hellenika 4.1.29-39.
(2)Aristoteles,Politika 1295b1-1296b12和Euripides,Hiketides 244-245都曾讲过这一点。
(3)另参见Theognidea 219-20,331.
(1)另参见Solon,IEG frr.4.18,9.4.其中用δουλοσ?νη“奴役”来指城邦或人民遭受僭主统治。
(2)另参见Herodotos,Historiai 6.42-43.
(1)关于阿那克莱翁,见Anakreon,PLG frr.103,109;[Platon],Hipparkhos 228bc;Scholia in Aeschyli Prometheum vinctum 128;关于西蒙尼戴斯,见Theokritos,16.42-47;Cicero,De oratore 2.86.351-353;关于两者,见Aristoteles,Athenaion politeia 18.1.
(2)例如Simonides,PMG fr.580;IEG eleg.26;Platon,Epistole 2.311a;Aristoteles,Rhetorike 2.16.1391a;Xenophon,Hieron;Papyrus Hibeh 17;Cicero,De natura deorum 1.60;Ploutarkhos,Peri phyges 604f;Aelianus,Poikile historia 4.15,9.1,12.25;Pausanias,1.2.3;Athenaios,14.656d-e;Synesios,Epistole 49;Scholia in Olympionicas 2.29c-d;Vita Aeschyli.
(1)如Euripides,Hiketides 429-435.
(2)如Aristophanes,Arkhanai 61-100.
[2]Edith Hall.Inventing the Barbarian:Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1989.
[3]Paul Cartledge.The Greeks:A Portrait of Self and Others.Oxford&New York:Oxford University Press,1993.
[4]Jonathan M.Hall.Hellenicity:Between Ethnicity and Culture.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2002.
[5]Lynette Mitchell.Panhellenism and the Barbarian in Archaic and Classical Greece.Swansea:The Classical Press of Wales,2007.
[6]Pericles Georges.Barbarian Asia and the Greek Experience:From the Archaic Period to the Age of Xenophon.Baltimore&London:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1994.
[7]黄洋.古代希腊罗马文明的“东方”想像.历史研究,2006,304(1).
[8]Yang Huang.Orientalism in the Ancient World:Greek and Roman Images of the Orient from Homer to Virgil.地中海研究所纪要,2007,5.
[9]Hyun Jin Kim.Ethnicity and Foreigners in Ancient Greece and China.London:Gerald Duckworth&Co.Ltd.,2009.
[10]Ernst Weidner.Β?ρβαρο?.Glotta,1912,4(3).
[11]Julius Pokorny.Indogermanisches etymologisches W?rterbuch,I.Band.Bern:Francke Verlag,1959.
[12]G.S.Kirk.The Iliad:A Commentary,Volume II:Books 5-8.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[13]Hans Schwabl et al.Grecs et Barbares.Genève:Foundation Hardt,1962.
[14]Franz Studniczka.Kyrene.Eine altgriechische G?ttin.Leipzig:F.A.Brockhaus,1890.
[15]Gerard Naddaf.The Greek Concept of Nature.Albany:State University of New York Press,2005.
[16]Edward W.Said.Orientalism.New York:Vintage Books,1979.
[17]Thomas Wiedemann.Greek and Roman Slavery.London:Routledge,1988.
[18]John Boardman.Athenian Black Figure Vases.Oxford,Oxford University Press,1974.
[19]M.F.Vos.Scythian Archers in Archaic Attic Vase Painting.Groningen,1963.
[20]J.G.P.Best.Thracian Peltasts and their Influence on Greek Warfare.Groningen,1969.
(1)本文所引古希腊语文献出处均按国际学术界通用的章、节、段或行统一标号标注,以便读者能够容易地在任何版本中查对,并与已发行的版本译法商榷。译文均为自译。不再一一作注。
(1)不包括谈及米底人本身,而仅仅是用“米底人”代指波斯人的情况,见Aiskhylos,Persai,236,791;Herodotos,Historiai 9.7a,17,44,46等。
(1)另参见Herodotos,Historiai 4.155。
(1)例如Euripides,Herakles mainomenos,642-646;Euripides,Erektra 314-318;Euripides,Andromakhe 1-4;Aristophanes,Akharnai77-82,113;Xenophon,Hellenika 4.1.29-39.
(2)Aristoteles,Politika 1295b1-1296b12和Euripides,Hiketides 244-245都曾讲过这一点。
(3)另参见Theognidea 219-20,331.
(1)另参见Solon,IEG frr.4.18,9.4.其中用δουλοσ?νη“奴役”来指城邦或人民遭受僭主统治。
(2)另参见Herodotos,Historiai 6.42-43.
(1)关于阿那克莱翁,见Anakreon,PLG frr.103,109;[Platon],Hipparkhos 228bc;Scholia in Aeschyli Prometheum vinctum 128;关于西蒙尼戴斯,见Theokritos,16.42-47;Cicero,De oratore 2.86.351-353;关于两者,见Aristoteles,Athenaion politeia 18.1.
(2)例如Simonides,PMG fr.580;IEG eleg.26;Platon,Epistole 2.311a;Aristoteles,Rhetorike 2.16.1391a;Xenophon,Hieron;Papyrus Hibeh 17;Cicero,De natura deorum 1.60;Ploutarkhos,Peri phyges 604f;Aelianus,Poikile historia 4.15,9.1,12.25;Pausanias,1.2.3;Athenaios,14.656d-e;Synesios,Epistole 49;Scholia in Olympionicas 2.29c-d;Vita Aeschyli.
(1)如Euripides,Hiketides 429-435.
(2)如Aristophanes,Arkhanai 61-100.