遗产型旅游城市空间关系的演化——以黄山、上饶、南平为例
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摘要
空间关系是旅游地发展过程中存在的普遍现象,对旅游地发展演化具有重要影响,是旅游地理学关注的重点研究问题。遗产型旅游城市作为较高等级的旅游地,其空间关系经历了较完整的演化过程,具有较好的代表性和启示意义。文章借鉴生态位理论,运用数理模型、层次分析、德尔菲、大事件等方法,以黄山、上饶、南平三个遗产型旅游城市为例,研究了遗产型旅游城市空间关系的演化过程。结果表明:1)1979年至今,黄山、上饶、南平三市空间关系经历了混沌无序(1979—1989年)、竞争产生(1990—1999年)、竞争加剧(2000—2008年)和内部合作、外部共生(2009—)四个演化阶段;2)遗产型旅游城市空间关系演化遵循由资源驱动到市场驱动的基本规律,在旅游资源开发基本完成,旅游市场达到饱和或过饱和状态后,旅游城市将进入较稳定的共生发展阶段;3)随着旅游地逐渐进入成熟期,合作与共生成为遗产型旅游城市空间关系的主要演化趋势,但仍存在再次产生竞争的可能,并推动旅游地螺旋向上发展;4)在资源和市场饱和阶段,未来研究将从政策、资本等角度切入,并就高速交通等新兴地理要素对遗产型旅游城市空间关系的影响展开系统研究。
Spatial relationship is a common phenomenon in the development process of tourism,which has an important influence on the development and evolution of tourism,and it is a key research issue of tourism geography.As a higher grade tourist destination,the spatial relationship of heritage-type tourism city has undergone a more complete evolution process,which has a good representativeness and enlightenment significance.Based on the niche theory,this paper uses mathematical model,analytic hierarchy process,Delphi,big event and so on,taking Huangshan,Shangrao,Nanping three heritage tourism cities as an example to study the evolution of the spatial relationship of heritage-oriented tourism cities.The results show that:1)Since 1979,the spatial relations of Huangshan,Shangrao and Nanping have experienced four stages of evolution,there are chaos(1979—1989),competition(1990—1999),intensified competition(2000—2008)and internal cooperation,external symbiosis(2009—).2)The evolution of spatial relationship of tourism destination follows the basic law of resource-driven to market-driven,after the development of tourism resources is basically completed and the tourism market reaches saturation or supersaturation,the tourism destination will enter a more stable symbiosis development stage.3)As the tourism destination gradually matures,cooperation and symbiosis have become the main trend of spatial relationship evolution of the same type of tourism,but there is still the possibility of renewed competition,and promote the development of tourism destination in the form of cycle spiral.4)In the saturation stage of resource and market,the future research will be cut from the angle of policy and capital,by way of researching on the influence of high-speed traffic on the spatial relationship of tourist destinations,and continuing to improve the related research results.This research has a certain enlightening significance for enriching the research content of tourism spatial relations and revealing the general law of spatial relationship evolution of tourism destinations.
Spatial relationship is a common phenomenon in the development process of tourism,which has an important influence on the development and evolution of tourism,and it is a key research issue of tourism geography.As a higher grade tourist destination,the spatial relationship of heritage-type tourism city has undergone a more complete evolution process,which has a good representativeness and enlightenment significance.Based on the niche theory,this paper uses mathematical model,analytic hierarchy process,Delphi,big event and so on,taking Huangshan,Shangrao,Nanping three heritage tourism cities as an example to study the evolution of the spatial relationship of heritage-oriented tourism cities.The results show that:1)Since 1979,the spatial relations of Huangshan,Shangrao and Nanping have experienced four stages of evolution,there are chaos(1979—1989),competition(1990—1999),intensified competition(2000—2008)and internal cooperation,external symbiosis(2009—).2)The evolution of spatial relationship of tourism destination follows the basic law of resource-driven to market-driven,after the development of tourism resources is basically completed and the tourism market reaches saturation or supersaturation,the tourism destination will enter a more stable symbiosis development stage.3)As the tourism destination gradually matures,cooperation and symbiosis have become the main trend of spatial relationship evolution of the same type of tourism,but there is still the possibility of renewed competition,and promote the development of tourism destination in the form of cycle spiral.4)In the saturation stage of resource and market,the future research will be cut from the angle of policy and capital,by way of researching on the influence of high-speed traffic on the spatial relationship of tourist destinations,and continuing to improve the related research results.This research has a certain enlightening significance for enriching the research content of tourism spatial relations and revealing the general law of spatial relationship evolution of tourism destinations.
引文
[1] 胡圣武,王宏涛.空间关系的研究进展[J].测绘科学,2007,32(1):153-156,159,166.
[2] 张序强,董雪旺,李华.旅游地间生态关系分析[J].人文地理,2003,18(1):14-18.
[3] MITCHELL L S.Recreational geography :inventory and prospect [J].Pros Geogro.1985,37(1):6-15.
[4] 王衍用.山东旅游资源评价及开发对策[J].经济地理,1991,11(1):88-92.
[5] RITCHIE J R,CROUCH G I.The competitive destination:A sustainability perspective [J].Tourism Geographies,2000,21(1):1-7.
[6] LOEB P D.International travel to the US:an econometric evaluation.[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1982,9(1):7-20.
[7] 李景宜,孙根年.旅游市场竞争态模型及其应用研究[J].资源科学,2002,24(6):91-96.
[8] 章锦河,张捷,刘泽华.基于旅游场理论的区域旅游空间竞争研究[J].地理科学,2005,25(2):248-256.
[9] 方世敏,邓丽娟.基于亲景度与竞争态分析的湖南入境旅游市场[J].经济地理,2014,34(12):182-187.
[10] 曹艳英,胡宇娜.基于自组织理论和波特竞争理论的区域旅游产业竞争力结构与测评体系研究[J].郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2011,44(6):68-73.
[11] 保继刚,彭华.名山旅游地的空间竞争研究——以皖南三大名山为例[J].人文地理,1994,9(2):4-9.
[12] 刘佳,张捷,顾朝林.旅游规划中空间竞争与区域合作研究——以江南六大古镇为例[J].人文地理,2005,20(3):79-83.
[13] 潘丽丽,保继刚.长江三角洲城市旅游地竞争关系[J].经济地理,2008,28(1):152-157.
[14] 黄松,李燕林,戴平娟.智慧旅游城市旅游竞争力评价[J].地理学报,2017,72(2):242-255.
[15] 许春晓,王甫园,王开泳,等.旅游地空间竞争规律探究——以湖南省为例[J].地理研究,2017,36(2):321-335.
[16] 陈浩,陆林,郑嬗婷.国内外旅游合作关系研究进展[J].地域研究与开发,2010,29(1):65-70.
[17] 靳诚,徐菁,陆玉麒.长三角区域旅游合作演化动力机制探讨[J].旅游学刊,2006,21(12):43-47.
[18] 宋子千.也论区域旅游合作的动力机制——兼与靳诚等同志商榷[J].旅游学刊,2008,23(2):46-50.
[19] REID L J,SMITH S L J,MCCLODKEY R.The effectiveness of regional marketing alliances:A case study of the Atlantic Canada tourism partnership 2000—2006[J].Tourism Management,2008,29(3):581-593.
[20] SAUTTER E T,LEISEN B.Managing stakeholders:A tourism planning model [J].Annals of Tourism Research,1999,26(2):312-328.
[21] DIMITRI I,PER .Transboundary collaboration in tourism:the case of the Bothnian Arc[J].Tourism Geographies,2006,8(2):122-142.
[22] ESTOL J,FONT X.European tourism policy:Its evolution and structure [J].Tourism Management,2016,52(1):230-241.
[23] 郭鹏,董锁成,李泽红,等.丝绸之路经济带旅游业格局与国际旅游合作模式研究[J].资源科学,2014,36(12):2459-2467.
[24] 江金波,李欢,蒋婷婷.基于能力结构关系模型的泛珠三角旅游合作创新研究[J].旅游学刊,2017,32(10):67-77.
[25] 冯翔,高峻.从全新视角看国外区域旅游合作研究[J].旅游学刊,2013,28(4):57-65.
[26] 邹仁爱,陈俊鸿,陈绍愿.旅游地群落:区域旅游空间关系的生态学视角[J].地理与地理信息科学,2005,21(4):79-83.
[27] 向延平.旅游地的类生命特征研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2008,18(2):93-96.
[28] 徐红罡,薛丹.旅游目的地仿生学空间关系研究——以安徽省古村落西递、宏村为例[J].地理科学,2011,31(12):1518-1524.
[29] 邹仁爱,陈俊鸿,陈绍愿,等.旅游地生态位的概念、原理及优化策略研究[J].人文地理,2006,21(5):36-40.
[30] 苏章全,明庆忠,李庆雷.基于旅游生态位理论的旅游区发展策略研究——以滇中大昆明国际旅游区为例[J].旅游学刊,2010,25(6):37-44.
[31] 李淑娟,陈静.基于生态位理论的山东省区域旅游竞合研究[J].经济地理,2014,34(9):179-185.
[32] 彭莹,严力蛟.基于生态位理论的浙江省旅游城市竞争发展策略[J].生态学报,2015,35(7):2195-2205.
[33] 唐黎.基于生态位理论的福建省旅游城市竞合研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2017,37(12):189-194.
[34] 黄震方,袁林旺,黄燕玲,等.生态旅游资源定量评价指标体系与评价方法——以江苏海滨为例[J].生态学报,2008,28(4):1655-1662.
[35] 汪德根,陈田.基于竞争力评价的区域旅游产业发展差异——以中国东部沿海三大旅游圈为例[J].地理科学进展,2011,30(2):249-256.
[36] 丁蕾,吴小根,丁洁.城市旅游竞争力评价指标体系的构建及应用[J].经济地理,2006,26(3):511-515.
[37] 汪德根,刘昌雪.江苏省区域旅游产业差异及“板块旅游”发展战略[J].地理与地理信息科学,2008,24(5):98-102.
(1)数据截止2017年12月,其中龟峰为世界自然遗产“中国南方喀斯特”的组成部分,铅山为世界自然与文化遗产“武夷山”的在2017年后边界调整后新纳入的部分,两者均位于江西省上饶市境内。
[2] 张序强,董雪旺,李华.旅游地间生态关系分析[J].人文地理,2003,18(1):14-18.
[3] MITCHELL L S.Recreational geography :inventory and prospect [J].Pros Geogro.1985,37(1):6-15.
[4] 王衍用.山东旅游资源评价及开发对策[J].经济地理,1991,11(1):88-92.
[5] RITCHIE J R,CROUCH G I.The competitive destination:A sustainability perspective [J].Tourism Geographies,2000,21(1):1-7.
[6] LOEB P D.International travel to the US:an econometric evaluation.[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1982,9(1):7-20.
[7] 李景宜,孙根年.旅游市场竞争态模型及其应用研究[J].资源科学,2002,24(6):91-96.
[8] 章锦河,张捷,刘泽华.基于旅游场理论的区域旅游空间竞争研究[J].地理科学,2005,25(2):248-256.
[9] 方世敏,邓丽娟.基于亲景度与竞争态分析的湖南入境旅游市场[J].经济地理,2014,34(12):182-187.
[10] 曹艳英,胡宇娜.基于自组织理论和波特竞争理论的区域旅游产业竞争力结构与测评体系研究[J].郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2011,44(6):68-73.
[11] 保继刚,彭华.名山旅游地的空间竞争研究——以皖南三大名山为例[J].人文地理,1994,9(2):4-9.
[12] 刘佳,张捷,顾朝林.旅游规划中空间竞争与区域合作研究——以江南六大古镇为例[J].人文地理,2005,20(3):79-83.
[13] 潘丽丽,保继刚.长江三角洲城市旅游地竞争关系[J].经济地理,2008,28(1):152-157.
[14] 黄松,李燕林,戴平娟.智慧旅游城市旅游竞争力评价[J].地理学报,2017,72(2):242-255.
[15] 许春晓,王甫园,王开泳,等.旅游地空间竞争规律探究——以湖南省为例[J].地理研究,2017,36(2):321-335.
[16] 陈浩,陆林,郑嬗婷.国内外旅游合作关系研究进展[J].地域研究与开发,2010,29(1):65-70.
[17] 靳诚,徐菁,陆玉麒.长三角区域旅游合作演化动力机制探讨[J].旅游学刊,2006,21(12):43-47.
[18] 宋子千.也论区域旅游合作的动力机制——兼与靳诚等同志商榷[J].旅游学刊,2008,23(2):46-50.
[19] REID L J,SMITH S L J,MCCLODKEY R.The effectiveness of regional marketing alliances:A case study of the Atlantic Canada tourism partnership 2000—2006[J].Tourism Management,2008,29(3):581-593.
[20] SAUTTER E T,LEISEN B.Managing stakeholders:A tourism planning model [J].Annals of Tourism Research,1999,26(2):312-328.
[21] DIMITRI I,PER .Transboundary collaboration in tourism:the case of the Bothnian Arc[J].Tourism Geographies,2006,8(2):122-142.
[22] ESTOL J,FONT X.European tourism policy:Its evolution and structure [J].Tourism Management,2016,52(1):230-241.
[23] 郭鹏,董锁成,李泽红,等.丝绸之路经济带旅游业格局与国际旅游合作模式研究[J].资源科学,2014,36(12):2459-2467.
[24] 江金波,李欢,蒋婷婷.基于能力结构关系模型的泛珠三角旅游合作创新研究[J].旅游学刊,2017,32(10):67-77.
[25] 冯翔,高峻.从全新视角看国外区域旅游合作研究[J].旅游学刊,2013,28(4):57-65.
[26] 邹仁爱,陈俊鸿,陈绍愿.旅游地群落:区域旅游空间关系的生态学视角[J].地理与地理信息科学,2005,21(4):79-83.
[27] 向延平.旅游地的类生命特征研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2008,18(2):93-96.
[28] 徐红罡,薛丹.旅游目的地仿生学空间关系研究——以安徽省古村落西递、宏村为例[J].地理科学,2011,31(12):1518-1524.
[29] 邹仁爱,陈俊鸿,陈绍愿,等.旅游地生态位的概念、原理及优化策略研究[J].人文地理,2006,21(5):36-40.
[30] 苏章全,明庆忠,李庆雷.基于旅游生态位理论的旅游区发展策略研究——以滇中大昆明国际旅游区为例[J].旅游学刊,2010,25(6):37-44.
[31] 李淑娟,陈静.基于生态位理论的山东省区域旅游竞合研究[J].经济地理,2014,34(9):179-185.
[32] 彭莹,严力蛟.基于生态位理论的浙江省旅游城市竞争发展策略[J].生态学报,2015,35(7):2195-2205.
[33] 唐黎.基于生态位理论的福建省旅游城市竞合研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2017,37(12):189-194.
[34] 黄震方,袁林旺,黄燕玲,等.生态旅游资源定量评价指标体系与评价方法——以江苏海滨为例[J].生态学报,2008,28(4):1655-1662.
[35] 汪德根,陈田.基于竞争力评价的区域旅游产业发展差异——以中国东部沿海三大旅游圈为例[J].地理科学进展,2011,30(2):249-256.
[36] 丁蕾,吴小根,丁洁.城市旅游竞争力评价指标体系的构建及应用[J].经济地理,2006,26(3):511-515.
[37] 汪德根,刘昌雪.江苏省区域旅游产业差异及“板块旅游”发展战略[J].地理与地理信息科学,2008,24(5):98-102.
(1)数据截止2017年12月,其中龟峰为世界自然遗产“中国南方喀斯特”的组成部分,铅山为世界自然与文化遗产“武夷山”的在2017年后边界调整后新纳入的部分,两者均位于江西省上饶市境内。