盐化幅度、速度及方式对凡纳滨对虾仔虾生长和存活率的影响
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摘要
本研究测定了盐化幅度(3/d、6/d、9/d、12/d和15/d)、盐化速度(1、3、6、12和18h/次)和盐化方式(前期盐化、中期盐化、后期盐化和间隔盐化)与凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei)仔虾生长发育、活力和存活率的关系。研究结果显示,不同盐化幅度、盐化速度和盐化方式均显著影响盐化标粗过程中仔虾的生长发育、活力和存活率(P<0.05)。综合考虑生长性能、苗种活力和存活率等因素,最适盐化幅度为3～6/d,在该盐化幅度范围内,仔虾存活率可达74.07%～78.83%;盐化幅度超过9/d时,仔虾存活率显著下降(P<0.05),其中,盐化幅度达到15/d时,存活率仅为43.37%。过快的盐化速度导致存活率和活力显著下降,盐化速度>1h/次时,仔虾死亡率接近50%;随着盐化速度的放缓,仔虾生长速度加快,盐化速度为6～18h/次时,生长速度维持稳定,日增重量为1.48～1.51 mg。在盐化方式方面,后期盐化和间隔盐化时,苗种的质量和存活率优于前期盐化和中期盐化,仔虾活力表现为间隔盐化>后期盐化>中期盐化>前期盐化。综合考虑,仔虾的最适盐化幅度为3～6/d,最佳盐化速度为6～12 h/次,后期盐化和间隔盐化更有助于仔虾保持较好活力和较高存活率。本研究通过探讨凡纳滨对虾苗种盐化标粗的最适盐化幅度、盐化速度和盐化方式,丰富了凡纳滨对虾高盐环境抗逆性研究,为凡纳滨对虾苗种的盐化标粗生产实践提供了理论支持。
To investigate the optimum high-salinity domestication gradient, speed, and mode of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae, a salinization experiment was designed. Salinity increased from 30 to 60. Different high-salinity domestication gradients(3/d, 6/d, 9/d, 12/d, and 15/d), speeds(1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 h/time), and modes(early salinization, medium-term salinization, later salinization, and interval salinization) were used. The weight gain, activity, and survival rate of L. vannamei postlarvae were tested during high-salinity domestication. The results showed that the different high-salinity domestication gradients, speeds, and modes had significant effects on the weight gain, activity, and survival rate of postlarvae(P<0.05). The optimal high-salinity domestication gradient was 3～6/d; the survival rate of postlarvae remained at 74.07% to 78.83% in this gradient. When the high-salinity domestication gradient exceeded 9/d, the survival rate of postlarvae decreased sharply(P<0.05), and was only 43.37% in the high-salinity domestication gradient of 15/d. In addition, the rapid high-salinity domestication speed decreased the survival rate and activity. When the domestication speed was faster than 1 h/time, the survival rate of postlarvae was reduced to nearly 50%; as the domestication speed decreased, the growth rate of postlarvae increased. When the high-salinity domestication speed was 6～18 h/time, the daily weight gain of postlarvae was stable at 1.48～1.51 mg. The later salinization and interval salinization were superior to the early salinization and medium-term salinization regarding the postlarvae activity and survival rate, the postlarvae activity was as follows: interval salinization>later salinization>medium-term salinization>early salinization. Overall, the optimal high-salinity domestication gradient was 3～6/d, the best high-salinity domestication speed was 6～12 h/time, which will help postlarvae to reach the scheduled standard and achieve the target weight gain with later salinization and interval salinization.
To investigate the optimum high-salinity domestication gradient, speed, and mode of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae, a salinization experiment was designed. Salinity increased from 30 to 60. Different high-salinity domestication gradients(3/d, 6/d, 9/d, 12/d, and 15/d), speeds(1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 h/time), and modes(early salinization, medium-term salinization, later salinization, and interval salinization) were used. The weight gain, activity, and survival rate of L. vannamei postlarvae were tested during high-salinity domestication. The results showed that the different high-salinity domestication gradients, speeds, and modes had significant effects on the weight gain, activity, and survival rate of postlarvae(P<0.05). The optimal high-salinity domestication gradient was 3～6/d; the survival rate of postlarvae remained at 74.07% to 78.83% in this gradient. When the high-salinity domestication gradient exceeded 9/d, the survival rate of postlarvae decreased sharply(P<0.05), and was only 43.37% in the high-salinity domestication gradient of 15/d. In addition, the rapid high-salinity domestication speed decreased the survival rate and activity. When the domestication speed was faster than 1 h/time, the survival rate of postlarvae was reduced to nearly 50%; as the domestication speed decreased, the growth rate of postlarvae increased. When the high-salinity domestication speed was 6～18 h/time, the daily weight gain of postlarvae was stable at 1.48～1.51 mg. The later salinization and interval salinization were superior to the early salinization and medium-term salinization regarding the postlarvae activity and survival rate, the postlarvae activity was as follows: interval salinization>later salinization>medium-term salinization>early salinization. Overall, the optimal high-salinity domestication gradient was 3～6/d, the best high-salinity domestication speed was 6～12 h/time, which will help postlarvae to reach the scheduled standard and achieve the target weight gain with later salinization and interval salinization.
引文
Ban SX,Ma YC,Zhang L,et al.The key points of desalting and rearing for Penaeus vannamei.Hebei Fisheries,2014(10):31-32[边绍新,马云聪,张玲,等.南美白对虾淡化标粗技术要点.河北渔业,2014(10):31-32]
Bray WA,Lawrence AL,Leung-Turjillo JR.The effect of salinity on growth and survival of Penaeus vannamei,with observations on the interaction of IHHN virus and salinity.Aquaculture,1994,122:133-146
Chen CK,Gao WH.Research progress on effects of salinity and nutrients on crustacean nutrition physiology.Journal of Yangtze University(Natural Science Edition),2015,12(3):47-51[陈垂坤,郜卫华.盐度和营养素对甲壳动物营养生理的影响研究进展.长江大学学报(自然科学版),2015,12(3):47-51]
Chen JC,Lin JN,Chen CT,et al.Survival,growth and intermolt period of juvenile Penaeus chinensis(Osbeck)reared at different combinations of salinity and temperature.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology&Ecology,1996,204(1):169-178
Chen YL,Zhang LS,Zhu XP,et al.Biology of Litopenaeus vannamei and its culture technology.Freshwater Fisheries,2003,33(1):54-55[陈永乐,张亮森,朱新平,等.南美白对虾的生物学及其养殖技术要素.淡水渔业,2003,33(1):54-55]
Dai XL,Zhang LT,Zang WL,et al.Effect of Ca2+,Mg2+and salinity on survival,growth and shrimp taste of Litopenaeus vannamei.Journal of Fisheries of China,2012,36(6):914-921[戴习林,张立田,臧维玲,等.Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度对凡纳滨对虾存活、生长及风味的影响.水产学报,2012,36(6):914-921]
Fu P,Lv JJ,Liu P,et al.Effects of different salinity level on free amino acid composition in muscle and hemolymph of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus.Journal of Fisheries of China,2017,41(3):374-381[付萍,吕建建,刘萍,等.盐度胁迫对三疣梭子蟹肌肉和血淋巴中游离氨基酸含量的影响.水产学报,2017,41(3):374-381]
Hao DC,Luan S,Cao BX,et al.Genetic parameters of survival of juvenile families of Litopenaeus vannamei during desalination and culture stages.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2018,39(1):90-96[郝登春,栾生,曹宝祥,等.凡纳滨对虾家系幼虾淡化和养殖阶段存活性状遗传参数估计.渔业科学进展,2018,39(1):90-96]
Li CL,Wang JS,Pei XY,et al.Techniques for seed salting of Penaeus vannamei.Shandong Fisheries,2009,26(5):32-33[李春玲,王继苏,裴秀艳,等.南美白对虾苗种盐化技术.齐鲁渔业,2009,26(5):32-33]
Li JF.Study on the desalting form and aquaculture technology of Penaeus vannamei.Master’s Thesis of Soochow University,2009[李俊峰.南美白对虾的淡化及养成技术的研究.苏州大学硕士研究生学位论文,2009]
Li N,Zhao YC,Wang RJ,et al.Effects of high salinity on digestive and immunity-related enzymes in Litopeneaus vannamei.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(4):1411-1417[李娜,赵玉超,王仁杰,等.高盐胁迫对凡纳滨对虾消化及免疫相关酶活力的影响.生态学报,2018,38(4):1411-1417]
Li Y,Wang F,Dong SL,et al.Effects of salinity fluctuation on the molt and respiratory metabolism of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei.Periodical of Ocean University of China,2010,40(7):47-52[李英,王芳,董双林,等.盐度突变对凡纳滨对虾稚虾蜕皮和呼吸代谢的影响.中国海洋大学学报,2010,40(7):47-52]
Liang MQ,Wang SW,Wang JL,et al.Effects of different salinities on free amino acid composition in muscle and hemolymph of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2009,30(2):34-39[梁萌青,王士稳,王家林,等.不同盐度对凡纳滨对虾血淋巴及肌肉游离氨基酸组成的影响.渔业科学进展,2009,30(2):34-39]
Liao YY,Zhong DH.Effect of speed and range of desalination on survival and vigor of the larvae of Penaeus vannamei.Marine Science Bulletin,2004,23(1):58-63[廖永岩,钟导宏.淡化速度和幅度对凡纳对虾幼体存活和活力的影响.海洋通报,2004,23(1):58-63]
Qian JH,Li ZM,Ye N,et al.Combined effects of temperature and salinity on the growth and survival of Fenneropenaeus meiguiensis.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2015,36(3):62-67[钱佳慧,栗志民,叶宁,等.温度和盐度对墨吉明对虾(Fenneropenaeus meiguiensis)生长与存活的联合效应.渔业科学进展,2015,36(3):62-67]
Saoud IP,Davis DA,Rouse DB.Suitability studies of inland well waters for Litopenaeus vannamei culture.Aquaculture,2003,217(1-4):373-383
Shen YC,Chen ZZ,Liu L,et al.The effects of salinity and nutrition on molt and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei.Journal of Fisheries of China,2012,36(2):290-299[申玉春,陈作洲,刘丽,等.盐度和营养对凡纳滨对虾蜕壳和生长的影响.水产学报,2012,36(2):290-299]
Tang JZ,Liu Z,Wang XL,et al.Effects of desalination on survival rate,osmolality and Na+/K+-ATPase activity of Penaeus vannamei.Freshwater Fisheries,2016,46(3):82-86[唐建洲,刘臻,汪星磊,等.淡化对南美白对虾存活率、渗透压和Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的影响.淡水渔业,2016,46(3):82-86]
Wang LC,Liu XY.Shrimp aquaculture.Tianjin:Nankai University Press,1991,34-36[王良臣,刘修业.对虾养殖.天津:南开大学出版社,1991,34-36]
Wang SW,Liang MQ,Lin H,et al.The comparison of sensory components between maricultured and freshwater cultured shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei).Marine Fisheries Research,2006,27(5):79-84[王士稳,梁萌青,林洪,等.海水和淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾呈味物质的比较分析.海洋水产研究,2006,27(5):79-84]
Wu LF,Zhang LP,Hu CQ,et al.Comparison on growth rates of two full-sib families of Litopenaeus vannamei in different salinities.Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2011,30(1):152-158[吴立峰,张吕平,胡超群,等.2个凡纳滨对虾全同胞家系在不同盐度下的生长比较.热带海洋学报,2011,30(1):152-158]
Zang WL,Lin XC,Dai XL,et al.Effects of desalination method and salinity on survival rate and growth of Penaeus vannamei juvenile.Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University,2003,12(4):308-312[臧维玲,林喜臣,戴习林,等.淡化方式与盐度对凡纳对虾幼虾生长的影响.上海水产大学学报,2003,12(4):308-312]
Bray WA,Lawrence AL,Leung-Turjillo JR.The effect of salinity on growth and survival of Penaeus vannamei,with observations on the interaction of IHHN virus and salinity.Aquaculture,1994,122:133-146
Chen CK,Gao WH.Research progress on effects of salinity and nutrients on crustacean nutrition physiology.Journal of Yangtze University(Natural Science Edition),2015,12(3):47-51[陈垂坤,郜卫华.盐度和营养素对甲壳动物营养生理的影响研究进展.长江大学学报(自然科学版),2015,12(3):47-51]
Chen JC,Lin JN,Chen CT,et al.Survival,growth and intermolt period of juvenile Penaeus chinensis(Osbeck)reared at different combinations of salinity and temperature.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology&Ecology,1996,204(1):169-178
Chen YL,Zhang LS,Zhu XP,et al.Biology of Litopenaeus vannamei and its culture technology.Freshwater Fisheries,2003,33(1):54-55[陈永乐,张亮森,朱新平,等.南美白对虾的生物学及其养殖技术要素.淡水渔业,2003,33(1):54-55]
Dai XL,Zhang LT,Zang WL,et al.Effect of Ca2+,Mg2+and salinity on survival,growth and shrimp taste of Litopenaeus vannamei.Journal of Fisheries of China,2012,36(6):914-921[戴习林,张立田,臧维玲,等.Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度对凡纳滨对虾存活、生长及风味的影响.水产学报,2012,36(6):914-921]
Fu P,Lv JJ,Liu P,et al.Effects of different salinity level on free amino acid composition in muscle and hemolymph of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus.Journal of Fisheries of China,2017,41(3):374-381[付萍,吕建建,刘萍,等.盐度胁迫对三疣梭子蟹肌肉和血淋巴中游离氨基酸含量的影响.水产学报,2017,41(3):374-381]
Hao DC,Luan S,Cao BX,et al.Genetic parameters of survival of juvenile families of Litopenaeus vannamei during desalination and culture stages.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2018,39(1):90-96[郝登春,栾生,曹宝祥,等.凡纳滨对虾家系幼虾淡化和养殖阶段存活性状遗传参数估计.渔业科学进展,2018,39(1):90-96]
Li CL,Wang JS,Pei XY,et al.Techniques for seed salting of Penaeus vannamei.Shandong Fisheries,2009,26(5):32-33[李春玲,王继苏,裴秀艳,等.南美白对虾苗种盐化技术.齐鲁渔业,2009,26(5):32-33]
Li JF.Study on the desalting form and aquaculture technology of Penaeus vannamei.Master’s Thesis of Soochow University,2009[李俊峰.南美白对虾的淡化及养成技术的研究.苏州大学硕士研究生学位论文,2009]
Li N,Zhao YC,Wang RJ,et al.Effects of high salinity on digestive and immunity-related enzymes in Litopeneaus vannamei.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(4):1411-1417[李娜,赵玉超,王仁杰,等.高盐胁迫对凡纳滨对虾消化及免疫相关酶活力的影响.生态学报,2018,38(4):1411-1417]
Li Y,Wang F,Dong SL,et al.Effects of salinity fluctuation on the molt and respiratory metabolism of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei.Periodical of Ocean University of China,2010,40(7):47-52[李英,王芳,董双林,等.盐度突变对凡纳滨对虾稚虾蜕皮和呼吸代谢的影响.中国海洋大学学报,2010,40(7):47-52]
Liang MQ,Wang SW,Wang JL,et al.Effects of different salinities on free amino acid composition in muscle and hemolymph of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2009,30(2):34-39[梁萌青,王士稳,王家林,等.不同盐度对凡纳滨对虾血淋巴及肌肉游离氨基酸组成的影响.渔业科学进展,2009,30(2):34-39]
Liao YY,Zhong DH.Effect of speed and range of desalination on survival and vigor of the larvae of Penaeus vannamei.Marine Science Bulletin,2004,23(1):58-63[廖永岩,钟导宏.淡化速度和幅度对凡纳对虾幼体存活和活力的影响.海洋通报,2004,23(1):58-63]
Qian JH,Li ZM,Ye N,et al.Combined effects of temperature and salinity on the growth and survival of Fenneropenaeus meiguiensis.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2015,36(3):62-67[钱佳慧,栗志民,叶宁,等.温度和盐度对墨吉明对虾(Fenneropenaeus meiguiensis)生长与存活的联合效应.渔业科学进展,2015,36(3):62-67]
Saoud IP,Davis DA,Rouse DB.Suitability studies of inland well waters for Litopenaeus vannamei culture.Aquaculture,2003,217(1-4):373-383
Shen YC,Chen ZZ,Liu L,et al.The effects of salinity and nutrition on molt and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei.Journal of Fisheries of China,2012,36(2):290-299[申玉春,陈作洲,刘丽,等.盐度和营养对凡纳滨对虾蜕壳和生长的影响.水产学报,2012,36(2):290-299]
Tang JZ,Liu Z,Wang XL,et al.Effects of desalination on survival rate,osmolality and Na+/K+-ATPase activity of Penaeus vannamei.Freshwater Fisheries,2016,46(3):82-86[唐建洲,刘臻,汪星磊,等.淡化对南美白对虾存活率、渗透压和Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的影响.淡水渔业,2016,46(3):82-86]
Wang LC,Liu XY.Shrimp aquaculture.Tianjin:Nankai University Press,1991,34-36[王良臣,刘修业.对虾养殖.天津:南开大学出版社,1991,34-36]
Wang SW,Liang MQ,Lin H,et al.The comparison of sensory components between maricultured and freshwater cultured shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei).Marine Fisheries Research,2006,27(5):79-84[王士稳,梁萌青,林洪,等.海水和淡水养殖凡纳滨对虾呈味物质的比较分析.海洋水产研究,2006,27(5):79-84]
Wu LF,Zhang LP,Hu CQ,et al.Comparison on growth rates of two full-sib families of Litopenaeus vannamei in different salinities.Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2011,30(1):152-158[吴立峰,张吕平,胡超群,等.2个凡纳滨对虾全同胞家系在不同盐度下的生长比较.热带海洋学报,2011,30(1):152-158]
Zang WL,Lin XC,Dai XL,et al.Effects of desalination method and salinity on survival rate and growth of Penaeus vannamei juvenile.Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University,2003,12(4):308-312[臧维玲,林喜臣,戴习林,等.淡化方式与盐度对凡纳对虾幼虾生长的影响.上海水产大学学报,2003,12(4):308-312]