黄芪多糖的结构表征与生物活性研究进展
|
摘要
黄芪多糖(Astragalus polysaccharides,APS)是中药黄芪中的水溶性成分,在免疫调节、炎症、肿瘤及糖尿病等方面均具有显著的生物活性。作者综述了近年APS的结构表征与相关生物活性的研究进展,旨在为APS的药品和保健品研发提供参考。
Astragalus polysaccharides(APS),a complex of water-soluble components extracted from Astragalus,which have broadly biological activities involves immunomodulatory effects,anti-inflammatory,antitumor and antidiabetic.This review summarizes the structural characterization and biology activities in recent years and aims to provide a reference for the research and development of novel drugs and functional products.
Astragalus polysaccharides(APS),a complex of water-soluble components extracted from Astragalus,which have broadly biological activities involves immunomodulatory effects,anti-inflammatory,antitumor and antidiabetic.This review summarizes the structural characterization and biology activities in recent years and aims to provide a reference for the research and development of novel drugs and functional products.
引文
[1]国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典(1部)[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,2015:302.
[2]仝欣.黄芪主要活性成分的药理作用[J].时珍国医国药,2011,22(5):1246-1249.
[3]XIAO M S,CHEN H Y,SHI Z F,et al.Rapid and reliable method for analysis of raw and honey-processed Astragalus by UPLC/ESI-Q-TOF-MS using HSS T3 columns[J].Analytical Methods,2014,6(19):8045-8054.
[4]廖婧竹,黄晶,刘武平,等.蜜炙黄芪黄酮与皂苷有效部位的提取分离及对NO分泌水平的影响[J].广东药科大学学报,2017,32(2):162-166.
[5]黄晶,廖婧竹,刘武平,等.基于UPLC/Q-TOF-MS技术的大鼠尿液中蜜炙黄芪三种主要活性成分含量测定方法的建立[J].时珍国医国药,2017,28(11):2564-2567.
[6]胡媛媛,吕瑞红,纪永升,等.黄芪多糖的脱蛋白工艺考察[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2017,23(20):41-45.
[7]JIANG Y P,QI X H,GAO K,et al.Relationship between molecular weight,monosaccharide composition and immunobiological activity of Astragalus polysaccharides[J].Glycoconjugate Journal,2016,33(5):755-761.
[8]闫巧娟,韩鲁佳,江正强,等.黄芪多糖的分子量分布[J].食品科学,2004,25(8):27-28.
[9]林雪.糖类物质的PMP(1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮)衍生化及HPLC和MALDI-TOF分析[D].西安:西北大学,2006.
[10]邢丽,耿越.气相色谱法分析豌豆粉渣中多糖的单糖组分[J].食品科学,2014,35(22):252-254.
[11]唐雨薇,张宇,王宇亮,等.黄芪多糖分离与结构特征解析[J].时珍国医国药,2014,25(5):1097-1100.
[12]ZHU Z Y,LUO Y,DONG G L,et al.Effects of the ultra-high pressure on structure andα-glucosidase inhibition of polysaccharide from Astragalus[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2017,87:570-576.
[13]林梦感,杨义芳,许海燕.黄芪多糖MAPS-5的化学结构及其体外淋巴细胞增殖活性[J].中草药,2009,40(12):1865-1868.
[14]邓旻,窦晓兵,史亦谦,等.黄芪多糖定向诱生脐血来源树突状细胞及其对T细胞增殖作用的研究[J].中国免疫学杂志,2007,23(6):539-544.
[15]张嵩,牟晓燕,王红梅,等.黄芪多糖诱导的树突状细胞增强CIK细胞的杀伤作用[J].中国免疫学杂志,2009,25(2):140-142.
[16]LIU Q Y,YAO Y M,ZHANG S W,et al.Astragalus polysaccharides regulate T cell-mediated immunity via CD11c(high)CD45RB(low)DCs in vitro[J].Journal of ethnopharmacology,2011,136(3):457-464.
[17]王俊涛,韩倩倩,王白燕,等.黄芪多糖诱导的DC联合CIK对人食管癌Eca-109细胞的影响[J].中医学报,2016,31(4):478-481.
[18]YANG M,QIAN X H,ZHAO D H,et al.Effect of Astragalus polysaccharide on the erythroid lineage and microarray analysis in K562 cells[J].Journal of ethnopharmacology,2010,127(2):242-250.
[19]ZHANG P P,MENG Z T.Astragalus polysaccharide promotes the release of mature granulocytes through the L-selectin signaling pathway[J].Chinese Medicine,2015,10:1-17.
[20]QIU H H,CHENG G L,XU J Q,et al.Effects of astragalus polysaccharides on associated immune cells and cytokines in immunosuppressive dogs[J].Procedia in Vaccinology,2010,2:26-33.
[21]刘立民,张彦明,陆沭华,等.黄芪多糖促进急性髓细胞白血病患者浆细胞样树突状细胞成熟[J].中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志,2010,17(6):657-660.
[22]LIAO J Z,LI C Y,HUANG J,et al.Structure characterization of honey-processed Astragalus polysaccharides and its antiinflammatory activity in vitro[J].Molecules,2018,23:1-11.
[23]ZHOU L J,LIU Z J,WANG Z X,et al.Astragalus polysaccharides exerts immunomodulatory efects via TLR4-mediated My D88-dependent signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):1-13.
[24]WEI W,XIAO H T,BAO W R,et al.TLR-4 may mediate signaling pathways of Astragalus polysaccharide RAP induced cytokine expression of RAW 264.7 cells[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2016,179:243-252.
[25]WANG X F,LI Y L,YANG X J,et al.Astragalus polysaccharide reduces inflammatory response by decreasing permeability of LPS-infected Caco2 cells[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2017,61:347-352.
[26]李冬方,顾宁,黄伟.黄芪多糖对THP-1巨噬细胞HSP60诱导下IL-6、TNF-α表达的影响[J].时珍国医国药,2015,26(12):2830-2832.
[27]LV J,ZHANG Y H,TIAN Z Q,et al.Astragalus polysaccharides protect against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by inhibiting NF-κВactivation[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2017,98:723-729.
[28]奚沁华,李月芹,戴娟,等.黄芪多糖治疗溃疡性结肠炎小鼠的实验研究[J].免疫学杂志,2017,33(11):975-958.
[29]ZHAO H M,WANG Y,HUANG X Y,et al.Astragalus polysaccharide attenuates rat experimental colitis by inducing regulatory T cells in intestinal Peyer’s patches[J].World Journal of Gastroenterology,2016,22(11):3175-3185.
[30]赵海梅,黄敏芳,刘端勇,等.黄芪多糖对急性溃疡性结肠炎大鼠结肠黏膜PI3K/Akt信号的调控作用[J].中成药,2015,37(9):2029-2031.
[31]刘億,赵海梅,岳海洋,等.黄芪多糖对结肠炎小鼠结肠黏膜IL-12 p40、IL-12 p70、IL-15和IL-21表达的影响[J].中医研究,2017,30(9):58-60.
[32]YANG M,LIN H B,GONG S T,et al.Effect of Astragalus polysaccharides on expression of TNF-a,IL-1b and NFATc4 in a rat model of experimental colitis[J].Cytokine,2014,70:81-86.
[33]LIU L,CHEN S B,XU X Y,et al.Astragalus polysaccharides combined with ibuprofen exhibit a therapeutic effect on septic rats via an antiin?ammatory cholinergic pathway[J].Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine,2017,14:3127-3130.
[34]林晓泉,廖海,梁蔚婷.注射用黄芪多糖联合化疗治疗恶性肿瘤的临床疗效观察[J].中药材,2009,32(6):1010-1011.
[35]阎力君,洪涛,雒江菡,等.黄芪多糖对结肠癌SW620细胞增殖及凋亡作用的影响[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2017,23(22):97-101.
[36]SUN S Y,ZHENG K,ZHAO H Y,et al.Regulatory effect of Astragalus polysaccharides on intestinal intraepithelialγδTCells of tumor bearing mice[J].Molecules,2014,19:15224-15236.
[37]HUANG W H,LIAO W R,SUN R X.Astragalus polysaccharide induces the apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by decreasing the expression of Notch1[J].International Journal of Molecular Medicine,2016,38:551-557.
[38]YANG B,XIAO B,SUN T.Antitumor and immunomodulatory activity of Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides in H22 tumorbearing mice[J].International journal of Biological Macromolecules,2013,62:287-290.
[39]邱波,荆雪宁,武继彪,等.黄芪多糖诱导的树突状细胞疫苗对s180荷瘤小鼠抗肿瘤作用研究[J].南京中医药大学学报,2015,31(1):44-47.
[40]王洁茹,王金英,张婷婷,等.黄芪多糖调节黑色素瘤小鼠PD-1/PD-Ls分子表达的研究[J].上海中医药大学学报,2014,28(5):74-79.
[41]ZHENG J,M A LT,REN Q Y,et al.The influence of astragalus polysaccharide andβ-elemene on LX-2 cell growth,apoptosis and activation[J].BMC Gastroenterology,2014,14:224.
[42]ZHOU Z,MENG M H,NI H F.Chemosensitizing effect of astragalus polysaccharides on nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by inducing apoptosis and modulating expression of bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspases[J].Medical Science Monitor,2017,23:462-469.
[43]YUAN C,YANG R,TAO S,et al.Astragalus polysaccharide suppresses doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by regulating the PI3k/Akt and p38MAPK pathways[J].Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity,2014,2014:1-12.
[44]李先荣,董彦歌,程林忠,等.黄芪多糖冲剂治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的临床研究[J].山西中医,1994:16-17.
[45]LIU J,ZHANG J F,LU J Z,et al.Astragalus polysaccharide stimulates glucose uptake in L6 myotubes through AMPK activation and AS160/TBC1D4 phosphorylation[J].Acta Pharmacologica Sinica,2013,34:137-145.
[46]Dun C P,LIU J Q,QIU F C,et al.effects of Astragalus polysaccharides on memory impairment in a diabetic rat model[J].Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment,2016,12:1617-1621.
[47]李承德,李静静,王琳,等.黄芪多糖对Fas介导的糖尿病大鼠胰岛β细胞凋亡的抑制作用[J].中药材,2011,34(10):1579-1582.
[48]WU Y,OU-YANG J P,WU K,et al.Hypoglycemic effect of Astragalus polysaccharide and its effect on PTP1B1[J].Acta Pharmacologica Sinica,2005,26(3):345-352.
[49]Gu C Y,ZENG Y P,TANG Z S,et al.Astragalus polysaccharides affect insulin resistance by regulating the hepatic SIRT1-PGC-1α/PPARα-FGF21 signaling pathway in male sprague dawley rats undergoing catch-up growth[J].Molecular Medicine Reports,2015,12:6451-6460.
[50]常晓,李惠林,楚淑芳,等.黄芪多糖介导NRG-1/ErbB信号通路对糖尿病心肌细胞凋亡的作用[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2016,22(9):1192-1195.
[51]JUAN Y C,KUO Y H,CHANG C C,et al.Administration of a decoction of sucrose-and polysaccharide-rich radix astragali(Huang Qi)ameliorated insulin resistance and fatty liver but affected betacell function in type 2 diabetic rats[J].Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,2011,2011:1-11.
[52]LIU D B,CHEN L,ZHAO J Y,et al.Cardioprotection activity and mechanism of Astragalus polysaccharide in vivo and in vitro[J].Biological Macromolecules,2018,111:947-952.
[53]周振华,王洪新,赵素玲,等.黄芪多糖对脂多糖诱导大鼠心肌细胞肥大的保护作用[J].中药材,2012,43(3):24-528.
[54]XIE L D,WU Y,FAN Z J,et al.Astragalus polysaccharide protects human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury:The role of PI3K/AKT,Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3[J].Molecular Medicine Reports,2016,14:904-910.
[55]WANG X H,HUANG W M.Astragalus polysaccharides exert protective effects in newborn rats with bronchopulmonary dysplasia by upregulating the expression of EGFL7 in lung tissue[J].International Journal of Molecular Medicine,2014,34:1529-1536.
[56]李金田,魏舒畅,刘永琦,等.黄芪多糖对肺纤维化大鼠肺上皮细胞超微结构及自由基代谢的影响[J].中华中医药杂志,2011,26(10):2360-2362.
[57]李娟,张毅,刘永琦,等.黄芪多糖对肺纤维化大鼠细胞因子及肺组织病理结构的影响[J].时珍国医国药,2011,22(7):1684-1685.
[58]宋泽庆,林璘,朱艳芬.黄芪多糖对哮喘小鼠特异性免疫治疗的增强作用[J].中国免疫学杂志,2010,26(2):132-135.
[59]PU X Y,MA X L,LIU L,et al.Structural characterization and antioxidant activity in vitro of polysaccharides from angelica and astragalus[J].Carbohydrate Polymers,2016,137:154-164.
[60]YANG F,XIAO C Y,QU J,et al.Structural characterization of low molecular weight polysaccharide from Astragalus membranaceus and its immunologic enhancement inrecombinant protein vaccine against systemic candidiasis[J].Carbohydrate Polymers,2016,145:48-55.
[61]郝霞,李科,王桂臻,等.黄芪药渣中阿拉伯木聚糖提取、分离和结构初步分析[J].山西医科大学学报,2016,47(4):338-343.
[62]MAO X Q,WU Y,WU K,et al.Astragalus polysaccharide reduces hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress and restores glucose homeostasis in a diabetic KKAy mouse model[J].Acta Pharmacologica Sinica,2007,28(12):1947-1956.
[63]ZOU F,MAO X Q,WANG N,et al.Astragalus polysaccharides alleviates glucose toxicity and restores glucose homeostasis in diabetic states via activation of AMPK[J].Acta Pharmacologica Sinica,2009,30:1607-1615.
[64]LIU A H,YU J,JI H Y,et al.Extraction of a novel cold-watersoluble polysaccharide from Astragalus membranaceus and its antitumor and immunological activities[J].Molecules,2018,23:1-13.
[65]FAN W T,ZHANG S J,HAO P,et al.Structure characterization of three polysaccharides and a comparative study of their immunomodulatory activities on chicken macrophage[J].Carbohydrate Polymers,2016,153:631-640.
[66]XU D J,XIA Q,WANG J J,et al.Molecular weight and monosaccharide composition of astragalus polysaccharides[J].Molecules,2008,13:2408-2415.
[2]仝欣.黄芪主要活性成分的药理作用[J].时珍国医国药,2011,22(5):1246-1249.
[3]XIAO M S,CHEN H Y,SHI Z F,et al.Rapid and reliable method for analysis of raw and honey-processed Astragalus by UPLC/ESI-Q-TOF-MS using HSS T3 columns[J].Analytical Methods,2014,6(19):8045-8054.
[4]廖婧竹,黄晶,刘武平,等.蜜炙黄芪黄酮与皂苷有效部位的提取分离及对NO分泌水平的影响[J].广东药科大学学报,2017,32(2):162-166.
[5]黄晶,廖婧竹,刘武平,等.基于UPLC/Q-TOF-MS技术的大鼠尿液中蜜炙黄芪三种主要活性成分含量测定方法的建立[J].时珍国医国药,2017,28(11):2564-2567.
[6]胡媛媛,吕瑞红,纪永升,等.黄芪多糖的脱蛋白工艺考察[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2017,23(20):41-45.
[7]JIANG Y P,QI X H,GAO K,et al.Relationship between molecular weight,monosaccharide composition and immunobiological activity of Astragalus polysaccharides[J].Glycoconjugate Journal,2016,33(5):755-761.
[8]闫巧娟,韩鲁佳,江正强,等.黄芪多糖的分子量分布[J].食品科学,2004,25(8):27-28.
[9]林雪.糖类物质的PMP(1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮)衍生化及HPLC和MALDI-TOF分析[D].西安:西北大学,2006.
[10]邢丽,耿越.气相色谱法分析豌豆粉渣中多糖的单糖组分[J].食品科学,2014,35(22):252-254.
[11]唐雨薇,张宇,王宇亮,等.黄芪多糖分离与结构特征解析[J].时珍国医国药,2014,25(5):1097-1100.
[12]ZHU Z Y,LUO Y,DONG G L,et al.Effects of the ultra-high pressure on structure andα-glucosidase inhibition of polysaccharide from Astragalus[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2017,87:570-576.
[13]林梦感,杨义芳,许海燕.黄芪多糖MAPS-5的化学结构及其体外淋巴细胞增殖活性[J].中草药,2009,40(12):1865-1868.
[14]邓旻,窦晓兵,史亦谦,等.黄芪多糖定向诱生脐血来源树突状细胞及其对T细胞增殖作用的研究[J].中国免疫学杂志,2007,23(6):539-544.
[15]张嵩,牟晓燕,王红梅,等.黄芪多糖诱导的树突状细胞增强CIK细胞的杀伤作用[J].中国免疫学杂志,2009,25(2):140-142.
[16]LIU Q Y,YAO Y M,ZHANG S W,et al.Astragalus polysaccharides regulate T cell-mediated immunity via CD11c(high)CD45RB(low)DCs in vitro[J].Journal of ethnopharmacology,2011,136(3):457-464.
[17]王俊涛,韩倩倩,王白燕,等.黄芪多糖诱导的DC联合CIK对人食管癌Eca-109细胞的影响[J].中医学报,2016,31(4):478-481.
[18]YANG M,QIAN X H,ZHAO D H,et al.Effect of Astragalus polysaccharide on the erythroid lineage and microarray analysis in K562 cells[J].Journal of ethnopharmacology,2010,127(2):242-250.
[19]ZHANG P P,MENG Z T.Astragalus polysaccharide promotes the release of mature granulocytes through the L-selectin signaling pathway[J].Chinese Medicine,2015,10:1-17.
[20]QIU H H,CHENG G L,XU J Q,et al.Effects of astragalus polysaccharides on associated immune cells and cytokines in immunosuppressive dogs[J].Procedia in Vaccinology,2010,2:26-33.
[21]刘立民,张彦明,陆沭华,等.黄芪多糖促进急性髓细胞白血病患者浆细胞样树突状细胞成熟[J].中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志,2010,17(6):657-660.
[22]LIAO J Z,LI C Y,HUANG J,et al.Structure characterization of honey-processed Astragalus polysaccharides and its antiinflammatory activity in vitro[J].Molecules,2018,23:1-11.
[23]ZHOU L J,LIU Z J,WANG Z X,et al.Astragalus polysaccharides exerts immunomodulatory efects via TLR4-mediated My D88-dependent signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):1-13.
[24]WEI W,XIAO H T,BAO W R,et al.TLR-4 may mediate signaling pathways of Astragalus polysaccharide RAP induced cytokine expression of RAW 264.7 cells[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2016,179:243-252.
[25]WANG X F,LI Y L,YANG X J,et al.Astragalus polysaccharide reduces inflammatory response by decreasing permeability of LPS-infected Caco2 cells[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2017,61:347-352.
[26]李冬方,顾宁,黄伟.黄芪多糖对THP-1巨噬细胞HSP60诱导下IL-6、TNF-α表达的影响[J].时珍国医国药,2015,26(12):2830-2832.
[27]LV J,ZHANG Y H,TIAN Z Q,et al.Astragalus polysaccharides protect against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by inhibiting NF-κВactivation[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2017,98:723-729.
[28]奚沁华,李月芹,戴娟,等.黄芪多糖治疗溃疡性结肠炎小鼠的实验研究[J].免疫学杂志,2017,33(11):975-958.
[29]ZHAO H M,WANG Y,HUANG X Y,et al.Astragalus polysaccharide attenuates rat experimental colitis by inducing regulatory T cells in intestinal Peyer’s patches[J].World Journal of Gastroenterology,2016,22(11):3175-3185.
[30]赵海梅,黄敏芳,刘端勇,等.黄芪多糖对急性溃疡性结肠炎大鼠结肠黏膜PI3K/Akt信号的调控作用[J].中成药,2015,37(9):2029-2031.
[31]刘億,赵海梅,岳海洋,等.黄芪多糖对结肠炎小鼠结肠黏膜IL-12 p40、IL-12 p70、IL-15和IL-21表达的影响[J].中医研究,2017,30(9):58-60.
[32]YANG M,LIN H B,GONG S T,et al.Effect of Astragalus polysaccharides on expression of TNF-a,IL-1b and NFATc4 in a rat model of experimental colitis[J].Cytokine,2014,70:81-86.
[33]LIU L,CHEN S B,XU X Y,et al.Astragalus polysaccharides combined with ibuprofen exhibit a therapeutic effect on septic rats via an antiin?ammatory cholinergic pathway[J].Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine,2017,14:3127-3130.
[34]林晓泉,廖海,梁蔚婷.注射用黄芪多糖联合化疗治疗恶性肿瘤的临床疗效观察[J].中药材,2009,32(6):1010-1011.
[35]阎力君,洪涛,雒江菡,等.黄芪多糖对结肠癌SW620细胞增殖及凋亡作用的影响[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2017,23(22):97-101.
[36]SUN S Y,ZHENG K,ZHAO H Y,et al.Regulatory effect of Astragalus polysaccharides on intestinal intraepithelialγδTCells of tumor bearing mice[J].Molecules,2014,19:15224-15236.
[37]HUANG W H,LIAO W R,SUN R X.Astragalus polysaccharide induces the apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by decreasing the expression of Notch1[J].International Journal of Molecular Medicine,2016,38:551-557.
[38]YANG B,XIAO B,SUN T.Antitumor and immunomodulatory activity of Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides in H22 tumorbearing mice[J].International journal of Biological Macromolecules,2013,62:287-290.
[39]邱波,荆雪宁,武继彪,等.黄芪多糖诱导的树突状细胞疫苗对s180荷瘤小鼠抗肿瘤作用研究[J].南京中医药大学学报,2015,31(1):44-47.
[40]王洁茹,王金英,张婷婷,等.黄芪多糖调节黑色素瘤小鼠PD-1/PD-Ls分子表达的研究[J].上海中医药大学学报,2014,28(5):74-79.
[41]ZHENG J,M A LT,REN Q Y,et al.The influence of astragalus polysaccharide andβ-elemene on LX-2 cell growth,apoptosis and activation[J].BMC Gastroenterology,2014,14:224.
[42]ZHOU Z,MENG M H,NI H F.Chemosensitizing effect of astragalus polysaccharides on nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by inducing apoptosis and modulating expression of bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspases[J].Medical Science Monitor,2017,23:462-469.
[43]YUAN C,YANG R,TAO S,et al.Astragalus polysaccharide suppresses doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by regulating the PI3k/Akt and p38MAPK pathways[J].Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity,2014,2014:1-12.
[44]李先荣,董彦歌,程林忠,等.黄芪多糖冲剂治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的临床研究[J].山西中医,1994:16-17.
[45]LIU J,ZHANG J F,LU J Z,et al.Astragalus polysaccharide stimulates glucose uptake in L6 myotubes through AMPK activation and AS160/TBC1D4 phosphorylation[J].Acta Pharmacologica Sinica,2013,34:137-145.
[46]Dun C P,LIU J Q,QIU F C,et al.effects of Astragalus polysaccharides on memory impairment in a diabetic rat model[J].Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment,2016,12:1617-1621.
[47]李承德,李静静,王琳,等.黄芪多糖对Fas介导的糖尿病大鼠胰岛β细胞凋亡的抑制作用[J].中药材,2011,34(10):1579-1582.
[48]WU Y,OU-YANG J P,WU K,et al.Hypoglycemic effect of Astragalus polysaccharide and its effect on PTP1B1[J].Acta Pharmacologica Sinica,2005,26(3):345-352.
[49]Gu C Y,ZENG Y P,TANG Z S,et al.Astragalus polysaccharides affect insulin resistance by regulating the hepatic SIRT1-PGC-1α/PPARα-FGF21 signaling pathway in male sprague dawley rats undergoing catch-up growth[J].Molecular Medicine Reports,2015,12:6451-6460.
[50]常晓,李惠林,楚淑芳,等.黄芪多糖介导NRG-1/ErbB信号通路对糖尿病心肌细胞凋亡的作用[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2016,22(9):1192-1195.
[51]JUAN Y C,KUO Y H,CHANG C C,et al.Administration of a decoction of sucrose-and polysaccharide-rich radix astragali(Huang Qi)ameliorated insulin resistance and fatty liver but affected betacell function in type 2 diabetic rats[J].Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,2011,2011:1-11.
[52]LIU D B,CHEN L,ZHAO J Y,et al.Cardioprotection activity and mechanism of Astragalus polysaccharide in vivo and in vitro[J].Biological Macromolecules,2018,111:947-952.
[53]周振华,王洪新,赵素玲,等.黄芪多糖对脂多糖诱导大鼠心肌细胞肥大的保护作用[J].中药材,2012,43(3):24-528.
[54]XIE L D,WU Y,FAN Z J,et al.Astragalus polysaccharide protects human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury:The role of PI3K/AKT,Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3[J].Molecular Medicine Reports,2016,14:904-910.
[55]WANG X H,HUANG W M.Astragalus polysaccharides exert protective effects in newborn rats with bronchopulmonary dysplasia by upregulating the expression of EGFL7 in lung tissue[J].International Journal of Molecular Medicine,2014,34:1529-1536.
[56]李金田,魏舒畅,刘永琦,等.黄芪多糖对肺纤维化大鼠肺上皮细胞超微结构及自由基代谢的影响[J].中华中医药杂志,2011,26(10):2360-2362.
[57]李娟,张毅,刘永琦,等.黄芪多糖对肺纤维化大鼠细胞因子及肺组织病理结构的影响[J].时珍国医国药,2011,22(7):1684-1685.
[58]宋泽庆,林璘,朱艳芬.黄芪多糖对哮喘小鼠特异性免疫治疗的增强作用[J].中国免疫学杂志,2010,26(2):132-135.
[59]PU X Y,MA X L,LIU L,et al.Structural characterization and antioxidant activity in vitro of polysaccharides from angelica and astragalus[J].Carbohydrate Polymers,2016,137:154-164.
[60]YANG F,XIAO C Y,QU J,et al.Structural characterization of low molecular weight polysaccharide from Astragalus membranaceus and its immunologic enhancement inrecombinant protein vaccine against systemic candidiasis[J].Carbohydrate Polymers,2016,145:48-55.
[61]郝霞,李科,王桂臻,等.黄芪药渣中阿拉伯木聚糖提取、分离和结构初步分析[J].山西医科大学学报,2016,47(4):338-343.
[62]MAO X Q,WU Y,WU K,et al.Astragalus polysaccharide reduces hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress and restores glucose homeostasis in a diabetic KKAy mouse model[J].Acta Pharmacologica Sinica,2007,28(12):1947-1956.
[63]ZOU F,MAO X Q,WANG N,et al.Astragalus polysaccharides alleviates glucose toxicity and restores glucose homeostasis in diabetic states via activation of AMPK[J].Acta Pharmacologica Sinica,2009,30:1607-1615.
[64]LIU A H,YU J,JI H Y,et al.Extraction of a novel cold-watersoluble polysaccharide from Astragalus membranaceus and its antitumor and immunological activities[J].Molecules,2018,23:1-13.
[65]FAN W T,ZHANG S J,HAO P,et al.Structure characterization of three polysaccharides and a comparative study of their immunomodulatory activities on chicken macrophage[J].Carbohydrate Polymers,2016,153:631-640.
[66]XU D J,XIA Q,WANG J J,et al.Molecular weight and monosaccharide composition of astragalus polysaccharides[J].Molecules,2008,13:2408-2415.