长白山温带阔叶红松林对温湿环境的调节效应
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摘要
森林具有改善气候、调节微环境的作用,森林小气候的研究对于揭示森林生态系统功能、评估森林生态环境效益具有重要意义.本研究以长白山阔叶红松林为例,基于2003—2014年林内通量塔气象资料及其附近气象站空旷地的同时段气象资料,对其最高、最低和平均气温、相对湿度和表层土壤温度的日变化和季节变化进行对比分析.结果表明:林内气温和相对湿度分别呈现单峰型和U型日变化规律,日较差较林外低2.31℃和8.3%,表层土壤温度日变化趋于恒定,阔叶红松林减缓了温湿度的日变化.夏季主要为降温效应,冬季表现出显著的增温效应.夏季林内气温和土温比林外低1.30和3.91℃;冬季林内气温和土温比林外高2.06和5.44℃.森林对最高温和最低温的调节效应显著.在季节尺度上,夏季森林降低最高气温和土温1.80和5.45℃,冬季提高最低气温和土温3.69和7.92℃.在年尺度上,林内年最高气温和土温分别较林外低1.60和4.99℃,年最低气温和土温分别较林外高1.12和8.82℃.森林对土温的调节效应强于对气温的调节效应.气温和土温均以对低温的保温作用为主.
Forests can improve climate and regulate micro-environment. The study of forest micro-climate is of great significance to reveal forest ecosystem function and evaluate the benefits of forest ecological environment. With broadleaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain as test material, the diurnal and seasonal variations of the mean, maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity and surface soil temperature were analyzed based on the meteorological data of flux tower in the forest and nearby meteorological station in the open land from 2003 to 2014. The results showed that air temperature and relative humidity in the forest showed a unimodal U-shaped diurnal pattern, respectively. The diurnal range was 2.31 ℃ and 8.3% lower than that of the open land. The diurnal surface soil temperature tended to be a constant, indicating an alleviating effects of broadleaved Korean pine forest on the diurnal variation of temperature and moisture. The cooling effect was mainly observed in summer, while the warming effect was significant in winter. The air and soil temperatures in forest in summer were 1.30 and 3.91 ℃ lower than those in the open land, and were 2.06 and 5.44 ℃ higher than those in the open land in winter. Forest regulated the maximum and minimum temperatures significantly. On the season scale, the maximum air and soil temperature in forest decreased by 1.80 and 5.45 ℃ in summer, while the minimum air and soil temperature increased by 3.69 and 7.92 ℃ in winter. On the annual scale, the maximum air and soil temperature in forest were 1.60 and 4.99 ℃ lower than those in the open land, and the minimum air and soil temperature were 1.12 and 8.82 ℃ higher than those in the open land, respectively. The regulating effects of forests on soil temperature was stronger than that on air temperature. Forests mainly warmed the air and soil temperature at cold condition.
Forests can improve climate and regulate micro-environment. The study of forest micro-climate is of great significance to reveal forest ecosystem function and evaluate the benefits of forest ecological environment. With broadleaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain as test material, the diurnal and seasonal variations of the mean, maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity and surface soil temperature were analyzed based on the meteorological data of flux tower in the forest and nearby meteorological station in the open land from 2003 to 2014. The results showed that air temperature and relative humidity in the forest showed a unimodal U-shaped diurnal pattern, respectively. The diurnal range was 2.31 ℃ and 8.3% lower than that of the open land. The diurnal surface soil temperature tended to be a constant, indicating an alleviating effects of broadleaved Korean pine forest on the diurnal variation of temperature and moisture. The cooling effect was mainly observed in summer, while the warming effect was significant in winter. The air and soil temperatures in forest in summer were 1.30 and 3.91 ℃ lower than those in the open land, and were 2.06 and 5.44 ℃ higher than those in the open land in winter. Forest regulated the maximum and minimum temperatures significantly. On the season scale, the maximum air and soil temperature in forest decreased by 1.80 and 5.45 ℃ in summer, while the minimum air and soil temperature increased by 3.69 and 7.92 ℃ in winter. On the annual scale, the maximum air and soil temperature in forest were 1.60 and 4.99 ℃ lower than those in the open land, and the minimum air and soil temperature were 1.12 and 8.82 ℃ higher than those in the open land, respectively. The regulating effects of forests on soil temperature was stronger than that on air temperature. Forests mainly warmed the air and soil temperature at cold condition.
引文
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[27] Yu X-Z (于小舟),Yuan F-H (袁凤辉),Wang A-Z (王安志),et al.Effects of snow cover on soil temperature in broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountains.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2010,21(12):3015-3020 (in Chinese)
[2] He Q-T (贺庆棠).China Forest Meteorology.Beijing:China Forestry Press,2001 (in Chinese)
[3] Tan Z-H (谭正红),Yu G-R (于贵瑞),Zhou G-Y (周国逸),et al.Microclimate of forests across East Asia biomes:1.Radiation and energy balance.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报),2015,39(6):541-553 (in Chinese)
[4] Yang Y-L (杨亚丽),Ren C-Y (任传友),Wang Y-H (王艳华),et al.Vertical gradient variations of tempera-ture and vapor pressure in temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest.Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology (中国农业气象),2016,37(1):11-18 (in Chinese)
[5] Sun J-W (孙金伟),Wu J-B (吴家兵),Guan D-X (关德新),et al.A longterm observation on the air temperature,relative humidity,and soil temperature in a mixed forest and its adjacent open site in Changbai Mountains of Northeast China.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2011,30(12):2685-2691 (in Chinese)
[6] Zhang Y-P (张一平),Liu Y-H (刘玉洪),Ma Y-X (马友鑫),et al.A preliminary study on microclimate in the process of the different growth phases of tropical forest.Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Science) (南京林业大学学报:自然科学版),2002,26(1):83-87 (in Chinese)
[7] Wu J-B (吴家兵),Guan D-X (关德新),Dai L-M (代力民),et al.Summer temperature characteristics of broadleaved Pinus koriaensis forest in Changbai Mountain.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2002,21(5):14-17 (in Chinese)
[8] Ouyang X (欧阳旭),Li Y-L (李跃林),Zhang Q-M (张倩媚).Characteristics of microclimate in a mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2014,33(3):575-582 (in Chinese)
[9] Chen JQ,Saunders SC,Crow TR,et al.Microclimate in forest ecosystem and landscape ecology.BioScience,1999,49:288-289
[10] Xiao J-X (肖金香),Fang Y-T (方运霆).Studies on variation characteristics of forest microclimate in Matoushan nature reserve in Zixi County.Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis (江西农业大学学报),2003,25(5):661-665 (in Chinese)
[11] Zhao Y-G (赵勇刚),Gao K-S (高克姝).Microclimate and seeding cultivation after clear-cutting of Picea and Abies.Journal of Beijing Forestry University (北京林业大学学报),1989,11(1):104-108 (in Chinese)
[12] Mi H-Z (弥宏卓),Zhang Q-L (张秋良),Xu B-Q (徐步强),et al.Research of microclimatic characters of Larix gmelinii forest that under different disturbances.Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (Natural Science) (内蒙古农业大学学报:自然科学版),2011,32(3):67-70 (in Chinese)
[13] Duan W-B (段文标),Du S (杜珊),Chen L-X (陈立新),et al.Effects of forest gap size and uprooted microsite on the microclimate in Pinus koraiensis dominated broadleaved mixed forest.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2013,24(8):2097-2105 (in Chinese)
[14] Feng J (冯静),Duan W-B (段文标),Chen L-X (陈立新),et al.Effects of forest gap size and within-gap position on the microclimate in Pinus koraiensis dominated broadleaved mixed forest.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2012,23(7):1758-1766 (in Chinese)
[15] Liu X-D (刘效东),Zhou G-Y (周国逸),Chen X-Z (陈修治),et al.Forest microclimate change along with the succession and response to climate change in south subtropical region.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2014,34(10):2755-2764 (in Chinese)
[16] Wang C (王琛).Research of Microclimatic Characteristics of Forest in Beijing:Take Miaofeng Mountain For example.Master Thesis.Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2010 (in Chinese)
[17] Hannah DM,Malcolm IA,Soulsby C,et al.A comparison of forest and moorland stream microclimate,heat exchanges and thermal dynamics.Hydrological Processes,2008,22:919-940
[18] Xu M-J (徐明洁),Zhang T (张涛),Sun Y (孙怡),et al.The regulating effects of a coniferous plantation on the temperatures and humidity in Qianyanzhou station.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2018,37(11):3245-3254 (in Chinese)
[19] Gaudio N,Gendre X,Saudreau M,et al.Impact of tree canopy on thermal and radiative microclimates in a mixed temperate forest:A new statistical method to analyse hourly temporal dynamics.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2017,s237-238:71-79
[20] Du Y (杜颖),Guan D-X (关德新),Yin H (殷红),et al.Temperature effect of broad leaved-Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed forest in Changbai Mountains.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2007,26(6):787-792 (in Chinese)
[21] Ciais P,Reichstein M,Viovy N,et al.Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003.Nature,2005,437:529-533
[22] Choat B,Brodribb TJ,Brodersen CR,et al.Triggers of tree mortality under drought.Nature,2018,558:531-539
[23] Reichstein M,Bahn M,Ciais P,et al.Climate extremes and the carbon cycle.Nature,2013,500:287-295
[24] Montwe D,Isaac-Renton M,Hamann A,et al.Cold adaptation recorded in tree rings highlights risks associated with climate change and assisted migration.Nature Communications,2018,9:1574
[25] Yang W-R (杨文睿).Study on Micro-climate Characteristics of North Subtropical Secondary Oak Forests.Master Thesis.Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2009 (in Chinese)
[26] Wang X (王霞),Li Y-T (李永涛),Wei H-X(魏海霞),et al.Spatial temporal variation process of microclimate characteristics of Fraxinus chinensis plantation in the Yellow River Delta.Journal of Northeast Forestry University (东北林业大学学报),2017,45(4):60-64 (in Chinese)
[27] Yu X-Z (于小舟),Yuan F-H (袁凤辉),Wang A-Z (王安志),et al.Effects of snow cover on soil temperature in broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountains.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2010,21(12):3015-3020 (in Chinese)