形式概念分析在软件工程中的应用综述
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摘要
传统软件开发过分地依赖于文档,导致其开发效率不高及灵活性不强的问题.形式概念分析(Formal Concept Analysis,FCA)理论通过对数据集中对象和属性之间的二元关系建立概念层次结构,生动简洁地体现了概念之间的泛化和特化关系,再运用格代数理论对数据进行分析.为此,将FCA与概念格技术引入软件工程领域,比如软件维护和面向对象中的类识别任务等,能够提取出有效的信息以便开发人员读取,从而提高了软件的开发效率和灵活性.根据软件开发的不同阶段,介绍FCA与概念格技术在该环节的具体应用方式及优缺点,并在此基础上分析出在软件完整性、合格检测及大规模软件开发应用中等进一步需要研究的内容.
Traditional software development depends on the documents excessively,which reduces the development efficiency and lowers the development flexibility.We observe that Formal Concept Analysis(FCA)theory has the characteristics that can build concept hierarchy between binary relation of objects and attributes in the dataset,and embody the generalization and specialization relationship among concepts vividly and succinctly.Then,the lattice algebra theory can be used to analyze the characteristics of the data.Therefore,researchers introduces FCA and Concept lattice technology into software engineering,such as software maintenance or classes recognition task in object-oriented programming.The technology can extract the effective information in documents for easy reading,thus improving the development efficiency and flexibility of the software.According to the different stages of software development,this paper introduced the specific applications with FCA and concept lattice technology and their advantages and disadvantages,which has also given analysis of software integrity,qualified test and the application of large-scale software development on the basis of the applications and contents that need to research in the future.
Traditional software development depends on the documents excessively,which reduces the development efficiency and lowers the development flexibility.We observe that Formal Concept Analysis(FCA)theory has the characteristics that can build concept hierarchy between binary relation of objects and attributes in the dataset,and embody the generalization and specialization relationship among concepts vividly and succinctly.Then,the lattice algebra theory can be used to analyze the characteristics of the data.Therefore,researchers introduces FCA and Concept lattice technology into software engineering,such as software maintenance or classes recognition task in object-oriented programming.The technology can extract the effective information in documents for easy reading,thus improving the development efficiency and flexibility of the software.According to the different stages of software development,this paper introduced the specific applications with FCA and concept lattice technology and their advantages and disadvantages,which has also given analysis of software integrity,qualified test and the application of large-scale software development on the basis of the applications and contents that need to research in the future.
引文
[1]MENS T,TOURWT.A survey of software refactoring[J].Software Engineering,IEEE Transactions on,2004,30(2):126-139.
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[3]TONELLA P.Formal concept analysis in software engineering[C]//International Conference on Software Engineering,2004:743-744.
[4]EISENBARTH T,KOSCHKE R,SIMON D.Locating features in source code[J].IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering,2003,29(3):210-224.
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[26]GAJDOP,SNEL V.A new FCA algorithm enabling analyzing of complex and dynamic data sets[J].Software Computing,2014,18(4):683-694.
[27]何云强,李建凤.RBAC中基于概念格的权限管理研究[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版),2011,41(3):308-311.HE Y Q,LI J F.Permission management of RBAC based on concept lattice[J].Journal of Henan University(Natural Science),2011,41(3):308-311.
[28]GANTER B,WILLE R.Applied lattice theory:Formal concept analysis[C]//General Lattice Theory,1997.
[29]GODIN R,HUCHARD M,ROUME C,et al.Inheritance and automation:Where are we now?[C]//16th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming,2002:58-64.
[30]韩道军,郑冰洋,蔡瑞青,等.一种基于未命名概念的类比推理方法[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版),2017,47(4):471-480.HAN D J,ZHENG B Y,CAI R Q,et al.An analogical reasoning method based on the unnamed concept[J].Journal of Henan University(Natural Science),2017,47(4):471-480.
[31]HAITHEM M,MOKHTAR S.Multi-cloud service composition using formal concept analysis[J].The Journal of Systems&Software,2017,134:138-152.
[32]NETO S M,ZRATE L E,SONG M A J.Handling high dimensionality contexts in formal concept analysis via binary decision diagrams[J].Information Sciences,2018,429:361-376.
[33]GONZLEZ-CALABOZO J M,VALVERDE-ALBACETE F J,PELEZ-MORENO C.Interactive knowledge discovery and data mining on genomic expression data with numeric formal concept analysis[J].Springer Journal,2016,17(1):1-15.
[34]GARY K,CHU-HUA K,PICHENG L.Using formal concept analysis to examine water disclosure in corporate social responsibility reports[J].Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,2017,24(4):341-356.
[35]MARWA T,NIDA M,MONDHER M.A new feature selection method for nominal classifier based on formal concept analysis[J].Procedia Computer Science,2017,112:186-194.
[36]ACHARJYA D P,DAS T K.A framework for attribute selection in marketing using rough computing and formal concept analysis[J].IIMB Management Review,2017,29(2):122-135.
[37]PREM K S,CHERUKURI A K,ABDULLAH G.A comprehensive survey on formal concept analysis,its research trends and applications[J].De Gruyte,2016,26(2):495-516.
[2]GANTER B,WILLE R.Applied lattice theory:Formal concept analysis[C]//General Lattice Theory,G.Gr‰tzer editor,Birkh‰user.1997.
[3]TONELLA P.Formal concept analysis in software engineering[C]//International Conference on Software Engineering,2004:743-744.
[4]EISENBARTH T,KOSCHKE R,SIMON D.Locating features in source code[J].IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering,2003,29(3):210-224.
[5]GODIN R,VALTCHEV P.Formal concept analysis-based class hierarchy design in object-oriented software development[M]//Formal Concept Analysis.Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2005:304-323.
[6]SIFF M,REPS T.Identifying modules via concept analysis[J].IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering,1999,25(6):749-768.
[7]马垣.形式概念及其新进展[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.MA Y.Form concept and its new progress[M].Beijing:Science Press,2011.
[8]庄晋林,杨志宏.实用软件工程学[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2009.ZHUANG J L,YANG Z H.Practical software engineering[M].Beijing:China Water&Power Press,2009.
[9]SWANSON E B.The dimensions of maintenance[C]//Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Software engineering.IEEE Computer Society Press,1976:492-497.
[10]FABBRINI F,FUSANI M,GNESI S,et al.Controlling requirements evolution:a formal concept analysis-based approach[C]//International Conference on Software Engineering,2007:68-68.
[11]CIMIANO P,HOTHO A,STAAB S.Learning concept hierarchies from text corpora using formal concept analysis[J].J Artif Intell Res(JAIR),2005,24:305-339.
[12]COLE R,TILLEY T.Conceptual analysis of software structure[C]//SEKE,2003:726-733.
[13]KHOR S,GROGONO P.Using agenetic algorithm and formal concept analysis to generate branch coverage test data automatically[C]//International Conference on Automated Software Engineering,2004:346-349.
[14]易利.基于概念格的面向对象程序回归测试[D].长沙:湖南大学,2006.YI L.Regression testing of object-oriented program based on concept lattice[D].Changsha:Hunan University,2006.
[15]TILLEY T,COLE R,BECKER P,et al.A survey of formal concept analysis support for software engineering activities[M]//Formal concept analysis.Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2005:250-271.
[16]DEKEL U.Applications of concept lattices to code inspection and review[C]//The Israeli Workshop on Programming Languages and Development Environments,2002:25-42.
[17]BALL T.The concept of dynamic analysis[C]//Software Engineering—ESEC/FSE99.Springer Berlin Heidelberg,1999:216-234.
[18]POSHYVANYK D,MARCUS A.Combining formal concept analysis with information retrieval for concept location in source code[C]//15th IEEE International Conference on Program Comprehension,2007:37-48.
[19]AL-EKRAM R,KONTOGIANNIS K.Source code modularization using lattice of concept slices[C]//Eighth European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering,2004:195-203.
[20]TONELLA P.Using a concept lattice of decomposition slices for program understanding and impact analysis[J].Software Engineering,IEEE Transactions on,2003,29(6):495-509.
[21]HAKIK L M,EL HARTI R.Measuring coupling and cohesion to evaluate the quality of a remodularized software architecture result of an approach based on formal concept analysis[J].International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security,2014,14(1):11-16.
[22]CELLIER P.Formal concept analysis applied to fault localization[C]//Companion of the 30th international conference on Software engineering.ACM,2008:991-994.
[23]CIMIANO P,STAAB S,TANE J.Deriving concept hierarchies from text by smooth formal concept analysis[C].Proceedings of GI Workshop Lernen-Wissen-Adaptivitt(LLWA),2003:72-79.
[24]BENDAOUD R,NAPOLI A,TOUSSAINT Y.Formal concept analysis:A unified framework for building and refining ontologies[M].Knowledge Engineering:Practice and Patterns.Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2008:156-171.
[25]滕广青.基于概念格的数字图书馆知识组织研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2012.TENG G Q.Research on knowledge organization based on concept lattice of digital library[D].Changchun:Jilin Univer-sity,2012.
[26]GAJDOP,SNEL V.A new FCA algorithm enabling analyzing of complex and dynamic data sets[J].Software Computing,2014,18(4):683-694.
[27]何云强,李建凤.RBAC中基于概念格的权限管理研究[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版),2011,41(3):308-311.HE Y Q,LI J F.Permission management of RBAC based on concept lattice[J].Journal of Henan University(Natural Science),2011,41(3):308-311.
[28]GANTER B,WILLE R.Applied lattice theory:Formal concept analysis[C]//General Lattice Theory,1997.
[29]GODIN R,HUCHARD M,ROUME C,et al.Inheritance and automation:Where are we now?[C]//16th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming,2002:58-64.
[30]韩道军,郑冰洋,蔡瑞青,等.一种基于未命名概念的类比推理方法[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版),2017,47(4):471-480.HAN D J,ZHENG B Y,CAI R Q,et al.An analogical reasoning method based on the unnamed concept[J].Journal of Henan University(Natural Science),2017,47(4):471-480.
[31]HAITHEM M,MOKHTAR S.Multi-cloud service composition using formal concept analysis[J].The Journal of Systems&Software,2017,134:138-152.
[32]NETO S M,ZRATE L E,SONG M A J.Handling high dimensionality contexts in formal concept analysis via binary decision diagrams[J].Information Sciences,2018,429:361-376.
[33]GONZLEZ-CALABOZO J M,VALVERDE-ALBACETE F J,PELEZ-MORENO C.Interactive knowledge discovery and data mining on genomic expression data with numeric formal concept analysis[J].Springer Journal,2016,17(1):1-15.
[34]GARY K,CHU-HUA K,PICHENG L.Using formal concept analysis to examine water disclosure in corporate social responsibility reports[J].Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,2017,24(4):341-356.
[35]MARWA T,NIDA M,MONDHER M.A new feature selection method for nominal classifier based on formal concept analysis[J].Procedia Computer Science,2017,112:186-194.
[36]ACHARJYA D P,DAS T K.A framework for attribute selection in marketing using rough computing and formal concept analysis[J].IIMB Management Review,2017,29(2):122-135.
[37]PREM K S,CHERUKURI A K,ABDULLAH G.A comprehensive survey on formal concept analysis,its research trends and applications[J].De Gruyte,2016,26(2):495-516.