大学生社会比较倾向与抑郁:人际自立影响的性别差异
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摘要
为明晰大学生社会比较倾向、抑郁、人际自立和性别间的相互关系,通过对701名大学生的问卷调查。研究发现:抑郁与能力社会比较倾向显著正相关,与人际自立显著负相关。人际自立显著调节能力社会比较倾向与抑郁的关系,且存在显著性别差异。与高人际自立男生相比较,低人际自立男生能力社会比较倾向显著预测其抑郁程度。建议高校重点关注低人际自立男大学生,并及时化解他们由于社会比较产生的负性情绪,避免其陷入抑郁的"泥潭"。
Social comparison is a common phenomenon in human living. After reviewing the articles about social comparison and depression,we found that social comparison might be either the risk factor of depression, or the protecting factor against depression. Therefore, we made an inference that the relationship of social comparison and depression might be moderated by certain factors. The objective of this study was to find out the moderating factors, and to verify our hypothesis. Considering that personality is closely related to social comparison and the production and maintenance of depression, we hypothesized that personality might moderate the relationship between social comparison and depressive symptom.In addition, as personality is greatly affected by local culture, and Chinese people have their own special personality characteristics compared to Westerners, the personality should reflect features of Chinese people. Xia and Huang(2006, 2008) put forward the concept of self-support personality of Chinese people, and applied the psychometric method to develop the self-support personality scale, which consisted of two dimensions of interpersonal self-support and individual self-support. In the study that followed, Xia et al(2011) proposed a theoretical viewpoint of interpersonal selfsupport as a protecting factor against depression, and verified their hypothesis through an investigative research. Based on previous studies and theories about social comparison, depression and personality, we hypothesized that social comparison might positively affect the depressive symptom level significantly, then interpersonal self-support might moderate the influence of social comparison on depressive symptom, and all these effects might have significant gender differences. Using the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure Chinese Version(INCOM-CV), Self-Supporting Personality Scale for Adolescent Students(SSPS-AS), and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D), we investigated 701 university students, among them 211 male students and 490 female students. The study analyzed the interaction among social comparison, depression,interpersonal self-support and gender. The results showed that: the depressive symptom level was positively correlated with the ability dimension of social comparison significantly, and negatively correlated with the interpersonal self-support remarkably. Furthermore, the multilevel moderated analysis indicated that interpersonal self-support moderated the relationship between ability dimension of social comparison and depressive symptom significantly, and there was a remarkable gender difference. These results supported our hypothesis. When further analyzing the gender difference, we found that compared to male university students with high score of interpersonal self-support, the social comparison of the male university students with low score of interpersonal self-support positively influenced their depressive symptom remarkably. However, the same effect was not observed in female university students. At present, because various awards and evaluation activities are widely carried out in colleges and universities, and college students may be placed in positive or passive social comparisons. We inferred that social comparison may be accounted a critical reason for depression of university students. According to the results of this study, we suggest that the male university students with low personal self-support should receive more attention, and we should offer immediate help to relieve them from their negative emotions caused by social comparison, in order to free them from being caught in depressive "morass".
Social comparison is a common phenomenon in human living. After reviewing the articles about social comparison and depression,we found that social comparison might be either the risk factor of depression, or the protecting factor against depression. Therefore, we made an inference that the relationship of social comparison and depression might be moderated by certain factors. The objective of this study was to find out the moderating factors, and to verify our hypothesis. Considering that personality is closely related to social comparison and the production and maintenance of depression, we hypothesized that personality might moderate the relationship between social comparison and depressive symptom.In addition, as personality is greatly affected by local culture, and Chinese people have their own special personality characteristics compared to Westerners, the personality should reflect features of Chinese people. Xia and Huang(2006, 2008) put forward the concept of self-support personality of Chinese people, and applied the psychometric method to develop the self-support personality scale, which consisted of two dimensions of interpersonal self-support and individual self-support. In the study that followed, Xia et al(2011) proposed a theoretical viewpoint of interpersonal selfsupport as a protecting factor against depression, and verified their hypothesis through an investigative research. Based on previous studies and theories about social comparison, depression and personality, we hypothesized that social comparison might positively affect the depressive symptom level significantly, then interpersonal self-support might moderate the influence of social comparison on depressive symptom, and all these effects might have significant gender differences. Using the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure Chinese Version(INCOM-CV), Self-Supporting Personality Scale for Adolescent Students(SSPS-AS), and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D), we investigated 701 university students, among them 211 male students and 490 female students. The study analyzed the interaction among social comparison, depression,interpersonal self-support and gender. The results showed that: the depressive symptom level was positively correlated with the ability dimension of social comparison significantly, and negatively correlated with the interpersonal self-support remarkably. Furthermore, the multilevel moderated analysis indicated that interpersonal self-support moderated the relationship between ability dimension of social comparison and depressive symptom significantly, and there was a remarkable gender difference. These results supported our hypothesis. When further analyzing the gender difference, we found that compared to male university students with high score of interpersonal self-support, the social comparison of the male university students with low score of interpersonal self-support positively influenced their depressive symptom remarkably. However, the same effect was not observed in female university students. At present, because various awards and evaluation activities are widely carried out in colleges and universities, and college students may be placed in positive or passive social comparisons. We inferred that social comparison may be accounted a critical reason for depression of university students. According to the results of this study, we suggest that the male university students with low personal self-support should receive more attention, and we should offer immediate help to relieve them from their negative emotions caused by social comparison, in order to free them from being caught in depressive "morass".
引文
丁倩,张永欣,张晨艳,杜红芹,周宗奎.(2016).社交网站使用与青少年抑郁:社会比较和自我概念清晰性的链式中介作用.中国临床心理学杂志,24(5),823-827.
黎琳.(2006).大学生的社会比较与情绪健康.华东师范大学博士学位论文.
李庆安.(2016).基于中国文化的人格与动机理论--中国人格模型与关键需要理论.心理科学,39(2),497-511.
李亚林,景奉杰.(2013).社会比较倾向与心理控制源对消费者冲动性购后满意度的影响.商业研究,2,39-47.
连帅磊,孙晓军,牛更枫,周宗奎.(2017).社交网站中的上行社会比较与抑郁的关系:一个有调节的中介模型及性别差异.心理学报,49(7),941-952.
卢勤,苏彦捷.(2004).性别角色与基本人格维度的相关研究.北京大学学报(自然科学版),40(4),642-651.
孙永强,刘雅欣,王强.(2018).性别观念传统化回归对家庭地位满意度的影响.北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),2,138-149.
王登峰,崔红.(2000).文化、语言、人格结构.北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),37(4),38-46.
王中会,张建新.(2007).性别、性别角色和性别观念对大学生人格特征的影响.心理发展与教育,23(3),50-55.
吴洪辉,廖友国.(2013).近十年大学生自评抑郁量表(SDS)调查结果的元分析.宁波大学学报(教育科学版),35(6),9-12.
夏凌翔,黄希庭.(2006).古籍中自立涵义的概念分析.心理学报,38(6),916-923.
夏凌翔,黄希庭.(2008).青少年学生自立人格量表的建构.心理学报,40(5),593-603.
夏凌翔,黄希庭.(2009).青少年学生自立人格量表的信度与效度.心理科学,32(4),952-954.
夏凌翔,万黎,宋艳,杨翼龙.(2011).人际自立与抑郁的关系.心理学报,43(10),1175-1184.
邢淑芬,俞国良.(2005).社会比较研究的现状与发展趋势.心理科学进展,13(1),78-84.
许琪.(2016).中国人性别观念的变迁趋势、来源和异质性--以“男主外,女主内”和“干得好不如嫁得好”两个指标为例.妇女研究论丛,3,33-43.
杨虎民,苏春景,魏宏灿.(2018).中华优秀传统文化视角下的问题青少年人格重塑.教育研究与实验,3,80-84.
杨秀莲.(2006).文化与人格关系研究的若干问题.教育研究,12,79-83,96.
张妙清,范为桥,张树辉,梁觉.(2008).跨文化(中国人)个性测量表青少年版(CPAI-A)的香港标准化研究--兼顾文化共通性与特殊性的人格测量.心理学报,40(7),839-852.
张冉冉,夏凌翔,陈永.(2014).大学生人际自立特质与抑郁的关系:人际应对的中介作用.心理发展与教育,30(2),193-199.
中国大百科全书总编辑委员会《心理学》编辑委员会,中国大百科全书出版社编辑部.(1991).中国大百科全书-心理学.北京:中国大百科全书出版社.
Beck,A.T.,&Bredemeier,K.(2016).A unified model of depression:Integrating clinical,cognitive,biological,and evolutionary perspectives.Clinical Psychological Science,4(4),596-619.
Buunk,A.P.,&Gibbons,F.X.(2006).Social comparison orientation:A new perspective on those who do and those who don't compare with others.In S.Guimond(Ed.),Social comparison and social psychology:Understanding cognition,intergroup relations,and culture(pp.15-32).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Buunk,A.P.,&Gibbons,F.X.(2007).Social comparison:The end of a theory and the emergence of a field.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,102(1),3-21.
Buunk,B.P.,&Gibbons,F.X.(1997).Health,coping,and well-being:Perspectives from social comparison theory.Mahwah,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Buunk,B.P.,van Der Zee,K.,&Vanyperen,N.W.(2001).Neuroticism and social comparison orientation as moderators of affective responses to social comparison at work.Journal of Personality,69(5),745-762.
Feinstein,B.A.,Hershenberg,R.,Bhatia,V.,Latack,J.A.,Meuwly,N.,&Davila,J.(2013).Negative social comparison on Facebook and depressive symptoms:Rumination as a mechanism.Psychology of Popular Media Culture,2(3),161-170.
Festinger,L.(1954).A theory of social comparison processes.Human Relations,7(2),117-140.
Fliessbach,K.,Weber,B.,Trautner,P.,Dohmen,T.,Sunde,U.,Elger,C.E.,&Falk A.(2007).Social comparison affects reward-related brain activity in the human ventral striatum.Science,318(5854),1305-1308.
Gerber,J.P.(2018).Social comparison theory.In V.Ziegler-Hill&T.K.Shackelford(Eds.),Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences.New York:Springer.
Gerber,J.P.,Wheeler,L.,&Suls,J.(2018).A social comparison theory metaanalysis 60+years on.Psychological Bulletin,144(2),177-197.
Gibbons,F.X.,&Buunk,B.P.(1999).Individual differences in social comparison:Development of a scale of social comparison orientation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,76(1),129-142.
Giordano,C.,Wood,J.V.,&Michela,J.L.(2000).Depressive personality styles,dysphoria,and social comparisons in everyday life.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,79(3),438-451.
Gross,J.J.,&Jazaieri,H.(2014).Emotion,emotion regulation,and psychopathology:An affective science perspective.Clinical Psychological Science,2(4),387-401.
Guimond,S.,Branscombe,N.R.,Brunot,S.,Buunk,A.P.,Chatard,A.,Désert,M.,et al.(2007).Culture,gender,and the self:Variations and impact of social comparison processes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,92(6),1118-1134.
Guimond,S.,Chatard,A.,Martinot,D.,Crisp,R.J.,&Redersdorff,S.(2006).Social comparison,self-stereotyping,and gender differences in selfconstruals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,90(2),221-242.
Gyberg,F.,&Frisén,A.(2017).Identity status,gender,and social comparison among young adults.Identity,17(4),239-252.
Luo,Y.,Eickhoff,S.B.,Hétu,S.,&Feng,C.L.(2018).Social comparison in the brain:A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies on the downward and upward comparisons.Human Brain Mapping,39(1),440-458.
Lyubomirsky,S.(2001).Why are some people happier than others?The role of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being.American Psychologist,56(3),239-249.
Niu,G.F.,Luo,Y.J.,Sun,X.J.,Zhou,Z.K.,Yu,F.,Yang,S.L.,&Zhao,L.(2018).Qzone use and depression among Chinese adolescents:A moderated mediation model.Journal of Affective Disorders,231,58-62.
Pulford,B.D.,Woodward,B.,&Taylor,E.(2018).Do social comparisons in academic settings relate to gender and academic self-confidence?Social Psychology of Education,21(3),677-690.
Sloman,L.,Gilbert,P.,&Hasey,G.(2003).Evolved mechanisms in depression:The role and interaction of attachment and social rank in depression.Journal of Affective Disorders,74(2),107-121.
Swallow,S.R.,&Kuiper,N.A.(1988).Social comparison and negative selfevaluations:An application to depression.Clinical Psychology Review,8(1),55-76.
Vander Zee,K.,Buunk,B.,&Sanderman,R.(1996).The relationship between social comparison processes and personality.Personality and Individual Differences,20(5),551-565.
Vogel,E.A.,Rose,J.P.,Okdie,B.M.,Eckles,K.,&Franz,B.(2015).Who compares and despairs?The effect of social comparison orientation on social media use and its outcomes.Personality and Individual Differences,86,249-256.
Wills,T.A.(1981).Downward comparison principles in social psychology.Psychological Bulletin,90(2),245-271.
Wood,J.V.(1996).What is social comparison and how should we study it?Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,22(5),520-537.
Xia,L.X.,Ding,C.,Hollon,S.D.,&Fan,Q.(2012).The relationship between interpersonal self-support and depression:A longitudinal study.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,31(8),835-851.
Xia,L.X.,Gao,X.,Wang,Q.,&Hollon,S.D.(2014).The relations between interpersonal self-support traits and emotion regulation strategies:Alongitudinal study.Journal of Adolescence,37(6),779-786.
Yang,C.C.,Holden,S.M.,&Carter,M.D.K.(2018).Social media social comparison of ability(but not Opinion)predicts lower identity clarity:Identity processing style as a mediator.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,47(10),2114-2128.
黎琳.(2006).大学生的社会比较与情绪健康.华东师范大学博士学位论文.
李庆安.(2016).基于中国文化的人格与动机理论--中国人格模型与关键需要理论.心理科学,39(2),497-511.
李亚林,景奉杰.(2013).社会比较倾向与心理控制源对消费者冲动性购后满意度的影响.商业研究,2,39-47.
连帅磊,孙晓军,牛更枫,周宗奎.(2017).社交网站中的上行社会比较与抑郁的关系:一个有调节的中介模型及性别差异.心理学报,49(7),941-952.
卢勤,苏彦捷.(2004).性别角色与基本人格维度的相关研究.北京大学学报(自然科学版),40(4),642-651.
孙永强,刘雅欣,王强.(2018).性别观念传统化回归对家庭地位满意度的影响.北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),2,138-149.
王登峰,崔红.(2000).文化、语言、人格结构.北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),37(4),38-46.
王中会,张建新.(2007).性别、性别角色和性别观念对大学生人格特征的影响.心理发展与教育,23(3),50-55.
吴洪辉,廖友国.(2013).近十年大学生自评抑郁量表(SDS)调查结果的元分析.宁波大学学报(教育科学版),35(6),9-12.
夏凌翔,黄希庭.(2006).古籍中自立涵义的概念分析.心理学报,38(6),916-923.
夏凌翔,黄希庭.(2008).青少年学生自立人格量表的建构.心理学报,40(5),593-603.
夏凌翔,黄希庭.(2009).青少年学生自立人格量表的信度与效度.心理科学,32(4),952-954.
夏凌翔,万黎,宋艳,杨翼龙.(2011).人际自立与抑郁的关系.心理学报,43(10),1175-1184.
邢淑芬,俞国良.(2005).社会比较研究的现状与发展趋势.心理科学进展,13(1),78-84.
许琪.(2016).中国人性别观念的变迁趋势、来源和异质性--以“男主外,女主内”和“干得好不如嫁得好”两个指标为例.妇女研究论丛,3,33-43.
杨虎民,苏春景,魏宏灿.(2018).中华优秀传统文化视角下的问题青少年人格重塑.教育研究与实验,3,80-84.
杨秀莲.(2006).文化与人格关系研究的若干问题.教育研究,12,79-83,96.
张妙清,范为桥,张树辉,梁觉.(2008).跨文化(中国人)个性测量表青少年版(CPAI-A)的香港标准化研究--兼顾文化共通性与特殊性的人格测量.心理学报,40(7),839-852.
张冉冉,夏凌翔,陈永.(2014).大学生人际自立特质与抑郁的关系:人际应对的中介作用.心理发展与教育,30(2),193-199.
中国大百科全书总编辑委员会《心理学》编辑委员会,中国大百科全书出版社编辑部.(1991).中国大百科全书-心理学.北京:中国大百科全书出版社.
Beck,A.T.,&Bredemeier,K.(2016).A unified model of depression:Integrating clinical,cognitive,biological,and evolutionary perspectives.Clinical Psychological Science,4(4),596-619.
Buunk,A.P.,&Gibbons,F.X.(2006).Social comparison orientation:A new perspective on those who do and those who don't compare with others.In S.Guimond(Ed.),Social comparison and social psychology:Understanding cognition,intergroup relations,and culture(pp.15-32).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Buunk,A.P.,&Gibbons,F.X.(2007).Social comparison:The end of a theory and the emergence of a field.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,102(1),3-21.
Buunk,B.P.,&Gibbons,F.X.(1997).Health,coping,and well-being:Perspectives from social comparison theory.Mahwah,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Buunk,B.P.,van Der Zee,K.,&Vanyperen,N.W.(2001).Neuroticism and social comparison orientation as moderators of affective responses to social comparison at work.Journal of Personality,69(5),745-762.
Feinstein,B.A.,Hershenberg,R.,Bhatia,V.,Latack,J.A.,Meuwly,N.,&Davila,J.(2013).Negative social comparison on Facebook and depressive symptoms:Rumination as a mechanism.Psychology of Popular Media Culture,2(3),161-170.
Festinger,L.(1954).A theory of social comparison processes.Human Relations,7(2),117-140.
Fliessbach,K.,Weber,B.,Trautner,P.,Dohmen,T.,Sunde,U.,Elger,C.E.,&Falk A.(2007).Social comparison affects reward-related brain activity in the human ventral striatum.Science,318(5854),1305-1308.
Gerber,J.P.(2018).Social comparison theory.In V.Ziegler-Hill&T.K.Shackelford(Eds.),Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences.New York:Springer.
Gerber,J.P.,Wheeler,L.,&Suls,J.(2018).A social comparison theory metaanalysis 60+years on.Psychological Bulletin,144(2),177-197.
Gibbons,F.X.,&Buunk,B.P.(1999).Individual differences in social comparison:Development of a scale of social comparison orientation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,76(1),129-142.
Giordano,C.,Wood,J.V.,&Michela,J.L.(2000).Depressive personality styles,dysphoria,and social comparisons in everyday life.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,79(3),438-451.
Gross,J.J.,&Jazaieri,H.(2014).Emotion,emotion regulation,and psychopathology:An affective science perspective.Clinical Psychological Science,2(4),387-401.
Guimond,S.,Branscombe,N.R.,Brunot,S.,Buunk,A.P.,Chatard,A.,Désert,M.,et al.(2007).Culture,gender,and the self:Variations and impact of social comparison processes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,92(6),1118-1134.
Guimond,S.,Chatard,A.,Martinot,D.,Crisp,R.J.,&Redersdorff,S.(2006).Social comparison,self-stereotyping,and gender differences in selfconstruals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,90(2),221-242.
Gyberg,F.,&Frisén,A.(2017).Identity status,gender,and social comparison among young adults.Identity,17(4),239-252.
Luo,Y.,Eickhoff,S.B.,Hétu,S.,&Feng,C.L.(2018).Social comparison in the brain:A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies on the downward and upward comparisons.Human Brain Mapping,39(1),440-458.
Lyubomirsky,S.(2001).Why are some people happier than others?The role of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being.American Psychologist,56(3),239-249.
Niu,G.F.,Luo,Y.J.,Sun,X.J.,Zhou,Z.K.,Yu,F.,Yang,S.L.,&Zhao,L.(2018).Qzone use and depression among Chinese adolescents:A moderated mediation model.Journal of Affective Disorders,231,58-62.
Pulford,B.D.,Woodward,B.,&Taylor,E.(2018).Do social comparisons in academic settings relate to gender and academic self-confidence?Social Psychology of Education,21(3),677-690.
Sloman,L.,Gilbert,P.,&Hasey,G.(2003).Evolved mechanisms in depression:The role and interaction of attachment and social rank in depression.Journal of Affective Disorders,74(2),107-121.
Swallow,S.R.,&Kuiper,N.A.(1988).Social comparison and negative selfevaluations:An application to depression.Clinical Psychology Review,8(1),55-76.
Vander Zee,K.,Buunk,B.,&Sanderman,R.(1996).The relationship between social comparison processes and personality.Personality and Individual Differences,20(5),551-565.
Vogel,E.A.,Rose,J.P.,Okdie,B.M.,Eckles,K.,&Franz,B.(2015).Who compares and despairs?The effect of social comparison orientation on social media use and its outcomes.Personality and Individual Differences,86,249-256.
Wills,T.A.(1981).Downward comparison principles in social psychology.Psychological Bulletin,90(2),245-271.
Wood,J.V.(1996).What is social comparison and how should we study it?Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,22(5),520-537.
Xia,L.X.,Ding,C.,Hollon,S.D.,&Fan,Q.(2012).The relationship between interpersonal self-support and depression:A longitudinal study.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,31(8),835-851.
Xia,L.X.,Gao,X.,Wang,Q.,&Hollon,S.D.(2014).The relations between interpersonal self-support traits and emotion regulation strategies:Alongitudinal study.Journal of Adolescence,37(6),779-786.
Yang,C.C.,Holden,S.M.,&Carter,M.D.K.(2018).Social media social comparison of ability(but not Opinion)predicts lower identity clarity:Identity processing style as a mediator.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,47(10),2114-2128.