共享领导胜任力构念与测量
|
摘要
共享领导作为一种不同于传统垂直型领导的新型领导不断受到研究者的关注。来自团队成员的共享领导行为,不仅需要团队成员具有共享领导的意愿,更需要团队成员具有共享领导的能力。为此,基于国内外学者关于共享领导相关研究文献回顾及访谈研究,探讨了共享领导胜任力构念及测量。研究提出共享领导胜任力由参与能力、激励能力和影响能力三维度构成,并对共享领导胜任力测量的有效性进行检验。共享领导胜任力的研究对团队有效提升共享领导具有一定的实践意义。
Shared leadership, as a new kind of leadership different from the traditional vertical leadership, is constantly attracting the attention of researchers in recent years. Shared leadership behaviors from team members are determined by not only their intention but also their competency. In this paper, the construction and measurement of shared leadership competency were explored based on the literature review and interview research. It is proposed that shared leadership competency consists of three dimensions: participation ability, incentive ability, and influence ability. The reliability and validity of the shared leadership competency were tested. The research into shared leadership competency is of practical significance to the effective improvement of a team's shared leadership.
Shared leadership, as a new kind of leadership different from the traditional vertical leadership, is constantly attracting the attention of researchers in recent years. Shared leadership behaviors from team members are determined by not only their intention but also their competency. In this paper, the construction and measurement of shared leadership competency were explored based on the literature review and interview research. It is proposed that shared leadership competency consists of three dimensions: participation ability, incentive ability, and influence ability. The reliability and validity of the shared leadership competency were tested. The research into shared leadership competency is of practical significance to the effective improvement of a team's shared leadership.
引文
[1] Cox J F, Pearce C L, Perry M L. Toward a model of shared leadership and distributed influence in the innovation process: How shared leadership can enhance new product development team dynamics and effectiveness[M]//In Pearce C L, Conger J A Eds. Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows And Whys of Leadership, 2003: 48-76.
[2] Seers A, Keller T, Wilkerson J M. Can team members share leadership[M]//In Pearce C L, Conger J A Eds. Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership, 2003: 77-102.
[3] Carson J B, Tesluk P E, Marrone J A. Shared leadership in teams: An investigation of antecedent conditions and performance[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2007, 50(5): 1217-1234.
[4] Boies K, Lvina E, Martens M L. Shared leadership and team performance in a business strategy simulation[J]. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 2010, 9(4): 195-202.
[5] Hoch J E, Dulebohn J H. Shared leadership in enterprise resource planning and human resource management system implementation[J]. Human Resource Management Review, 2013, 23(1): 114-125.
[6] Pearce C L, Sims Jr H P. Vertical versus shared leadership as predictors of the effectiveness of change management teams: An examination of aversive, directive, transactional, transformational, and empowering leader behaviors[J]. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2002, 6(2): 172-197.
[7] Carson J B, Tesluk P E, Marrone J A. Shared leadership in teams: An investigation of antecedent conditions and performance[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2007, 50(5): 1217-1234.
[8] Small E E, Rentsch J R. Shared leadership in teams[J]. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 2010, 9: 203-211.
[9] Daspit J J, Ramachandran I, D'Souza D E. TMT shared leadership and firm performance: Investigating the mediating role of absorptive capacity[J]. Journal of Managerial Issues, 2014, 26(3): 219-239.
[10] Shipper F, Manz C C, Nobles B, et al. Shared entrepreneurship: Toward an empowering, ethical, dynamic, and freedom-based process of collaborative innovation[J]. Organization Management Journal, 2014, 11(3): 133-146.
[11] Brodbeck F C, Kerschreiter R, Mojzisch A, et al. Group decision making under conditions of distributed knowledge: The information asymmetries model[J]. Academy of Management Review, 2007, 32(2): 459-479.
[12] Wang D, Waldman D A, Zhen Z. A meta-analysis of shared leadership and team effectiveness[J].Journal of Applied Psychology, 2014, 99(2): 181-198.
[13] Hoch J E. Shared leadership and innovation: The role of vertical leadership and employee integrity[J]. Journal of Business & Psychology, 2013, 28(2): 159-174.
[14] Serban A, Roberts A J B. Exploring antecedents and outcomes of shared leadership in a creative context: A mixed-methods approach[J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 2016, 27(2): 181-199.
[15] Bamford-Wade A, Moss C. Transformational leadership and shared governance: An action study[J]. Journal of Nursing Management, 2010, 18(7): 815-821.
[16] Devos G, Tuytens M, Hulpia H. Teachers’ organizational commitment: Examining the mediating effects of distributed leadership[J]. American Journal of Education, 2013, 120(2): 205-231.
[17] Lee-Davies L, Kakabadse N K, Kakabadse A. Shared leadership: Leading through polylogue[J]. Business Strategy, 2007, 8(4): 246-253.
[18] Pearce C L, Sims H P. Shared leadership: Toward a multi-level theory of leadership[J]. Advances in Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams, 2000, 7: 115-139.
[19] Somboonpakorn A, Kantabutra S. Shared leadership and shared vision as predictors for team learning process, synergy and effectiveness in healthcare industry[J]. International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 2014, 16(4): 384-416.
[20] Lee-Davies L, Kakabadse N K, Kakabadse A. Shared leadership: Leading through polylogue[J]. Business Strategy Series, 2007, 8(4): 246-253.
[21] 赵鹏娟, 赵国祥. 知识型员工共享领导对团队绩效的影响:团队学习能力的中介效应[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2013, 11(3): 374-379.
[22] Houghton J D, Neck C P, Manz C C. Self-leadership and superleadership[M]//In Pearce C L, Conger J A Eds. Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003: 123-140.
[23] Seibert S E, Sparrowe R T, Liden R C. A group exchange structure approach to leadership in groups[M]//In Pearce C L, Conger J A Eds. Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003:173-192.
[24] Lee D S, Lee K C, Seo Y W. An analysis of shared leadership, diversity, and team creativity in an e-learning environment[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2015, 42: 47-56.
[25] 仲理峰, 时勘. 家族企业高层管理者胜任特征模型[J]. 心理学报, 2004, 36(1): 110-115.
[26] Spencer L M, Spencer S M. Competency at work[M]. New York: John Wiely & Sons, 1993.
[27] Druskat V U, Wheeler J V. Managing from the boundary: The effective leadership of self-managing work teams[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2003, 46(4): 435-457.
[28] West M A, Wallace M. Innovation in health care teams[J]. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1991, 21(4): 303-315.
[29] Meyer J P, Allen N J. Testing the" side-bet theory" of organizational commitment: Some methodological considerations[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1984, 69(3): 372.
[30] Pearce C L, Conger J A. All those years ago[M]//In Pearce C L, Conger J A Eds. Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003: 1-18.
[31] Somech A. Directive versus participative leadership: Two complementary approaches to managing school effectiveness[J]. Educational Administration Quarterly, 2005, 41(5): 777-800.
[32] Lam S S K, Chen X P, Schaubroeck J. Participative decision making and employee performance in different cultures: The moderating effects of allocentrism/idiocentrism and efficacy[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2002, 45(5): 905-914.
[33] Avolio B J, Bass B M, Jung D I. Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership[J]. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 1999, 72(4): 441-462.
[34] Krause D E. Influence-based leadership as a determinant of the inclination to innovate and of innovation-related behaviors: An empirical investigation[J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 2004, 15(1): 79-102.
[35] Wood M S. Determinants of shared leadership in management teams[J]. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 2005, 1(1): 64-85.
[36] Koopman P L, Wierdsma A F M. Participative management[J]. Personnel psychology: Handbook of Work and Organizational Psychology, 1998: 297-324.
[37] Sashkin M, Williams R L. Does fairness make a difference?[J]. Organizational Dynamics, 1990, 19(2): 56-71.
[38] Arnold J A, Arad S, Rhoades J A, et al. The empowering leadership questionnaire: The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring leader behaviors[J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2000,21(3): 249-269.
[39] Bass B M. From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share the vision[J]. Organizational Dynamics, 1990, 18(3): 19-31.
[40] Sagie A, Birati A, Tziner A. Assessing the costs of behavioral and psychological withdrawal: A new model and an empirical illustration[J]. Applied Psychology, 2002, 51(1): 67-89.
[41] Locke E A, Latham G P. Work motivation and satisfaction: Light at the end of the tunnel[J]. Psychological Science, 1990, 1(4): 240-246.
[42] Mitchell T R. Matching motivational strategies with organizational contexts[J]. Research in Organizational Behavior, 1997, 19: 57-150.
[43] Barrick M R, Stewart G L, Piotrowski M. Personality and job performance: Test of the mediating effects of motivation among sales representatives[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2002, 87(1): 43-51.
[44] Ryan R M, Deci E L. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being[J]. American Psychologist, 2000, 55(1): 68-78.
[45] Aubé C, Rousseau V. Team goal commitment and team effectiveness: The role of task interdependence and supportive behaviors[J]. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2005, 9(3): 189-204.
[46] Locke E A. Leadership: Starting at the top[M]//In Pearce C L, Conger J A Eds. Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003:271-284.
[47] Avolio B J, Sivasubramaniam N, Murry W D, et al. Assessing shared Leadership: Development and preliminary validation of a team multifactor leadership questionnaire[M]//In Pearce C L, Conger J A Eds. Shared Leadership: Refraining the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003:143-172.
[48] Mehra A, Smith B R, Dixon A L, et al. Distributed leadership in teams: The network of leadership perceptions and team performance[J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 2006, 17(3): 232-245.
[49] Gockel C, Werth L. Measuring and modeling shared leadership[J]. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 2010, 9: 172-180.
[50] Avolio B J, Bass B M, Jung D I. Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multifactor leadership[J]. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 1999, 72(4): 441-462.
[51] Rafferty A E, Griffin M A. Dimensions of transformational leadership: Conceptual and empirical extensions[J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 2004, 15(3): 329-354.
[52] 黄芳铭. 结构方程模式: 理论与应用[M]. 台北: 五南书局,2007.
[53] Churchill G A. Paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs[J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 1979,16 (1): 64-73.
[54] 刘军. 管理研究方法: 原理与应用[M]. 北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2008.
[55] McIver J, Carmines E G. Unidimensional scaling[M]. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1981.
[56] McDonald R P, Ho M H R. Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses[J]. Psychological Methods, 2002, 7(1): 64.
[57] Hu L, Bentler P M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives[J]. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 1999, 6(1): 1-55.
[58] Pitt L F, Watson R T, Kavan C B. Service quality: A measure of information systems effectiveness[J]. MIS Quarterly, 1995, 19(2): 173-187.
[2] Seers A, Keller T, Wilkerson J M. Can team members share leadership[M]//In Pearce C L, Conger J A Eds. Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership, 2003: 77-102.
[3] Carson J B, Tesluk P E, Marrone J A. Shared leadership in teams: An investigation of antecedent conditions and performance[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2007, 50(5): 1217-1234.
[4] Boies K, Lvina E, Martens M L. Shared leadership and team performance in a business strategy simulation[J]. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 2010, 9(4): 195-202.
[5] Hoch J E, Dulebohn J H. Shared leadership in enterprise resource planning and human resource management system implementation[J]. Human Resource Management Review, 2013, 23(1): 114-125.
[6] Pearce C L, Sims Jr H P. Vertical versus shared leadership as predictors of the effectiveness of change management teams: An examination of aversive, directive, transactional, transformational, and empowering leader behaviors[J]. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2002, 6(2): 172-197.
[7] Carson J B, Tesluk P E, Marrone J A. Shared leadership in teams: An investigation of antecedent conditions and performance[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2007, 50(5): 1217-1234.
[8] Small E E, Rentsch J R. Shared leadership in teams[J]. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 2010, 9: 203-211.
[9] Daspit J J, Ramachandran I, D'Souza D E. TMT shared leadership and firm performance: Investigating the mediating role of absorptive capacity[J]. Journal of Managerial Issues, 2014, 26(3): 219-239.
[10] Shipper F, Manz C C, Nobles B, et al. Shared entrepreneurship: Toward an empowering, ethical, dynamic, and freedom-based process of collaborative innovation[J]. Organization Management Journal, 2014, 11(3): 133-146.
[11] Brodbeck F C, Kerschreiter R, Mojzisch A, et al. Group decision making under conditions of distributed knowledge: The information asymmetries model[J]. Academy of Management Review, 2007, 32(2): 459-479.
[12] Wang D, Waldman D A, Zhen Z. A meta-analysis of shared leadership and team effectiveness[J].Journal of Applied Psychology, 2014, 99(2): 181-198.
[13] Hoch J E. Shared leadership and innovation: The role of vertical leadership and employee integrity[J]. Journal of Business & Psychology, 2013, 28(2): 159-174.
[14] Serban A, Roberts A J B. Exploring antecedents and outcomes of shared leadership in a creative context: A mixed-methods approach[J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 2016, 27(2): 181-199.
[15] Bamford-Wade A, Moss C. Transformational leadership and shared governance: An action study[J]. Journal of Nursing Management, 2010, 18(7): 815-821.
[16] Devos G, Tuytens M, Hulpia H. Teachers’ organizational commitment: Examining the mediating effects of distributed leadership[J]. American Journal of Education, 2013, 120(2): 205-231.
[17] Lee-Davies L, Kakabadse N K, Kakabadse A. Shared leadership: Leading through polylogue[J]. Business Strategy, 2007, 8(4): 246-253.
[18] Pearce C L, Sims H P. Shared leadership: Toward a multi-level theory of leadership[J]. Advances in Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams, 2000, 7: 115-139.
[19] Somboonpakorn A, Kantabutra S. Shared leadership and shared vision as predictors for team learning process, synergy and effectiveness in healthcare industry[J]. International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 2014, 16(4): 384-416.
[20] Lee-Davies L, Kakabadse N K, Kakabadse A. Shared leadership: Leading through polylogue[J]. Business Strategy Series, 2007, 8(4): 246-253.
[21] 赵鹏娟, 赵国祥. 知识型员工共享领导对团队绩效的影响:团队学习能力的中介效应[J]. 心理与行为研究, 2013, 11(3): 374-379.
[22] Houghton J D, Neck C P, Manz C C. Self-leadership and superleadership[M]//In Pearce C L, Conger J A Eds. Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003: 123-140.
[23] Seibert S E, Sparrowe R T, Liden R C. A group exchange structure approach to leadership in groups[M]//In Pearce C L, Conger J A Eds. Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003:173-192.
[24] Lee D S, Lee K C, Seo Y W. An analysis of shared leadership, diversity, and team creativity in an e-learning environment[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2015, 42: 47-56.
[25] 仲理峰, 时勘. 家族企业高层管理者胜任特征模型[J]. 心理学报, 2004, 36(1): 110-115.
[26] Spencer L M, Spencer S M. Competency at work[M]. New York: John Wiely & Sons, 1993.
[27] Druskat V U, Wheeler J V. Managing from the boundary: The effective leadership of self-managing work teams[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2003, 46(4): 435-457.
[28] West M A, Wallace M. Innovation in health care teams[J]. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1991, 21(4): 303-315.
[29] Meyer J P, Allen N J. Testing the" side-bet theory" of organizational commitment: Some methodological considerations[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1984, 69(3): 372.
[30] Pearce C L, Conger J A. All those years ago[M]//In Pearce C L, Conger J A Eds. Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003: 1-18.
[31] Somech A. Directive versus participative leadership: Two complementary approaches to managing school effectiveness[J]. Educational Administration Quarterly, 2005, 41(5): 777-800.
[32] Lam S S K, Chen X P, Schaubroeck J. Participative decision making and employee performance in different cultures: The moderating effects of allocentrism/idiocentrism and efficacy[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2002, 45(5): 905-914.
[33] Avolio B J, Bass B M, Jung D I. Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership[J]. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 1999, 72(4): 441-462.
[34] Krause D E. Influence-based leadership as a determinant of the inclination to innovate and of innovation-related behaviors: An empirical investigation[J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 2004, 15(1): 79-102.
[35] Wood M S. Determinants of shared leadership in management teams[J]. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 2005, 1(1): 64-85.
[36] Koopman P L, Wierdsma A F M. Participative management[J]. Personnel psychology: Handbook of Work and Organizational Psychology, 1998: 297-324.
[37] Sashkin M, Williams R L. Does fairness make a difference?[J]. Organizational Dynamics, 1990, 19(2): 56-71.
[38] Arnold J A, Arad S, Rhoades J A, et al. The empowering leadership questionnaire: The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring leader behaviors[J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2000,21(3): 249-269.
[39] Bass B M. From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share the vision[J]. Organizational Dynamics, 1990, 18(3): 19-31.
[40] Sagie A, Birati A, Tziner A. Assessing the costs of behavioral and psychological withdrawal: A new model and an empirical illustration[J]. Applied Psychology, 2002, 51(1): 67-89.
[41] Locke E A, Latham G P. Work motivation and satisfaction: Light at the end of the tunnel[J]. Psychological Science, 1990, 1(4): 240-246.
[42] Mitchell T R. Matching motivational strategies with organizational contexts[J]. Research in Organizational Behavior, 1997, 19: 57-150.
[43] Barrick M R, Stewart G L, Piotrowski M. Personality and job performance: Test of the mediating effects of motivation among sales representatives[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2002, 87(1): 43-51.
[44] Ryan R M, Deci E L. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being[J]. American Psychologist, 2000, 55(1): 68-78.
[45] Aubé C, Rousseau V. Team goal commitment and team effectiveness: The role of task interdependence and supportive behaviors[J]. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2005, 9(3): 189-204.
[46] Locke E A. Leadership: Starting at the top[M]//In Pearce C L, Conger J A Eds. Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003:271-284.
[47] Avolio B J, Sivasubramaniam N, Murry W D, et al. Assessing shared Leadership: Development and preliminary validation of a team multifactor leadership questionnaire[M]//In Pearce C L, Conger J A Eds. Shared Leadership: Refraining the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003:143-172.
[48] Mehra A, Smith B R, Dixon A L, et al. Distributed leadership in teams: The network of leadership perceptions and team performance[J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 2006, 17(3): 232-245.
[49] Gockel C, Werth L. Measuring and modeling shared leadership[J]. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 2010, 9: 172-180.
[50] Avolio B J, Bass B M, Jung D I. Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multifactor leadership[J]. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 1999, 72(4): 441-462.
[51] Rafferty A E, Griffin M A. Dimensions of transformational leadership: Conceptual and empirical extensions[J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 2004, 15(3): 329-354.
[52] 黄芳铭. 结构方程模式: 理论与应用[M]. 台北: 五南书局,2007.
[53] Churchill G A. Paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs[J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 1979,16 (1): 64-73.
[54] 刘军. 管理研究方法: 原理与应用[M]. 北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2008.
[55] McIver J, Carmines E G. Unidimensional scaling[M]. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1981.
[56] McDonald R P, Ho M H R. Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses[J]. Psychological Methods, 2002, 7(1): 64.
[57] Hu L, Bentler P M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives[J]. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 1999, 6(1): 1-55.
[58] Pitt L F, Watson R T, Kavan C B. Service quality: A measure of information systems effectiveness[J]. MIS Quarterly, 1995, 19(2): 173-187.