沈彤《释骨》考略
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摘要
沈彤为清代乾隆年间经学家和考据学家,与方苞、惠栋等经学大家交往密切。清代名医徐灵胎为其同乡好友,沈彤寓居徐灵胎医馆期间受针灸医生所请,同时因"耻其为吾身所具而不知,又伤唐以后论撰有贻误后人者"而撰《释骨》。《释骨》为一部中医骨骼解剖专书,取《黄帝内经》《针灸甲乙经》中骨骼名称、部位、形态而考释之,训释体例具有"以经证字,以字解经"的特点,虽篇幅精悍而影响颇深,初刻于清乾隆十六年(公元1751年),刊成不久即流传日本,成为针灸经穴及注释《黄帝内经》的重要参考书,同时,它在中医解剖史上也具有重要意义。
Shen Tong is a scholar of Qing Dynasty in classics study and textual criticism.He kept close contacts with masters of classics such as Hui Dong and Fang Bao.Xu Lingtai,a famous doctor in the Qing Dynasty,was his fellow townsman.He had lived in Xu's hospital for a period of time,during which an acupuncturist asked him some questions about acupoint.Since he was ashamed of his ignorance of the structure of human body and worried about the erroneous exposition that had been circulated since the Tang Dynasty,he decided to write the book later known as Shigu.Shigu(Explaining bones) is a TCM anatomy book on bones.The main contents in this book included the names,locations and appearances of bones in all parts of body which had been mentioned in Huangdi's Internal Classics and A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion.The exegesis and styles of this book are characterized by the statement that" to confirm the word by classics,and explain classics with the word".Although short in length,it had a profound influence.It was first published in Sixteenth years of Emperor Qianlong in Qing Dynasty(1751),and spread to Japan soon after its publication,becoming an important reference book for acupuncture and moxibustion as well as the explanation of Huangdi's Internal Classics.It is of great significance in the history of TCM anatomy.
Shen Tong is a scholar of Qing Dynasty in classics study and textual criticism.He kept close contacts with masters of classics such as Hui Dong and Fang Bao.Xu Lingtai,a famous doctor in the Qing Dynasty,was his fellow townsman.He had lived in Xu's hospital for a period of time,during which an acupuncturist asked him some questions about acupoint.Since he was ashamed of his ignorance of the structure of human body and worried about the erroneous exposition that had been circulated since the Tang Dynasty,he decided to write the book later known as Shigu.Shigu(Explaining bones) is a TCM anatomy book on bones.The main contents in this book included the names,locations and appearances of bones in all parts of body which had been mentioned in Huangdi's Internal Classics and A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion.The exegesis and styles of this book are characterized by the statement that" to confirm the word by classics,and explain classics with the word".Although short in length,it had a profound influence.It was first published in Sixteenth years of Emperor Qianlong in Qing Dynasty(1751),and spread to Japan soon after its publication,becoming an important reference book for acupuncture and moxibustion as well as the explanation of Huangdi's Internal Classics.It is of great significance in the history of TCM anatomy.
引文
[1] 李真瑜.明清吴江沈氏世家百位诗人考略[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,2014:213-221.Li ZY. A brief Examination of 100 Poets of Shen Family in Wujiang in Ming and Qing Dynasties[M]. Hefei: Anhui Education Press, 2014:213-221.
[2] 沈彤.周官禄田考·惠栋序[M].清代抄本,1776.Shen T. Study on Salary of Officials in Zhou Dynasty, Hui Dong’s preface[M]. Hand-copied Book of Qing Dynasty, 1776.
[3] 沈彤.果堂集·卷四·与望谿先生书[M].上海:上海书局,1888.Shen T. The Collections of Guotangji, Vol. IV, a letter for Mr. Wangxi[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Book Office, 1888.
[4] 沈彤.释骨[M].吴江:沈廷镛重修世楷堂刻昭代丛书本,1919.Shen T. Shi Gu[M]. Wu Jiang: Shen Tingyong's Re-revision of Zhaodai Series Books published by Shikaitang, 1919.
[5] 薛清录.中国中医古籍总目[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,2007.Xue QL. General catalogue of ancient Chinese medicine books[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 2007.
[6] 伊广谦.范行准传略[J].中华医史杂志,1998,28(4):54-55.Yi GQ. A brief biography of Fan Xing[J]. Journal of Chinese Medical History, 1998, 28(4):54-55.
[7] 马继兴.针灸学通史[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2011.Ma JX. General History of Acupuncture and Moxibustion[M]. Changsha: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 2011.
[8] 沈彤.释骨[M].日本早稻田大学抄本电子影印版.Shen T. ShiGu[M]. Electronic Photocopying Plate of Hand-copied Book by Japanese, Waseda University.
[9] 张建中,金芷.中医文化撷芳[M].上海:上海中医药大学出版社,2005:239-241.Zhang JZ, Jin Z. Collection of Traditional Chinese Medicine Culture[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Press, 2005:239-241.
[10] 《中医学三百题》编委会.中医学三百题[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1989:753-754.Editorial Board of 300 Topics of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 300 topics of traditional Chinese medicine[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House:1989:753-754.
[11] 沈彤.周官禄田考·释骨一卷,邓邦述跋[M].清代抄本,1776.Shen T. Study on Salaries of Officials in Zhou Dynasty·Shigu, Vol. 1, postscript written by Deng BS[M]. Hand-copied Book of Qing Dynasty, 1776.
[12] 张舜徽.清人文集别录卷五·果堂集[M].北京:中华书局,1980:177-178.Zhang SH. Collection of Qing Humanities Vol. V· Guotang collection[M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1980:177-178.
[13] 李锄.《灵枢·骨度》新校勘三则[J].上海中医药杂志,1983,30(12):39-40.Li C. Three new collations of Lingzhu Gudu[J]. Shanghai Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1983,30(12):39-40.
[14] 刘衡如.就《灵枢·骨度》背骨段校勘问题与李锄先生商讨[J].上海中医药杂志,1985,1(4):4-5.Liu HR. Discussed with Mr. Li C on the collation of the back bone segment of Lingshu Gudu[J]. Shanghai Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1985,1(4):4-5.
[15] 邵冠勇.《释骨》辨正[J].山东中医药大学学报,2000,24(2):134-136,146.Shao GY. Discrimination of Shigu[J]. Journal of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2000,24(2):134-136,146.
[16] 王永炎,杨宝琴,黄启福.正确认识中医解剖知识在学科建设中的地位和作用[J].天津中医药,2004,21(1):1-3.Wang YY, Yang BQ, Huang QF. Correct understanding of the position and role of anatomical knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine in discipline construction[J]. Tianjin Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2004,21(1):1-3.
[2] 沈彤.周官禄田考·惠栋序[M].清代抄本,1776.Shen T. Study on Salary of Officials in Zhou Dynasty, Hui Dong’s preface[M]. Hand-copied Book of Qing Dynasty, 1776.
[3] 沈彤.果堂集·卷四·与望谿先生书[M].上海:上海书局,1888.Shen T. The Collections of Guotangji, Vol. IV, a letter for Mr. Wangxi[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Book Office, 1888.
[4] 沈彤.释骨[M].吴江:沈廷镛重修世楷堂刻昭代丛书本,1919.Shen T. Shi Gu[M]. Wu Jiang: Shen Tingyong's Re-revision of Zhaodai Series Books published by Shikaitang, 1919.
[5] 薛清录.中国中医古籍总目[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,2007.Xue QL. General catalogue of ancient Chinese medicine books[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 2007.
[6] 伊广谦.范行准传略[J].中华医史杂志,1998,28(4):54-55.Yi GQ. A brief biography of Fan Xing[J]. Journal of Chinese Medical History, 1998, 28(4):54-55.
[7] 马继兴.针灸学通史[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2011.Ma JX. General History of Acupuncture and Moxibustion[M]. Changsha: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 2011.
[8] 沈彤.释骨[M].日本早稻田大学抄本电子影印版.Shen T. ShiGu[M]. Electronic Photocopying Plate of Hand-copied Book by Japanese, Waseda University.
[9] 张建中,金芷.中医文化撷芳[M].上海:上海中医药大学出版社,2005:239-241.Zhang JZ, Jin Z. Collection of Traditional Chinese Medicine Culture[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Press, 2005:239-241.
[10] 《中医学三百题》编委会.中医学三百题[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1989:753-754.Editorial Board of 300 Topics of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 300 topics of traditional Chinese medicine[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House:1989:753-754.
[11] 沈彤.周官禄田考·释骨一卷,邓邦述跋[M].清代抄本,1776.Shen T. Study on Salaries of Officials in Zhou Dynasty·Shigu, Vol. 1, postscript written by Deng BS[M]. Hand-copied Book of Qing Dynasty, 1776.
[12] 张舜徽.清人文集别录卷五·果堂集[M].北京:中华书局,1980:177-178.Zhang SH. Collection of Qing Humanities Vol. V· Guotang collection[M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1980:177-178.
[13] 李锄.《灵枢·骨度》新校勘三则[J].上海中医药杂志,1983,30(12):39-40.Li C. Three new collations of Lingzhu Gudu[J]. Shanghai Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1983,30(12):39-40.
[14] 刘衡如.就《灵枢·骨度》背骨段校勘问题与李锄先生商讨[J].上海中医药杂志,1985,1(4):4-5.Liu HR. Discussed with Mr. Li C on the collation of the back bone segment of Lingshu Gudu[J]. Shanghai Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1985,1(4):4-5.
[15] 邵冠勇.《释骨》辨正[J].山东中医药大学学报,2000,24(2):134-136,146.Shao GY. Discrimination of Shigu[J]. Journal of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2000,24(2):134-136,146.
[16] 王永炎,杨宝琴,黄启福.正确认识中医解剖知识在学科建设中的地位和作用[J].天津中医药,2004,21(1):1-3.Wang YY, Yang BQ, Huang QF. Correct understanding of the position and role of anatomical knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine in discipline construction[J]. Tianjin Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2004,21(1):1-3.