不同时期施氮比例与种植方式对豫南稻区粳稻产量性状和氮素利用效率的影响
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摘要
采用裂区设计,在豫南地区研究了不同时期施氮比例和种植方式(手插秧、机插秧)对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响,为指导豫南稻区水稻生产提供理论依据。结果表明,手插秧、机插秧2种种植方式下,与不施氮肥处理相比,不同氮素配比(基蘖肥与穗肥比例分别为4∶6、5∶5、6∶4、7∶3)均可提高水稻的穗粒数和产量,手插秧条件下以氮素配比为6∶4产量最高,增幅达27.65%;机插秧条件下以氮素配比为7∶3产量最高,增幅达115.55%;且机插秧产量高于手插秧,但差异未达到显著水平。手插秧在6∶4处理条件下有效穗数和穗粒数高于其他处理;机插秧在5∶5处理条件下有效穗数最高,在7∶3处理条件下穗粒数最高;手插秧和机插秧对照的结实率和千粒质量最高。手插秧成熟期干物质积累在氮素配比为6∶4达最大;抽穗开花期,手插秧与机插秧在氮素配比6∶4与7∶3处理条件下叶片、茎鞘、植株氮素含量较高;氮素生理利用率,在不同氮素配比条件下机插秧均高于手插秧,且2种种植方式均以氮素配比7∶3为最高;氮素偏生产力,手插秧条件下以氮素配比6∶4为最高,机插秧条件下以氮素配比7∶3最高;而百千克籽粒需氮量,手插秧条件下以氮素配比5∶5与6∶4最高,机插秧条件下以氮素配比6∶4最高。因此,种植方式对氮素配比的响应存在明显差异,手插秧和机插秧的最佳施氮配比分别为6∶4和7∶3,此时产量和氮素利用效率最高。
The effects of nitrogen application rate at different stages and planting pattern [artificial transplanting( AT) and mechanical transplanting( MT) ] on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency were studied under the precise and quantitative cultivation with the split plot experiment design in paddy field in southern Henan province. This study could provide a certain theoretical foundation for rice production in paddy field in southern Henan province. The results indicated that under the two different planting patterns,different nitrogen ratios( the ratios of base tillering fertilizer to panicle fertilizer were 4 ∶ 6,5 ∶ 5,6∶ 4,and 7∶ 3) could significantly improve the grain number per spikelet and grain yield of rice. In the AT way,the nitrogen proportion of 6∶ 4 had the highest yield,which increased by 27. 65% compared with thecontrol without nitrogen fertilizer,while the nitrogen proportion of 7 ∶ 3 in the MT way had the highest yield,which increased by 115. 55% compared with the control. In addition,the production of MT was higher than that of AT,but the difference did not reach the significant level. In case of AT,effective panicles and grain number in 6 ∶ 4 were higher than those of other treatments; while in MT,effective panicles were highest in 5∶ 5,and grain number was highest in 7 ∶ 3; and the seed setting rate and 1 000 grain weight were highest in control under AT and MT. The dry matter accumulation at the mature stage in AT reached the maximum at the nitrogen ratio of 6 ∶ 4. At the heading and flowering stage,the nitrogen content in leaves and stems was higher with nitrogen ratios of 6 ∶ 4 and 7 ∶ 3 under AT and MT,respectively. The MT had a higher level than AT in the nitrogen use physiological efficiency under different nitrogen ratios,and the best nitrogen ratio was 7∶ 3 for the two planting methods. The AT had the highest partial factor productivity at the nitrogen ratio of 6 ∶ 4,but the MT was 7 ∶ 3. The highest nitrogen use for 100 kg grain was 5∶ 5 and 6∶ 4 in AT,while 6∶ 4 in MT. Therefore,there was a significant effect on yield with different nitrogen proportions under different cultivation ways. The best nitrogen ratios for AT and MT were 6∶ 4 and 7∶ 3 respectively,under which AT and MT had the highest yield and nitrogen use efficiency.
The effects of nitrogen application rate at different stages and planting pattern [artificial transplanting( AT) and mechanical transplanting( MT) ] on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency were studied under the precise and quantitative cultivation with the split plot experiment design in paddy field in southern Henan province. This study could provide a certain theoretical foundation for rice production in paddy field in southern Henan province. The results indicated that under the two different planting patterns,different nitrogen ratios( the ratios of base tillering fertilizer to panicle fertilizer were 4 ∶ 6,5 ∶ 5,6∶ 4,and 7∶ 3) could significantly improve the grain number per spikelet and grain yield of rice. In the AT way,the nitrogen proportion of 6∶ 4 had the highest yield,which increased by 27. 65% compared with thecontrol without nitrogen fertilizer,while the nitrogen proportion of 7 ∶ 3 in the MT way had the highest yield,which increased by 115. 55% compared with the control. In addition,the production of MT was higher than that of AT,but the difference did not reach the significant level. In case of AT,effective panicles and grain number in 6 ∶ 4 were higher than those of other treatments; while in MT,effective panicles were highest in 5∶ 5,and grain number was highest in 7 ∶ 3; and the seed setting rate and 1 000 grain weight were highest in control under AT and MT. The dry matter accumulation at the mature stage in AT reached the maximum at the nitrogen ratio of 6 ∶ 4. At the heading and flowering stage,the nitrogen content in leaves and stems was higher with nitrogen ratios of 6 ∶ 4 and 7 ∶ 3 under AT and MT,respectively. The MT had a higher level than AT in the nitrogen use physiological efficiency under different nitrogen ratios,and the best nitrogen ratio was 7∶ 3 for the two planting methods. The AT had the highest partial factor productivity at the nitrogen ratio of 6 ∶ 4,but the MT was 7 ∶ 3. The highest nitrogen use for 100 kg grain was 5∶ 5 and 6∶ 4 in AT,while 6∶ 4 in MT. Therefore,there was a significant effect on yield with different nitrogen proportions under different cultivation ways. The best nitrogen ratios for AT and MT were 6∶ 4 and 7∶ 3 respectively,under which AT and MT had the highest yield and nitrogen use efficiency.
引文
[1]凌启鸿,张洪程,丁艳锋,等.水稻高产技术的新发展——精确定量栽培[J].中国稻米,2005,11(1):3-7.
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[4]戴平安,郑圣先,李学斌,等.穗肥氮施用比例对两系杂交水稻氮素吸收、籽粒氨基酸含量和产量的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2006,20(1):79-83.
[5]朱兆良,文启孝.中国土壤氮素[M].南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1992.
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[10]郑克武,邹江石,吕川根.氮肥和栽插密度对杂交稻“两优培九”产量及氮素吸收利用的影响[J].作物学报,2006,32(6):885-893.
[11]吴文革,杨联松,苏泽胜,等.不同施氮条件下杂交中籼稻的群体质量与产量形成[J].中国生态农业学报,2008,16(5):1083-1089.
[12]李杰,张洪程,董洋阳,等.不同生态区栽培方式对水稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(13):2661-2672.
[13]赵庆勇,朱镇,张亚东,等.播期和地点对不同生态类型粳稻稻米品质性状的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2013,27(3):297-304.
[14]黄庆宇,李刚华,杨从党,等.高产环境下水稻精确定量栽培技术初探[J].西南农业学报,2006,19(z1):162-165.
[15]刁操铨,贺汉林.作物栽培学实验指导[M].北京:农业出版社,1988.
[16]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[17]王绍华,曹卫星,丁艳锋,等.基本苗数和施氮量对水稻氮吸收与利用的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2003,26(4):1-4.
[18]李卫国,任永玲.氮、磷、钾、硅肥配施对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响[J].山西农业科学,2001,29(1):53-58.
[19]李卫国.钾肥对水稻生长发育的影响机理[J].山西农业科学,2001,29(4):37-39.
[20]Novoa R,Loomis R S.Nitrogen and plant production[J].Plant and Soil,1981,58(1):177-204.
[21]胡雅杰,朱大伟,邢志鹏,等.改进施氮运筹对水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):12-22.
[22]刘建,魏亚凤,徐少安.蘖穗肥氮素配比对水稻产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2006,25(3):223-227.
[23]严奉君,孙永健,马均,等.不同土壤肥力条件下麦秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交稻氮素利用、产量及米质的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2015,29(1):56-64.
[24]彭长青,李世峰,卞新民,等.机插水稻精确定量栽培调控技术研究[J].上海农业学报,2006,22(1):20-24.
[25]张洪程.机插水稻高产栽培途径与技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005:22-54.
[26]孙雄彪,金志杰,陈惠哲,等.水稻机插秧不同时期氮肥配施对产量的影响[J].中国稻米,2009(4):59-61.
[2]蒋彭炎.水稻高产栽培理论与技术讲座(2)高产水稻的若干生物学规律[J].中国稻米,1994,1(2):43-45.
[3]凌启鸿,张洪程,戴其根,等.水稻精确定量施氮研究[J].中国农业科学,2005,38(12):2457-2467.
[4]戴平安,郑圣先,李学斌,等.穗肥氮施用比例对两系杂交水稻氮素吸收、籽粒氨基酸含量和产量的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2006,20(1):79-83.
[5]朱兆良,文启孝.中国土壤氮素[M].南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1992.
[6]Wang H,Mc Caig T N,De Pauw R M,et al.Physiological characteristics of recent Canada western red spring wheat cultivars:Components of grain nitrogen yield[J].Canadian Journal of Plant Science,2003,83(4):699-707.
[7]赵志鹏,曹黎明,王新其,等.氮素与密度处理对水稻精量穴直播群体特征及产量结构的影响[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2014,32(2):68-73.
[8]张洪程,李杰,戴其根,等.机插稻“标秧,精插,稳发,早搁,优中,强后”高产栽培精确定量关键技术[J].中国稻米,2010,16(5):1-6.
[9]霍中洋,葛鑫,张洪程,等.施氮方式对不同专用小麦氮素吸收及氮肥利用率的影响[J].作物学报,2004,30(5):449-454.
[10]郑克武,邹江石,吕川根.氮肥和栽插密度对杂交稻“两优培九”产量及氮素吸收利用的影响[J].作物学报,2006,32(6):885-893.
[11]吴文革,杨联松,苏泽胜,等.不同施氮条件下杂交中籼稻的群体质量与产量形成[J].中国生态农业学报,2008,16(5):1083-1089.
[12]李杰,张洪程,董洋阳,等.不同生态区栽培方式对水稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(13):2661-2672.
[13]赵庆勇,朱镇,张亚东,等.播期和地点对不同生态类型粳稻稻米品质性状的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2013,27(3):297-304.
[14]黄庆宇,李刚华,杨从党,等.高产环境下水稻精确定量栽培技术初探[J].西南农业学报,2006,19(z1):162-165.
[15]刁操铨,贺汉林.作物栽培学实验指导[M].北京:农业出版社,1988.
[16]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[17]王绍华,曹卫星,丁艳锋,等.基本苗数和施氮量对水稻氮吸收与利用的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2003,26(4):1-4.
[18]李卫国,任永玲.氮、磷、钾、硅肥配施对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响[J].山西农业科学,2001,29(1):53-58.
[19]李卫国.钾肥对水稻生长发育的影响机理[J].山西农业科学,2001,29(4):37-39.
[20]Novoa R,Loomis R S.Nitrogen and plant production[J].Plant and Soil,1981,58(1):177-204.
[21]胡雅杰,朱大伟,邢志鹏,等.改进施氮运筹对水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):12-22.
[22]刘建,魏亚凤,徐少安.蘖穗肥氮素配比对水稻产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2006,25(3):223-227.
[23]严奉君,孙永健,马均,等.不同土壤肥力条件下麦秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交稻氮素利用、产量及米质的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2015,29(1):56-64.
[24]彭长青,李世峰,卞新民,等.机插水稻精确定量栽培调控技术研究[J].上海农业学报,2006,22(1):20-24.
[25]张洪程.机插水稻高产栽培途径与技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005:22-54.
[26]孙雄彪,金志杰,陈惠哲,等.水稻机插秧不同时期氮肥配施对产量的影响[J].中国稻米,2009(4):59-61.