中国种养业废弃物肥料化利用发展分析
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摘要
近年来中国种养业发展迅速,随之产生的废弃物数量也呈现大幅度增长,由于人们对种养业废弃物资源的认识不够,特别是将废弃物肥料化利用重视程度不够,造成了资源浪费,加重了环境污染。在国家大力推进"加快废弃物资源化利用"的背景下,该文总结了中国种养业废弃物肥料化利用的现状,概述了废弃物肥料化利用的主要方式和相关技术,分析了中国在种养业废弃物肥料化利用过程中存在的突出问题,提出了相应对策建议,并对未来中国种养业废弃物肥料化利用的发展趋势进行了展望,为中国种养业废弃物资源化利用,特别是肥料化利用的发展提供参考。
In recent years, a large number of wastes increase rapidly with the agriculture and livestock development in China. However, these wastes aggravate environmental pollution and lead to cause resource wasting due to the lack of understanding on the agricultural and livestock wastes that as an available resource, especially using for organic fertilizer. Under the policy background of "speeding up the resources utilization of wastes ", in order to solve some problems on organic fertilizer utilization for wastes of agricultural and animal wastes, the innovation of technology and equipment should be speed up to utilize potential nutrients pool of wastes. It is of important to reduce the input of chemical fertilizer and to mitigate agricultural non-point source pollution, also has great significance to promote the green and healthy development for agriculture and guarantee the implementation of the strategy of "storing grain in the land" in China. Therefore, we analyzed the present situation for fertilizer utilization of agricultural and animal wastes in China using the total amount and utilization proportion of organic wastes. Also, we summarized the main ways and related technologies for fertilization utilization of wastes including crop straw returning, aerobic composting, returned by straw-animal-excretion, edible mushrooms cultivating, anaerobic digestion, charring or producing commercial organic fertilizer. However, there were many existing problems on the organic fertilizer utilization of agricultural and animal wastes such as the total amounts of waste was unclear and could not be collected unified, the sources quality of organic fertilizer from agricultural and animal wastes was uneven, the technology and equipment for organic fertilizer utilization was still lagging behind, the quality and market competitiveness of organic fertilizer was insufficient, the relevant policy guidance for organic fertilizer utilization of waste was lack. Meanwhile, we presented homologous countermeasures and suggestion according to these unsolved problems, which should be formulating collection and transportation systems of agricultural and animal wastes, improving core technology innovation on organic fertilizer utilization, strengthening the supervision of organic fertilizer market and enhancing the market competitiveness. These suggestions would promote to develop with the right direction for the organic fertilizer utilization of agricultural and animal wastes, and possibly some problems such as wastes disposal of large-scale livestock and poultry farm and crop straws using for organic fertilizer could be resolved, which also provide a reference for resource utilization of agricultural and animal wastes, especially the development of organic fertilizer utilization in China. Future, the technological innovation on optimized fermentation, non-hazardous treatment and organic fertilizer safe utilization of agricultural and animal wastes should be intensified in China. The new subject, new form, new industry for organic fertilizer utilization of wastes should be established to improve the clean process of livestock and the ecological production of wastes utilization. The utilization efficiency for organic fertilizer of agricultural and animal wastes would be increased by a newly formed situation including industrialization development, market-oriented management and scientific management and socialized service. Therefore, a newly historical opportunity for the organic fertilizer utilization of agricultural and animal wastes will be brought due to the development of science and technology, the increase of the environmental protection and the support of governmental policy in our country.
In recent years, a large number of wastes increase rapidly with the agriculture and livestock development in China. However, these wastes aggravate environmental pollution and lead to cause resource wasting due to the lack of understanding on the agricultural and livestock wastes that as an available resource, especially using for organic fertilizer. Under the policy background of "speeding up the resources utilization of wastes ", in order to solve some problems on organic fertilizer utilization for wastes of agricultural and animal wastes, the innovation of technology and equipment should be speed up to utilize potential nutrients pool of wastes. It is of important to reduce the input of chemical fertilizer and to mitigate agricultural non-point source pollution, also has great significance to promote the green and healthy development for agriculture and guarantee the implementation of the strategy of "storing grain in the land" in China. Therefore, we analyzed the present situation for fertilizer utilization of agricultural and animal wastes in China using the total amount and utilization proportion of organic wastes. Also, we summarized the main ways and related technologies for fertilization utilization of wastes including crop straw returning, aerobic composting, returned by straw-animal-excretion, edible mushrooms cultivating, anaerobic digestion, charring or producing commercial organic fertilizer. However, there were many existing problems on the organic fertilizer utilization of agricultural and animal wastes such as the total amounts of waste was unclear and could not be collected unified, the sources quality of organic fertilizer from agricultural and animal wastes was uneven, the technology and equipment for organic fertilizer utilization was still lagging behind, the quality and market competitiveness of organic fertilizer was insufficient, the relevant policy guidance for organic fertilizer utilization of waste was lack. Meanwhile, we presented homologous countermeasures and suggestion according to these unsolved problems, which should be formulating collection and transportation systems of agricultural and animal wastes, improving core technology innovation on organic fertilizer utilization, strengthening the supervision of organic fertilizer market and enhancing the market competitiveness. These suggestions would promote to develop with the right direction for the organic fertilizer utilization of agricultural and animal wastes, and possibly some problems such as wastes disposal of large-scale livestock and poultry farm and crop straws using for organic fertilizer could be resolved, which also provide a reference for resource utilization of agricultural and animal wastes, especially the development of organic fertilizer utilization in China. Future, the technological innovation on optimized fermentation, non-hazardous treatment and organic fertilizer safe utilization of agricultural and animal wastes should be intensified in China. The new subject, new form, new industry for organic fertilizer utilization of wastes should be established to improve the clean process of livestock and the ecological production of wastes utilization. The utilization efficiency for organic fertilizer of agricultural and animal wastes would be increased by a newly formed situation including industrialization development, market-oriented management and scientific management and socialized service. Therefore, a newly historical opportunity for the organic fertilizer utilization of agricultural and animal wastes will be brought due to the development of science and technology, the increase of the environmental protection and the support of governmental policy in our country.
引文
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