两种水温条件下团头鲂对7种蛋白源饲料表观消化率的比较
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摘要
采用由30%待测蛋白源饲料原料和70%基础饲料组成的试验饲料,以三氧化二钇(Y_2O_3)作外源指示剂,添加量为0.05%,以平均体重(34.38±1.06)g的团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)幼鱼作研究对象,在30℃和25℃两种水温条件下比较研究其对鱼粉(FM)、豆粕(SBM)、菜粕(RSM)、棉粕(CSM)、酵母浸粉(YEF)、肉骨粉(MBM)和花生粕(PNM)7种蛋白源饲料原料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、总能(GE)、总氨基酸(TAA)及必需氨基酸(EAA)的表观消化率。结果显示:水温30℃时,酵母浸粉的干物质、总能、粗蛋白和必需氨基酸的表观消化率最高;水温25℃时,原料干物质和总能的表观消化率最高的为鱼粉,粗蛋白、必需氨基酸和总氨基酸的表观消化率最高的为豆粕。在两个水温下,原料干物质、粗蛋白、总氨基酸和必需氨基酸的表观消化率最低的均是肉骨粉,总能的表观消化率最低的是棉粕。在30℃时团头鲂对蛋白源饲料原料各营养成分的表观消化率高于25℃时,且酵母浸粉在两个水温下各营养成分的消化率差异显著(P<0.05)。在30℃时,酵母浸粉的各养分表观消化率较高,但其氨基酸平衡性较差,需适量添加蛋氨酸,满足团头鲂对氨基酸的需求;在25℃时,豆粕和鱼粉各养分表观消化率较高,可作为团头鲂饲料的优质蛋白源饲料原料。肉骨粉在两个水温下均表现出最低表观消化率,需搭配其他饲料适量使用。
Blunt snout bream(Megalobrama amblycephala) is an herbivorous fish belonging to the Cyprinidae family. It has been widely cultured in China due to its excellent value. Research on the feed ingredients should be conducted to optimize feed formula under various circumstances. This study investigated the apparent digestibility of dry matter(DM), crude protein(CP), gross energy(GE), total amino acid(TAA), and essential amino acid(EAA) in fish meal(FM), meat and bone meal(MBM), soybean meal(SBM), rapeseed meal(RSM), cottonseed meal(CSM), yeast extract fermentation(YEF), and peanut meal(PNM) at different temperatures(25℃ and 30℃) indicated by 0.05% Y_2O_3 for blunt snout bream(34.38±2.16 g). The diets consisted of a 70% basal diet and 30% test ingredients. Fish were fed twice daily in recirculation water system aquaria for 4 weeks. During the feeding trial, excrement was collected 30 minutes after feeding, then dried and stored for analysis. At 30℃, the apparent digestibility of DM, CP, GE, TAA, and EAA was approximately 24.88%–90.63%, 52.32%–94.88%, 47.77%– 102.68%, 51.18%–95.15%, 42.97%–95.5%, and 50.49%–94.9%, respectively. YEF had the highest apparent digestibility of DM, CP, GE, and EAA. SBM had the highest apparent digestibility of TAA. MBM showed the lowest apparent digestibility of DM, CP, TAA, and EAA. CSM had the lowest apparent digestibility of GE. At 25℃, the apparent digestibility of DM, CP, GE, TAA, and EAA was approximately 33.65%–79.79%, 64.23%–96.53%, 58.17%–89.79%, 57.13%–97.4%, 49.03%–97.3%, and 56.85%–97.09%. SBM had the highest apparent digestibility of CP, TAA, and EAA, FM had the highest apparent digestibility of all other nutritional compositions. The same result was found at 30℃. In addition, the apparent digestibility of DM, CP, TAA, EAA, and MBM was the lowest, while CSM had the lowest apparent digestibility of GE. Therefore, the apparent digestibility of the seven feed protein ingredients were all different at different temperatures in blunt snout bream. In other words, temperature affected the apparent digestibility of feed protein ingredients. In conclusion, the apparent digestibility of animal protein feedstuff was better than nonanimal protein feedstuff for blunt snout bream, perhaps because this is an herbivorous fish that can use plant proteins more efficiently. YEF showed the highest apparent digestibility of all ingredients at 30℃; therefore, it can be used as a high quality fish feed ingredient. However, the amino acid balance of YEF was worse than FM, and should have methionine(Met) added to the feed, to enable the fish to use it better. Conversely, MBM had the lowest apparent digestibility, which may have been due to the numerous bones, which cannot be digested by fish, with the result that the nutriment of bone could not be used by blunt snout bream. Therefore, it should be used rarely in fish feed. At 25℃, the highest apparent digestibilities of all ingredients were in the FM and SBM, which can be used as high quality alternative protein sources for blunt snout bream. At 25℃, MBM was not a good feed ingredient. CSM showed the lowest apparent digestibility of GE under both temperatures, which may have been because CSM had a high level of cellulose, and the fish cannot process cellulose, so that this feed moved faster through the intestinal canal. The apparent digestibility of amino acids varied among different test ingredients, the same was found for single test ingredients. Overall, the apparent digestibility of DM, CP, GE, TAA, and EAA in FM, MBM, SBM, RSM, CSM, YEF, and PNM were different at different temperatures.
Blunt snout bream(Megalobrama amblycephala) is an herbivorous fish belonging to the Cyprinidae family. It has been widely cultured in China due to its excellent value. Research on the feed ingredients should be conducted to optimize feed formula under various circumstances. This study investigated the apparent digestibility of dry matter(DM), crude protein(CP), gross energy(GE), total amino acid(TAA), and essential amino acid(EAA) in fish meal(FM), meat and bone meal(MBM), soybean meal(SBM), rapeseed meal(RSM), cottonseed meal(CSM), yeast extract fermentation(YEF), and peanut meal(PNM) at different temperatures(25℃ and 30℃) indicated by 0.05% Y_2O_3 for blunt snout bream(34.38±2.16 g). The diets consisted of a 70% basal diet and 30% test ingredients. Fish were fed twice daily in recirculation water system aquaria for 4 weeks. During the feeding trial, excrement was collected 30 minutes after feeding, then dried and stored for analysis. At 30℃, the apparent digestibility of DM, CP, GE, TAA, and EAA was approximately 24.88%–90.63%, 52.32%–94.88%, 47.77%– 102.68%, 51.18%–95.15%, 42.97%–95.5%, and 50.49%–94.9%, respectively. YEF had the highest apparent digestibility of DM, CP, GE, and EAA. SBM had the highest apparent digestibility of TAA. MBM showed the lowest apparent digestibility of DM, CP, TAA, and EAA. CSM had the lowest apparent digestibility of GE. At 25℃, the apparent digestibility of DM, CP, GE, TAA, and EAA was approximately 33.65%–79.79%, 64.23%–96.53%, 58.17%–89.79%, 57.13%–97.4%, 49.03%–97.3%, and 56.85%–97.09%. SBM had the highest apparent digestibility of CP, TAA, and EAA, FM had the highest apparent digestibility of all other nutritional compositions. The same result was found at 30℃. In addition, the apparent digestibility of DM, CP, TAA, EAA, and MBM was the lowest, while CSM had the lowest apparent digestibility of GE. Therefore, the apparent digestibility of the seven feed protein ingredients were all different at different temperatures in blunt snout bream. In other words, temperature affected the apparent digestibility of feed protein ingredients. In conclusion, the apparent digestibility of animal protein feedstuff was better than nonanimal protein feedstuff for blunt snout bream, perhaps because this is an herbivorous fish that can use plant proteins more efficiently. YEF showed the highest apparent digestibility of all ingredients at 30℃; therefore, it can be used as a high quality fish feed ingredient. However, the amino acid balance of YEF was worse than FM, and should have methionine(Met) added to the feed, to enable the fish to use it better. Conversely, MBM had the lowest apparent digestibility, which may have been due to the numerous bones, which cannot be digested by fish, with the result that the nutriment of bone could not be used by blunt snout bream. Therefore, it should be used rarely in fish feed. At 25℃, the highest apparent digestibilities of all ingredients were in the FM and SBM, which can be used as high quality alternative protein sources for blunt snout bream. At 25℃, MBM was not a good feed ingredient. CSM showed the lowest apparent digestibility of GE under both temperatures, which may have been because CSM had a high level of cellulose, and the fish cannot process cellulose, so that this feed moved faster through the intestinal canal. The apparent digestibility of amino acids varied among different test ingredients, the same was found for single test ingredients. Overall, the apparent digestibility of DM, CP, GE, TAA, and EAA in FM, MBM, SBM, RSM, CSM, YEF, and PNM were different at different temperatures.
引文
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[2]Halyer J E.Fish Nutrition[M].2nd ed.San Diego:Academic Press,1989:332-421.
[3]De Silva S S,Anderson T A.Fish Nutrition in Acquaculture[M].London:Chapman&Hall,1995:103-142.
[4]Usmani N,Jafri A K.Effect of fish size and temperature on the utilization of different protein sources in two catfish species[J].Aquaculture Research,2002,33:959-967.
[5]Tian H J,Zhuang P,Zhang L Z,et al.Effects of water temperature on activities of digestive enzymes of juvenile Acipenser schrenckii[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2007,14(1):126-131.[田宏杰,庄平,章龙珍,等.水温对施氏鲟幼鱼消化酶活力的影响[J].中国水产科学,2007,14(1):126-131.]
[6]Hong L,Zhang X M.Effects of environmental stress on physiological function of fish[J].Advances in Marine Science,2004,22(1):114-121.[洪磊,张秀梅.环境胁迫对鱼类生理机能的影响[J].海洋科学进展,2004,22(1):114-121.]
[7]Yang H P,Tong S Y,Wang Z C.An review:Digestive enzymes in fishery animals[J].Journal of Dalian Fisheries University,1998,13(3):66-73.[杨蕙萍,童圣英,王子臣.国内外关于水产动物消化酶研究的概况[J].大连水产学院学报,1998,13(3):66-73.]
[8]Zhang B,Sun Y,Tang Q S.Gastric evacuation rate of fish and its influence factors[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2001,21(4):665-670.[张波,孙耀,唐启升.鱼类的胃排空率及其影响因素[J].生态学报,2001,21(4):665-670.]
[9]Bureau of Fisheries,Ministry of Agriculture.China Fishery Statistical Yearbook[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2015:27-31.[农业部渔业渔政管理局.中国渔业统计年鉴[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2015:27-31.]
[10]Wu J K,Yong W Y,You W Z,et al.Apparent digestibility and digestible energy of 12 feedstuffs for bluntnose black bream(Megalobrama amblycocephala Yih)[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,1995,2(3):55-62.[吴建开,雍文岳,游文章,等.团头鲂(Megalobrama amblyocephala Yih)对12种饲料原料消化率和可消化能的测定[J].中国水产科学,1995,2(3):55-62.]
[11]Jiang X J,Liang D N,Liu W B,et al.Apparent digestibility of proteins,amino acids and phosphorus of seven feed ingredients for bluntnose black bream[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2011,18(1):119-126.[姜雪姣,梁丹妮,刘文斌,等.团头鲂对7种饲料的蛋白质、氨基酸及磷的表观消化率[J].中国水产科学,2011,18(1):119-126.]
[12]Jiang X J,Liang D N,Liu W B,et al.Apparent digestibility of eight unconventional feed ingredients for Megalobrama amblycephala[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2011,35(6):932-939.[姜雪姣,梁丹妮,刘文斌,等.团头鲂对8种非常规饲料原料中营养物质的表观消化率[J].水产学报,2011,35(6):932-939.]
[13]Zhang C N,Wang A M,Liu W B,et al.Effects of dietary lipid levels on fat deposition,lipid metabolize enzyme and antioxidantic activities of Chelon haematocheilus[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2013,20(1):108-115.[张春暖,王爱民,刘文斌,等.饲料脂肪水平对梭鱼脂肪沉积、脂肪代谢酶及抗氧化酶活性的影响[J].中国水产科学,2013,20(1):108-115.]
[14]Liu W,Li Z F.Effects of temperatures on the physiological and biochemical index of silver carp and bighead carp[J].Journal of Northeast Normal University,1996(2):108-112.[刘伟,李佐锋.温度对链鳙鱼生理生化指标的影响[J].东北师大学报:自然科学版,1996(2):108-112.]
[15]Lei S J,Li D S.Effect of temperature,salinity,food type and body weight on the digestibility of Tai Wan red tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus?O.mossambicus)[J].Marine Science,2000,24(9):11996(2):1-3.[雷思佳,李德尚.食物类型、温度、盐度和体重对台湾红罗非鱼消化率的影响[J].海洋科学,2000,24(9):1-3.]
[16]Zhou Z G,Ren Z L.Effects of water temperature on the apparent digestibility coefficient of crude protein and energy in Cyprinus carpio[J].China Feed,2005(7):17-19.[周志刚,任泽林.水温对鲤鱼粗蛋白质、能量表观消化率的影响[J].中国饲料,2005(7):17-19.]
[17]Elliott J M.The effects of temperature and ration size on the growth and energetics of salmonids in captivity[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology,1982,73(1)B:81-91.
[18]Bai H W,Zhang Y,Li X,et al.Effects of water temperature on feeding,growth and activities of digestive enzymes of juvenile Acipenser schrenckii[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2012,19(5):799-805.[白海文,张颖,李雪,等.温度对施氏鲟幼鱼摄食、生长和肠道消化酶活性的影响[J].中国水产科学,2012,19(5):799-805.]
[19]Qiang J,Xu P,He J,et al.Combined effects of temperature and salinity on growth and survival of(GIFT)Nile tilapia larvae(Oreochromis niloticus)[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2011,18(6):1299-1307.[强俊,徐跑,何杰,等.温度与盐度对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼仔鱼生长与存活的联合影响[J].中国水产科学,2011,18(6):1299-1307.]
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