台州电子垃圾拆解区水和沉积物中多溴联苯醚污染特征与生态风险
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摘要
以台州某电子垃圾拆解工业园为圆心,在半径为16 km的范围内,由近及远设计了C(3 km)、S(5~10 km)和R(10~16km)三圈共30个采样点,研究了该区域水及沉积物中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的污染特征与生态风险.结果表明,水中PBDEs含量为9.4~57.2 ng·L~(-1),平均值为25.9 ng·L~(-1);沉积物中PBDEs含量为3.7~38 775 ng·g~(-1),平均值为2 779 ng·g~(-1);BDE-209均为主要成分.水及沉积物中PBDEs含量的空间分布态势均为:C圈>S圈>R圈,沉积物中PBDEs含量和离工业园区中心的距离呈极显著负相关(P<0.01).与国内外其它地区相比,该调查区PBDEs污染较为严重,电子垃圾拆解是PBDEs污染的主要来源.经推算,该区域近40年的拆卸活动向该地输入的PBDEs总量达30.7 t,其中BDE-209为28.9 t.采用商值法对PBDEs进行初步的生态风险评估表明,拆解核心区(半径为1.5 km)沉积物中五溴联苯醚(Penta-BDEs)的污染程度已达高风险等级,对该地区的生态安全和人群健康可能造成严重影响.
An e-waste dismantling industrial park of Taizhou was selected as the sampling center,within a radius of 16 km,and a total of 30 sampling sites were designed in three circles as follows: C( 3 km),S( 5-10 km) and R( 10-16 km). Pollution characteristics and ecological risk of polybrominated diphenyl ethers( PBDEs) in water and sediments were investigated. The concentrations of PBDEs in water ranged from 9. 4 to 57. 2 ng·L~(-1),with a mean value of 25. 9 ng·L~(-1); and 3. 7 to 38 775 ng·g~(-1),with an average of 2 779ng·g~(-1)in sediments. BDE-209 was the predominant congener. The spatial distribution patterns of PBDE levels in water and sediment were both in the following order: C > S > R. Furthermore,the concentrations of PBDEs in sediments showed significant negative correlation against the distance from the industrial park( P < 0. 01). Compared with other regions around the world,the PBDEs contamination was more serious in the area,which indicated that e-waste dismantling activity was one of the significant sources for PBDEs pollution. It was estimated that a total of 30. 7 t PBDEs( including 28. 9 t BDE-209) was discharged into surrounding environment as a result of dismantling industrial activities in last 40 years. A preliminary ecological risk assessment for PBDEs in water and sediments was conducted by hazard quotient method. The results demonstrated that the Penta-BDEs in the center of e-waste dismantling area( a radius of 1. 5 km) was at particularly high risk level and could cause serious influence on the ecological safety and human health.
An e-waste dismantling industrial park of Taizhou was selected as the sampling center,within a radius of 16 km,and a total of 30 sampling sites were designed in three circles as follows: C( 3 km),S( 5-10 km) and R( 10-16 km). Pollution characteristics and ecological risk of polybrominated diphenyl ethers( PBDEs) in water and sediments were investigated. The concentrations of PBDEs in water ranged from 9. 4 to 57. 2 ng·L~(-1),with a mean value of 25. 9 ng·L~(-1); and 3. 7 to 38 775 ng·g~(-1),with an average of 2 779ng·g~(-1)in sediments. BDE-209 was the predominant congener. The spatial distribution patterns of PBDE levels in water and sediment were both in the following order: C > S > R. Furthermore,the concentrations of PBDEs in sediments showed significant negative correlation against the distance from the industrial park( P < 0. 01). Compared with other regions around the world,the PBDEs contamination was more serious in the area,which indicated that e-waste dismantling activity was one of the significant sources for PBDEs pollution. It was estimated that a total of 30. 7 t PBDEs( including 28. 9 t BDE-209) was discharged into surrounding environment as a result of dismantling industrial activities in last 40 years. A preliminary ecological risk assessment for PBDEs in water and sediments was conducted by hazard quotient method. The results demonstrated that the Penta-BDEs in the center of e-waste dismantling area( a radius of 1. 5 km) was at particularly high risk level and could cause serious influence on the ecological safety and human health.
引文
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[17]刘芃岩,路佳良,孙佳惠,等.多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)光降解研究现状[J].环境化学,2015,34(2):270-278.
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[23]Luo Q,Cai Z W,Wong M H.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish and sediment from river polluted by electronic waste[J].Science of the Total Environment,2007,383(1-3):115-127.
[24]Sellstrm U,Kierkegaard A,De Wit C,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in sediment and fish from a Swedish River[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1998,17(6):1065-1072.
[25]Chen S J,Gao X J,Mai B X,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface sediments of the Yangtze River Delta:levels,distribution and potential hydrodynamic influence[J].Environmental Pollution,2006,144(3):951-957.
[26]林忠胜,马新东,张庆华,等.环渤海沉积物中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的研究[J].海洋环境科学,2008,27(S2):24-27.
[27]陈社军,麦碧娴,曾永平,等.珠江三角洲及南海北部海域表层沉积物中多溴联苯醚的分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(9):1265-1271.
[28]任金亮,王平.多溴联苯醚环境行为的特征与研究进展[J].化工进展,2006,25(10):1152-1157.
[29]张龙,王俊霞,徐峰,等.多溴联苯醚在电子拆解区及周边土壤和灰尘中的分布规律和源分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(9):1730-1736.
[30]陈宣宇,薛南冬,张石磊,等.废旧电器拆解区河流沉积物中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的污染特征与生态风险[J].环境科学,2014,35(10):3731-3739.
[31]World Health Organization.Environmental health criteria 162.Brominated diphenylethers[R].Geneva,Switzerland:WHO,1994.
[32]Environment Canada.Ecological Screening Assessment Report on Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers(PBDEs)[R].Environment Canada,Ottawa,Canada,2006.
[33]Kllqvist T,Grung M,Tollefsen K E.Chronic toxicity of 2,4,2',4'‐tetrabromodiphenyl ether on the marine alga Skeletonema costatum and the crustacean Daphnia magna[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2006,25(6):1657-1662.
[34]Viberg H,Fredriksson A,Eriksson P.Neonatal exposure to the brominated flame-retardant,2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether,decreases cholinergic nicotinic receptors in hippocampus and affects spontaneous behaviour in the adult mouse[J].Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,2004,17(2):61-65.
[35]Darnerud P O.Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and in wildlife[J].Environment International,2003,29(6):841-853.
[2]Jaward F M,Zhang G,Nam J J,et al.Passive air sampling of polychlorinated biphenyls,organochlorine compounds,and polybrominated diphenyl ethers across Asia[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(22):8638-8645.
[3]Jiang H,Lin Z K,Wu Y Y,et al.Daily intake of polybrominated diphenyl ethers via dust and diet from an e-waste recycling area in China[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2014,276:35-42.
[4]Chen D,Mai B X,Song J,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in birds of prey from Northern China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007,41(6):1828-1833.
[5]Zhu L Y,Ma B L,Li J G,et al.Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from North China:implication of exposure pathways[J].Chemosphere,2009,74(11):1429-1434.
[6]Wang C Y,Lin Z,Dong Q X,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in human serum from Southeast China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2012,78:206-211.
[7]Ikonomou M G,Rayne S,Addison R F.Exponential increases of the brominated flame retardants,polybrominated diphenyl ethers,in the Canadian Arctic from 1981 to 2000[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2002,36(9):1886-1892.
[8]Chen X J,Huang C J,Wang X C,et al.BDE-47 disrupts axonal growth and motor behavior in developing zebrafish[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2012,120-121:35-44.
[9]He J H,Yang D R,Wang C Y,et al.Chronic zebrafish low dose decabrominated diphenyl ether(BDE-209)exposure affected parental gonad development and locomotion in F1offspring[J].Ecotoxicology,2011,20(8):1813-1822.
[10]Zhu B R,Wang Q W,Wang X F,et al.Impact of co-exposure with lead and decabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-209)on thyroid function in zebrafish larvae[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2014,157:186-195.
[11]Mc Donald T A.A perspective on the potential health risks of PBDEs[J].Chemosphere,2002,46(5):745-755.
[12]管玉峰,涂秀云,吴宏海.珠江入海口水体中多溴联苯醚及其来源分析[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(3):474-479.
[13]Watanabe I,Sakai S I.Environmental release and behavior of brominated flame retardants[J].Environment International,2003,29(6):665-682.
[14]Oros D R,Hoover D,Rodigari F,et al.Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water,surface sediments,and bivalves from the San Francisco Estuary[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(1):33-41.
[15]Wurl O,Lam P K S,Obbard J P.Occurrence and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in the dissolved and suspended phases of the sea-surface microlayer and seawater in Hong Kong,China[J].Chemosphere,2006,65(9):1660-1666.
[16]Hites R A.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people:a meta-analysis of concentrations[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38(4):945-956.
[17]刘芃岩,路佳良,孙佳惠,等.多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)光降解研究现状[J].环境化学,2015,34(2):270-278.
[18]Moon H B,Choi M,Yu J,et al.Contamination and potential sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in water and sediment from the artificial Lake Shihwa,Korea[J].Chemosphere,2012,88(7):837-843.
[19]Nie X P,Fan C P,Wang Z H,et al.Toxic assessment of the leachates of paddy soils and river sediments from e-waste dismantling sites to microalga,Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2015,111:168-176.
[20]Song W L,Ford J C,Li A,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sediments of the Great Lakes.1.Lake Superior[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38(12):3286-3293.
[21]Eljarrat E,De La Cal A,Raldua D,et al.Occurrence and bioavailability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in sediment and fish from the Cinca River,a tributary of the Ebro River(Spain)[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38(9):2603-2608.
[22]De Boer J,Wester P G,Van Der Horst A,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in influents,suspended particulate matter,sediments,sewage treatment plant and effluents and biota from the Netherlands[J].Environmental Pollution,2003,122(1):63-74.
[23]Luo Q,Cai Z W,Wong M H.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish and sediment from river polluted by electronic waste[J].Science of the Total Environment,2007,383(1-3):115-127.
[24]Sellstrm U,Kierkegaard A,De Wit C,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in sediment and fish from a Swedish River[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1998,17(6):1065-1072.
[25]Chen S J,Gao X J,Mai B X,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface sediments of the Yangtze River Delta:levels,distribution and potential hydrodynamic influence[J].Environmental Pollution,2006,144(3):951-957.
[26]林忠胜,马新东,张庆华,等.环渤海沉积物中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的研究[J].海洋环境科学,2008,27(S2):24-27.
[27]陈社军,麦碧娴,曾永平,等.珠江三角洲及南海北部海域表层沉积物中多溴联苯醚的分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(9):1265-1271.
[28]任金亮,王平.多溴联苯醚环境行为的特征与研究进展[J].化工进展,2006,25(10):1152-1157.
[29]张龙,王俊霞,徐峰,等.多溴联苯醚在电子拆解区及周边土壤和灰尘中的分布规律和源分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(9):1730-1736.
[30]陈宣宇,薛南冬,张石磊,等.废旧电器拆解区河流沉积物中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的污染特征与生态风险[J].环境科学,2014,35(10):3731-3739.
[31]World Health Organization.Environmental health criteria 162.Brominated diphenylethers[R].Geneva,Switzerland:WHO,1994.
[32]Environment Canada.Ecological Screening Assessment Report on Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers(PBDEs)[R].Environment Canada,Ottawa,Canada,2006.
[33]Kllqvist T,Grung M,Tollefsen K E.Chronic toxicity of 2,4,2',4'‐tetrabromodiphenyl ether on the marine alga Skeletonema costatum and the crustacean Daphnia magna[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2006,25(6):1657-1662.
[34]Viberg H,Fredriksson A,Eriksson P.Neonatal exposure to the brominated flame-retardant,2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether,decreases cholinergic nicotinic receptors in hippocampus and affects spontaneous behaviour in the adult mouse[J].Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,2004,17(2):61-65.
[35]Darnerud P O.Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and in wildlife[J].Environment International,2003,29(6):841-853.