美国探客教育的内涵、发展与价值探析
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摘要
探客教育源自于麻省理工学院和旧金山探索博物馆提出的Tinkering理念。自提出以来,该理念先是在美国非正式的科学学习环境中受到越来越多的欢迎,后逐步被引入教育领域,成为在科学学习中引发学习者创造力、兴奋感和创新性的潜在驱动力。探客教育在美国仍然是一种前沿的教育理念,它有效弥补了由数字技术引起的学习者尤其是儿童"利用真实的工具和材料,探索真实世界"机会的不足,成为美国实施STEM教育的有效教学方法。与创客教育相比,探客教育更提倡使用"真实的、日常的生活材料和工具"创造不平凡的创意。探客教育的实施,有助于培养学习者的21世纪技能,有利于完善创新生态系统,最终实现经济社会的可持续发展。
Tinker education is based on the Tinkering concept proposed by MIT and the Exploratorium in San Francisco. Since its introduction, it has been increasingly welcomed in the informal science learning environment in the United States and has gradually been introduced into the field of education, becoming a potential driver for creativity, excitement and innovation in science learning. Tinker education is still a frontier educational concept in the United States. It effectively compensates for the lack of opportunities for learners, especially children,to "explore the real world with real tools and materials" caused by digital technology and becomes an effective teaching method for STEM education in the United States. Compared with Maker Education, Tinker Education advocates creating extraordinary ideas with "daily, real life materials and tools". The implementation of Tinker Education will help to cultivate learners' 21 st century skills, improve the innovation ecosystem, and ultimately realize the sustainable development of society.
Tinker education is based on the Tinkering concept proposed by MIT and the Exploratorium in San Francisco. Since its introduction, it has been increasingly welcomed in the informal science learning environment in the United States and has gradually been introduced into the field of education, becoming a potential driver for creativity, excitement and innovation in science learning. Tinker education is still a frontier educational concept in the United States. It effectively compensates for the lack of opportunities for learners, especially children,to "explore the real world with real tools and materials" caused by digital technology and becomes an effective teaching method for STEM education in the United States. Compared with Maker Education, Tinker Education advocates creating extraordinary ideas with "daily, real life materials and tools". The implementation of Tinker Education will help to cultivate learners' 21 st century skills, improve the innovation ecosystem, and ultimately realize the sustainable development of society.
引文
[1]Luigi Anzivino, Karen Wilkinson. Tinkering by design:Thoughtful design leads to breakthroughs in thinking[EB/OL].(2018-03)[2018-04-30] https://llk.media.mit.edu/courses/readings/AnzivinoWilkinson-TinkeringByDesign.pdf.
[2]Bevan, Bronwyn Gut will, Joshua P. Petrich, Mike Wilkinson,Karen. Learning Through STEM-Rich Tinkering:Findings from a Jointly Negotiated Research Project Taken Up in Practice[J]. Science Education, 2015(1):98–120.
[3]探客的乐园是什么样?[EB/OL].(2018-11-11)[2018-12-21]. http://bjwb.bjd.com.cn/html/2018-11/11/node_130.htm.
[4]Doorley, R. What is Tinkering?[EB/OL].(2018-01)[2018-05-30]. http://tinkerlab.com/what-is-tinkering/
[5][6] Tinkering Fundamentals:Motion and Mechanisms[EB/OL].(2018-08-29)[2018-09-30]. https://www.coursera.org/lecture/tinkering-motion-mechanisms/motion-andmechanisms-activities-UlkJT
[7]Vossoughi S, EscudéM, Kong F, Hooper P. Tinkering,Learning&Equity in the After-School Setting[EB/OL].(2017-10)[2017-12-30].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305725167.
[8]Margaret Honey,David E. Kanter.Design, Make, play:Growing the Next Generation of STEM Innovators[J].Teachers College Record, 2013(3):163-181.
[9]Emily Harris, Mark Winterbottom, Maria Xanthoudaki,Inka de Pijer.A PRACTITIONER GUIDE FOR DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING TINKERING ACTIVITIES[EB/OL].(2016-01-8)[2018-07-12]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306066132_A_PRACTITIONER_GUIDE_FOR_DEVELOPING_AND_IMPLEMENTING_TINKERING_AC TIVITIES
[10]Sylvia Libow Martinez, Gary Stager. Invent to Learn:Making, Tinkering, and Engineering in the Classroom[M].Torrance,Calif.:ConstructingModernKnowledge Press.2013.
[11]Shirin Vossoughi, Bronwyn Bevan. Making and Tinkering:A Review of the Literature[EB/OL].(2015-01-01)[2018-6-12]. http://informalscience.org/making-andtinkering-review-literature
[12]Mitchel Resnick and Eric Rosenbaum.Designing for Tinkerability[EB/OL].(2018-05-03)[2018-05-03].http://web.media.mit.edu/~mres/papers/designing-fortinkerability.
[13]Karen Wilkinson,Mike Petrich.The Art of Tinkering:Meet150 Makers Working at the Intersection of Art,science&technology[EB/OL].(2016-05-15)[2018-06-12].https://www.mendeley.com/research-papers/art-tinkeringmeet-150-makers-working-intersection-art-sciencetechnology/.
[14]Seymour Papert.Mindstorms:Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas[EB/OL].(2017-08-22)[2018-07-10].https://max.book118.com/html/2015/0502/16173833.shtm.
[15][美]约翰·杜威.民主主义与教育[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1990.148—160.
[16] Mader Angelika, Dertien Edwin. TINKERING[EB/OL].(2016-09)[2018-05-03].https://www.designsociety.org/publication/39073/.
[17] Maarten H. Lamers, Fons J. Verbeek, and Peter W.H. van der Putten. Tinkering in Scientific Education[EB/OL].(2018-06-16)[2018-06-16]. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-03161-3_55.
[18]Brahms, Lisa. Making as a Learning Process:Identifying and Supporting Family Learning in Informal Settings[EB/OL].(2014-05)[2018-06-06]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282259691.
[19]Laura Beckwith,Cory Kissinger,Margaret Burnett,Susan Wiedenbeck,Joseph Lawrance,Alan Blackwell,and Curtis Cook. Tinkering and Gender in End-User Programmers’Debugging[EB/OL].(2014-09-08)[2018-08-30] http://www.docin.com/p-70894048.html.Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems–Proceedings,2006(1):231-240
[20]潘洪建.劳斯的科学实践观及其对科学教育的意蕴[J].山西大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2018(3):98-110.
[2]Bevan, Bronwyn Gut will, Joshua P. Petrich, Mike Wilkinson,Karen. Learning Through STEM-Rich Tinkering:Findings from a Jointly Negotiated Research Project Taken Up in Practice[J]. Science Education, 2015(1):98–120.
[3]探客的乐园是什么样?[EB/OL].(2018-11-11)[2018-12-21]. http://bjwb.bjd.com.cn/html/2018-11/11/node_130.htm.
[4]Doorley, R. What is Tinkering?[EB/OL].(2018-01)[2018-05-30]. http://tinkerlab.com/what-is-tinkering/
[5][6] Tinkering Fundamentals:Motion and Mechanisms[EB/OL].(2018-08-29)[2018-09-30]. https://www.coursera.org/lecture/tinkering-motion-mechanisms/motion-andmechanisms-activities-UlkJT
[7]Vossoughi S, EscudéM, Kong F, Hooper P. Tinkering,Learning&Equity in the After-School Setting[EB/OL].(2017-10)[2017-12-30].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305725167.
[8]Margaret Honey,David E. Kanter.Design, Make, play:Growing the Next Generation of STEM Innovators[J].Teachers College Record, 2013(3):163-181.
[9]Emily Harris, Mark Winterbottom, Maria Xanthoudaki,Inka de Pijer.A PRACTITIONER GUIDE FOR DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING TINKERING ACTIVITIES[EB/OL].(2016-01-8)[2018-07-12]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306066132_A_PRACTITIONER_GUIDE_FOR_DEVELOPING_AND_IMPLEMENTING_TINKERING_AC TIVITIES
[10]Sylvia Libow Martinez, Gary Stager. Invent to Learn:Making, Tinkering, and Engineering in the Classroom[M].Torrance,Calif.:ConstructingModernKnowledge Press.2013.
[11]Shirin Vossoughi, Bronwyn Bevan. Making and Tinkering:A Review of the Literature[EB/OL].(2015-01-01)[2018-6-12]. http://informalscience.org/making-andtinkering-review-literature
[12]Mitchel Resnick and Eric Rosenbaum.Designing for Tinkerability[EB/OL].(2018-05-03)[2018-05-03].http://web.media.mit.edu/~mres/papers/designing-fortinkerability.
[13]Karen Wilkinson,Mike Petrich.The Art of Tinkering:Meet150 Makers Working at the Intersection of Art,science&technology[EB/OL].(2016-05-15)[2018-06-12].https://www.mendeley.com/research-papers/art-tinkeringmeet-150-makers-working-intersection-art-sciencetechnology/.
[14]Seymour Papert.Mindstorms:Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas[EB/OL].(2017-08-22)[2018-07-10].https://max.book118.com/html/2015/0502/16173833.shtm.
[15][美]约翰·杜威.民主主义与教育[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1990.148—160.
[16] Mader Angelika, Dertien Edwin. TINKERING[EB/OL].(2016-09)[2018-05-03].https://www.designsociety.org/publication/39073/.
[17] Maarten H. Lamers, Fons J. Verbeek, and Peter W.H. van der Putten. Tinkering in Scientific Education[EB/OL].(2018-06-16)[2018-06-16]. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-03161-3_55.
[18]Brahms, Lisa. Making as a Learning Process:Identifying and Supporting Family Learning in Informal Settings[EB/OL].(2014-05)[2018-06-06]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282259691.
[19]Laura Beckwith,Cory Kissinger,Margaret Burnett,Susan Wiedenbeck,Joseph Lawrance,Alan Blackwell,and Curtis Cook. Tinkering and Gender in End-User Programmers’Debugging[EB/OL].(2014-09-08)[2018-08-30] http://www.docin.com/p-70894048.html.Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems–Proceedings,2006(1):231-240
[20]潘洪建.劳斯的科学实践观及其对科学教育的意蕴[J].山西大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2018(3):98-110.