球化退火态重载车轮钢CL70磨损性能及组织演化
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摘要
对CL70重载车轮钢进行球化退火获得球状珠光体组织.将组织为片状珠光体和球状珠光体的CL70分别与U75V钢轨钢在滚动摩擦磨损试验机上以相同参数进行干摩擦纯滚动试验.使用称重法测量磨损量、利用带电子背散射衍射附件的扫描电子显微镜及显微硬度计对两种组织形态的试样运行表面进行组织及硬度变化情况的观察与分析.结果表明:球状珠光体组织磨损性能不及片状珠光体组织.二者的磨损机制和强化机制不同,片状珠光体组织以疲劳磨损为主,通过塑性变形和晶粒不断细化至纤维状再到纳米晶,位错不断累积并达到良好的强化效果.球状珠光体组织以黏着磨损为主,只有铁素体和少量渗碳体变形和碎化,硬度提升主要来自于渗碳体颗粒周围的位错集中,硬化效果较差.
Spheroidized pearlite structure was obtained by spheroidizing annealing of heavy load wheel steel CL70. The steel CL70 with either lamellar pearlite microstructure or spherical pearlite microstructure, was subjected to dry friction pure rolling test on a rolling friction and wear tester against rail steel U75 V. The wear was determined by the mass loss.Scanning electron microscope(electron backscattered image) and the micro-hardness tester were used to observe and analyze the microstructure evolution and hardness variation of the rolling surfaces of steel CL70. The results show that the wear performance of steel CL70 with spheroidal pearlitic microstructure was poorer than that of steel CL 70 with lamellar pearlitic structure. The wear mechanism and strengthening mechanism of the two alloys were different. For the one with lamellar pearlitic microstructure, wear mechanism was mainly fatigue wear by plastic deformation and subsequent grain refinement(fiber structure at first and then nanocrystal),strengthening effect was attributed by accumulation of dislocations. Adhesive wear was observed for the one with spherical pearlitic structure. Deformation and fragmentation of ferrite and cementite were identified. The increase in hardness was mainly due to the concentration of dislocations around the cementite particles, and therefore the hardening effect was poor.
Spheroidized pearlite structure was obtained by spheroidizing annealing of heavy load wheel steel CL70. The steel CL70 with either lamellar pearlite microstructure or spherical pearlite microstructure, was subjected to dry friction pure rolling test on a rolling friction and wear tester against rail steel U75 V. The wear was determined by the mass loss.Scanning electron microscope(electron backscattered image) and the micro-hardness tester were used to observe and analyze the microstructure evolution and hardness variation of the rolling surfaces of steel CL70. The results show that the wear performance of steel CL70 with spheroidal pearlitic microstructure was poorer than that of steel CL 70 with lamellar pearlitic structure. The wear mechanism and strengthening mechanism of the two alloys were different. For the one with lamellar pearlitic microstructure, wear mechanism was mainly fatigue wear by plastic deformation and subsequent grain refinement(fiber structure at first and then nanocrystal),strengthening effect was attributed by accumulation of dislocations. Adhesive wear was observed for the one with spherical pearlitic structure. Deformation and fragmentation of ferrite and cementite were identified. The increase in hardness was mainly due to the concentration of dislocations around the cementite particles, and therefore the hardening effect was poor.
引文
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[19]Chen H,Zhang C,Liu W,et al.Microstructure evolution of a hypereutectoid pearlite steel under rolling-sliding contact loading[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2016,655:50-59.doi:10.1016/j.msea.2015.12.082.
[20]Jin Xuesong,Zhang Jiye,Wen Zefeng,et al.Overview of phenomena of rolling contact fatigue of wheel/rail[J].Journal of Mechanical Strength,2002,24(2):250-257(in Chinese)[金学松,张继业,温泽峰,等.轮轨滚动接触疲劳现象分析[J].机械强度,2002,24(2):250-257].doi:10.3321/j.issn:1001-9669.2002.02.023.
[21]Li Zibin.Research on characteristic of rolling wear of wheel steel[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiao Tong University,2010(in Chinese)[李自彬.车轮钢滚动磨损特性研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2010].
[22]Qiu Haibo,Pei Youfu.An experimental investigation into the influences of plastical deformation on rail steel wear[J].Tribology,1996,16(1):80-84(in Chinese)[邱海波,裴有福.塑性变形对钢轨钢磨损影响的试验研究[J].摩擦学学报,1996,16(1):80-84].doi:doi:10.16078/j.tribology.1996.01.013.
[23]Wang Wenjian,Guo Jun,Liu Qiyue.Effect of contact stress on rolling friction and wear behavior of wheel-rail materials[J].Tribology,2011,31(4):352-356(in Chinese)[王文健,郭俊,刘启跃.接触应力对轮轨材料滚动摩擦磨损性能影响[J].摩擦学学报,2011,31(4):352-356].doi:doi:10.16078/j.tribology.2011.04.012.
[24]Li Junyang,Wang Jiaxu,Fan Kaijie,et al.Accelerated life model for harmonic drive under adhesive wear[J].Tribology,2016,36(3):297-303(in Chinese)[李俊阳,王家序,范凯杰,等.谐波减速器黏着磨损失效加速寿命模型研究[J].摩擦学学报,2016,36(3):297-303].doi:10.16078/j.tribology.2016.03.005.
[25]Chen Rongyu,Huang Ping.Experiment study on adhesion between rough surfaces[J].Tribology,2016,36(3):269-275(in Chinese)[陈荣誉,黄平.粗糙表面的黏着试验研究[J].摩擦学学报,2016,36(3):269-275].doi:10.16078/j.tribology.2016.03.001.
[26]Chokshi A H,Rosen A,Karch J,et al.On the validity of the hallpetch relationship in nanocrystalline materials[J].Scripta Metallurgica,1989,23(10):1679-1683.doi:10.1016/0036-9748(89)90342-6.
[27]Pavlina E J,Tyne C J V.Correlation of yield strength and tensile strength with hardness for steels[J].Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2008,17(6):888-893.doi:10.1007/s11665-008-9225-5.
[28]Zhou L,Liu G,Ma X L,et al.Strain-induced refinement in a steel with spheroidal cementite subjected to surface mechanical attrition treatment[J].Acta Materialia,2008,56(1):78-87.doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2007.09.003.
[2]Perez-Unzueta A J,Beynon J H.Microstructure and wear resistance of pearlitic rail steels[J].Wear,1993,162-164(1):173-182.
[3]Kalousek J,Fegredo D M,Laufer E E.The wear resistance and worn metallography of pearlite,bainite and tempered martensite rail steel microstructures of high hardness[J].Wear,1985,105(3):199-222.doi:10.1016/0043-1648(85)90068-7.
[4]Clayton P.The relations between wear behaviour and basic material properties for pearlitic steels[J].Wear,1980,60(1):75-93.doi:10.1016/0043-1648(80)90250-1.
[5]Hodgson W H,Preston R R.Production processes to yield superior rail steel[J].Transportation Research Record,1988:43-49.
[6]Ichinose H,Takehara J,Iwasaki N,et al.An investigation on contact fatigue and wear resistance behaviour in rail steels[C].In: Proceeding Heavy Haul Railways Conference.Institution of Engineers and the Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,Canberra,Australia,1978:1-10.
[7]Smith.Further study on rolling contact fatigue of rails[J].China Railway Science,2002,23(3):6-10(in Chinese)[史密斯.钢轨滚动接触疲劳的进一步研究[J].中国铁道科学,2002,23(3):6-10].doi:10.3321/j.issn:1001-4632.2002.03.002.
[8]Zhang Bin,Fu Xiuqin.Type and formation mechanism of railway wheel and tire tread spall[J].China Railway Science,2001,22(2):73-78(in Chinese)[张斌,付秀琴.铁路车轮、轮箍踏面剥离的类型及形成机理[J].中国铁道科学,2001,22(2):73-78].doi:10.3321/j.issn:1001-4632.2001.02.011.
[9]Zhong Wen,Dong Lin,Wang Yu,et al.Research and comparison of fatigue wear of high speed and heavy haul railway[J].Tribology,2012,32(1):96-101(in Chinese)[钟雯,董霖,王宇,等.高速与重载铁路的疲劳磨损研究对比[J].摩擦学学报,2012,32(1):96-101].doi:10.16078/j.tribology.2012.01.016.
[10]Liu Qiyue,Zhou Zhongrong,Shi Xinyu.The rolling wear behavior of AISI 1045 steel plate agaist SAE 52100 steel roller[J].Tribology,2001,21(1):33-36(in Chinese)[刘启跃,周仲荣,石心余.45#钢/GCr15钢摩擦副的滚动磨损特性研究[J].摩擦学学报,2001,21(1):33-36].doi:10.3321/j.issn:1004-0595.2001.01.008.
[11]Xiang Song,Xiang Zijie,Shen Tao.Effect of cementite morphology on microstructure and properties of high carbon pearlite steel[J].Journal of Hunan University,2017,44(12):47-54(in Chinese)[向嵩,向梓杰,沈涛.渗碳体形态对高碳珠光体钢组织及性能的影响[J].湖南大学学报:自然科学版,2017,44(12):47-54].
[12]Chen Gang,Cheng Deli,Wang Shifu.Several points for consideration in development of freight car wheels with heavy axle load in our country[J].Rolling Stock,2005,43(11):12-14(in Chinese)[陈刚,程德利,王世付.我国大轴重货车车轮开发的几点思考[J].铁道车辆,2005,43(11):12-14].doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-7602.2005.11.004.
[13]Hu Haibin,Lv Kewei,Shao Wendong,et al.Research on wheel wear of freight cars on datong-qinhuangdao railway line[J].Journal of the China Railway Society,2010,32(1):30-37(in Chinese)[胡海滨,吕可维,邵文东,等.大秦铁路货车车轮磨耗问题的调查与研究[J].铁道学报,2010,32(1):30-37].doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-8360.2010.01.006.
[14]Li Hengli,Li Fu,Zhang Pengpai,et al.Influence of new type wheel steel on wheel/rail wear of heavy haul freight cars[J].Journal of the China Railway Society,2016,38(6):32-37(in Chinese)[李亨利,李芾,张澎湃,等.新材质车轮钢对重载货车轮轨磨耗的影响[J].铁道学报,2016,38(6):32-37].doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-8360.2016.06.007.
[15]Wang Wenjian,Liu Qiyue,Zhou Zhongrong.Study on friction and wear properties of wheel steel under rolling-sliding condition[J].Tribology,2005,25(5):475-479(in Chinese)[王文健,刘启跃,周仲荣.车轮钢滚动剥离摩擦磨损特性研究[J].摩擦学学报,2005,25(5):475-479].doi:10.3321/j.issn:1004-0595.2005.05.020.
[16]Zhang Bin,Zhang Hong,Fu Xiuqin.Performance study on the wheels of new material for heavy haul freight trains[J].China Railway Science,2009,30(5):65-70(in Chinese)[张斌,张弘,付秀琴.新材质重载货车车轮性能研究[J].中国铁道科学,2009,30(5):65 -70].doi:10.3321/j.issn:1001-4632.2009.05.011.
[17]Dylewski B,Risbet M,Bouvier S.Experimental characterization of the tridimensional gradient of microstructure induced by RCF in the rolling band of rails[J].Procedia Engineering,2015,133:202-210.doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.659.
[18]Linz M,Cihak-Bayr U,Trausmuth A,et al.EBSD study of earlydamaging phenomena in wheel-rail model test[J].Wear,2015,342-343:13-21.doi:10.1016/j.wear.2015.08.004.
[19]Chen H,Zhang C,Liu W,et al.Microstructure evolution of a hypereutectoid pearlite steel under rolling-sliding contact loading[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2016,655:50-59.doi:10.1016/j.msea.2015.12.082.
[20]Jin Xuesong,Zhang Jiye,Wen Zefeng,et al.Overview of phenomena of rolling contact fatigue of wheel/rail[J].Journal of Mechanical Strength,2002,24(2):250-257(in Chinese)[金学松,张继业,温泽峰,等.轮轨滚动接触疲劳现象分析[J].机械强度,2002,24(2):250-257].doi:10.3321/j.issn:1001-9669.2002.02.023.
[21]Li Zibin.Research on characteristic of rolling wear of wheel steel[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiao Tong University,2010(in Chinese)[李自彬.车轮钢滚动磨损特性研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2010].
[22]Qiu Haibo,Pei Youfu.An experimental investigation into the influences of plastical deformation on rail steel wear[J].Tribology,1996,16(1):80-84(in Chinese)[邱海波,裴有福.塑性变形对钢轨钢磨损影响的试验研究[J].摩擦学学报,1996,16(1):80-84].doi:doi:10.16078/j.tribology.1996.01.013.
[23]Wang Wenjian,Guo Jun,Liu Qiyue.Effect of contact stress on rolling friction and wear behavior of wheel-rail materials[J].Tribology,2011,31(4):352-356(in Chinese)[王文健,郭俊,刘启跃.接触应力对轮轨材料滚动摩擦磨损性能影响[J].摩擦学学报,2011,31(4):352-356].doi:doi:10.16078/j.tribology.2011.04.012.
[24]Li Junyang,Wang Jiaxu,Fan Kaijie,et al.Accelerated life model for harmonic drive under adhesive wear[J].Tribology,2016,36(3):297-303(in Chinese)[李俊阳,王家序,范凯杰,等.谐波减速器黏着磨损失效加速寿命模型研究[J].摩擦学学报,2016,36(3):297-303].doi:10.16078/j.tribology.2016.03.005.
[25]Chen Rongyu,Huang Ping.Experiment study on adhesion between rough surfaces[J].Tribology,2016,36(3):269-275(in Chinese)[陈荣誉,黄平.粗糙表面的黏着试验研究[J].摩擦学学报,2016,36(3):269-275].doi:10.16078/j.tribology.2016.03.001.
[26]Chokshi A H,Rosen A,Karch J,et al.On the validity of the hallpetch relationship in nanocrystalline materials[J].Scripta Metallurgica,1989,23(10):1679-1683.doi:10.1016/0036-9748(89)90342-6.
[27]Pavlina E J,Tyne C J V.Correlation of yield strength and tensile strength with hardness for steels[J].Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2008,17(6):888-893.doi:10.1007/s11665-008-9225-5.
[28]Zhou L,Liu G,Ma X L,et al.Strain-induced refinement in a steel with spheroidal cementite subjected to surface mechanical attrition treatment[J].Acta Materialia,2008,56(1):78-87.doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2007.09.003.