冲天湖底泥表层微囊藻休眠体复苏与菌群动态
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摘要
对频繁暴发微囊藻水华的西洞庭冲天湖表层底泥和上覆水取样,检测和分析了底泥表层微囊藻休眠体丰度和菌浓度、上覆水中微囊藻细胞丰度和菌浓度以及部分理化性质,结合室内模拟试验。结果表明:2—6月份冲天湖底泥表层和上覆水中总菌浓度均显著上升(P<0.05),底泥表层总菌浓度显著高于上覆水(P<0.05),优势菌群均为微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus);4月份底泥表层微囊藻休眠体开始复苏且休眠体丰度下降,6月份休眠体丰度显著低于4—5月份(P<0.05),而上覆水中微囊藻细胞丰度上升,6月份显著高于4—5月份(P<0.05);复苏优势藻为铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aqua)和惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii);复苏期间促休眠体复苏优势菌群浓度显著上升、"底泥-上覆水"界面溶解氧浓度与TN/TP比显著下降(P<0.05)。说明冲天湖底泥表层和上覆水优势菌群可能通过改变底泥表层理化环境影响微囊藻休眠体复苏。
Recruitment of Microcystis dormant from the upper sediment is a critical stage in its life history and plays an important role in forming blooms. However,little is known about the benthic bacteria associated with recruitment of Microcystis cells in sediment. To investigate the relationship between the recruitment of dormant Microcystis and bacterial flora in the upper sediment,we detected and comparatively analyzed the density of bacteria and the abundance of Microcystis dormant in the upper sediment in Lake Chong Tian,situated to the west of Lake Dong Tong,where Microcystis blooms have formed frequently in recent years. At the same time,bacterial density,the abundance of Microcystis cells,and some of the physical and chemical properties of the overlying water column were measured. Results show that total bacterial density in both the upper sediment and the overlying water column gradually increased from January to May,remained stable from June to September,and decreased gradually from October to December. However,the total bacteria density in sediment wassignificantly higher than that in the overlying water column in each month. From April to June,total bacterial density significantly increased( P<0.05) and the density of dormant Microcystis significantly decreased( P < 0. 05) in the upper sediment,which indicated that the recruitment of dormant Microcystis began in April. In the same period,the concentration of dissolved oxygen( DO) and the TN/TP ratio decreased significantly in the overlying water column. In May,the total bacterial density in sediment was 7. 32 × 10~5 colony-forming units( cfu)/m L,significantly higher than that in April;moreover,the proportion of dominant flora increased remarkably( up to 61%). The density of Microcystis cells in the overlying water column increased significantly to 180 × 106 cells/m L in June,and Microcystis aeruginosa was dominant the Microcystis species.The density of dormant Microcystisin the upper sediment reduced to its minimum value,3.71 × 10~6 cells/m L,at this time. In July,the total bacterial density in the upper sediment was not significantly different from that in May and June,and the proportion of dominant flora decreased to 40%—42%,which was the average value in other months.Meanwhile,the density of Microcystis cells in the overlying water column decreased significantly,and the density of dormant Microcystis increased significantly in the upper sediment( P < 0. 05). In August,the total bacterial density in the upper sediment was 8.89×10~5 cfu/m L,which was the highest value for all months,and the proportion of dominant flora increased significantly( up to 57%). Consequently,in September,the density of dormant Microcystis in the upper sediment again decreased significantly; in contrast,the density of Microcystis cells in the overlying water column increased significantly(P<0.05). This study also revealed that the dominant Microcystis species in Lake Chong Tianwere M.aeruginosa,M.flosaqua,and M. wesenbergii,though the relative proportions of these species differed in different months. The dominant bacterial flora in the sediment and overlying water column were Exiguobacterium,Pseudomonas,and Bacillus,all of which can promote,to some extent,the recruitment of dormant M. aeruginosa,M. flos-aqua,and M. wesenbergii from the upper sediment. These results have important implications in that dominant bacterial flora in the upper sediment may exert important effects on the recruitment of dormant Microcystis species from the upper sediment.
Recruitment of Microcystis dormant from the upper sediment is a critical stage in its life history and plays an important role in forming blooms. However,little is known about the benthic bacteria associated with recruitment of Microcystis cells in sediment. To investigate the relationship between the recruitment of dormant Microcystis and bacterial flora in the upper sediment,we detected and comparatively analyzed the density of bacteria and the abundance of Microcystis dormant in the upper sediment in Lake Chong Tian,situated to the west of Lake Dong Tong,where Microcystis blooms have formed frequently in recent years. At the same time,bacterial density,the abundance of Microcystis cells,and some of the physical and chemical properties of the overlying water column were measured. Results show that total bacterial density in both the upper sediment and the overlying water column gradually increased from January to May,remained stable from June to September,and decreased gradually from October to December. However,the total bacteria density in sediment wassignificantly higher than that in the overlying water column in each month. From April to June,total bacterial density significantly increased( P<0.05) and the density of dormant Microcystis significantly decreased( P < 0. 05) in the upper sediment,which indicated that the recruitment of dormant Microcystis began in April. In the same period,the concentration of dissolved oxygen( DO) and the TN/TP ratio decreased significantly in the overlying water column. In May,the total bacterial density in sediment was 7. 32 × 10~5 colony-forming units( cfu)/m L,significantly higher than that in April;moreover,the proportion of dominant flora increased remarkably( up to 61%). The density of Microcystis cells in the overlying water column increased significantly to 180 × 106 cells/m L in June,and Microcystis aeruginosa was dominant the Microcystis species.The density of dormant Microcystisin the upper sediment reduced to its minimum value,3.71 × 10~6 cells/m L,at this time. In July,the total bacterial density in the upper sediment was not significantly different from that in May and June,and the proportion of dominant flora decreased to 40%—42%,which was the average value in other months.Meanwhile,the density of Microcystis cells in the overlying water column decreased significantly,and the density of dormant Microcystis increased significantly in the upper sediment( P < 0. 05). In August,the total bacterial density in the upper sediment was 8.89×10~5 cfu/m L,which was the highest value for all months,and the proportion of dominant flora increased significantly( up to 57%). Consequently,in September,the density of dormant Microcystis in the upper sediment again decreased significantly; in contrast,the density of Microcystis cells in the overlying water column increased significantly(P<0.05). This study also revealed that the dominant Microcystis species in Lake Chong Tianwere M.aeruginosa,M.flosaqua,and M. wesenbergii,though the relative proportions of these species differed in different months. The dominant bacterial flora in the sediment and overlying water column were Exiguobacterium,Pseudomonas,and Bacillus,all of which can promote,to some extent,the recruitment of dormant M. aeruginosa,M. flos-aqua,and M. wesenbergii from the upper sediment. These results have important implications in that dominant bacterial flora in the upper sediment may exert important effects on the recruitment of dormant Microcystis species from the upper sediment.
引文
[1]Reynolds C S,Jaworski G H M,Cmiech H A,Leedale G F.On the annual cycle of the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz emend Elenkin.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciencess,1981,293:419-477.
[2]Wan N,Tang J,Li Q M,Song L R.The responses of Microcystis to sediment environments and the assessment for its overwintering a simulation study in a novel device.Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,2008,17(12b):2146-2151.
[3]孔繁翔,高光.大型浅水富营养化湖泊中蓝藻水华形成机理的思考.生态学报,2005,25(3):589-595.
[4]Preston T,Stewart,W D P,Reynolds C S.Bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa overwinters on sediment surface.Nature,1980,288(5789):365-367.
[5]Rossetti V,Schirrmeister B E,Bernasconi M V,Bagheri H C.The evolutionary path to terminal differentiation and division of labor in cyanobacteria.Journal of Theoretical Biology,2010,262(1):23-34.
[6]谭啸,孔繁翔,于洋,史小丽,张民.升温过程对藻类复苏和群落演替的影响.中国环境科学,2009,29(6):578-582.
[7]Jhnichen S,Long B M,Petzoldt T.Microcystin production by Microcystis aeruginosa:Direct regulation by multiple environmental factors.Harmful Algae,2011,12:95-104.
[8]Cáceres O,Reynolds C S.Some effects of artificially enhanced anoxia on the Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz emend Elenkin with special reference to the initiation of its annual growth cycle in lake.Archivfur Hydrobiologia,1984,99:379-397.
[9]Brunberg A K,Blomqvist P.Recruitment of Microcystis(Cyanophycae)from lake sediments:The importance of littoral inocula.Journal of Phycology,2003,39(1):58-63.
[10]Sthl-Delbanco A,Hansson L A,Gyllstr9m M.Recruitment of resting stages may induce blooms of Microcystis at low N:P ratios.Journal of Plankton Research,2003,25(9):1099-1106.
[11]万能,汤俊,宋立荣.微囊藻休眠体复苏机制的研究进展.水生态学杂志,2010,3(4):113-117.
[12]Schone K,Jhnichen S,Ihle T,Ludwigb F,Benndorf J.Arriving in better shape:Benthic Microcystis as inoculum for pelagic growth.Harmful Algae,2010,9(5):494-503.
[13]张娟,李春华,叶春,赵晓峰,朱琼芳.沉水植物黑藻腐解对微囊藻休眠体复苏的影响.环境科学研究,2012,25(1):43-50.
[14]代晓炫,朱伟,李明.营养盐对微囊藻细胞组分及多糖组成的影响.湖泊科学,2013,25(2):277-282.
[15]Bostr9m B,Pettersson A K,Ahlgren I.Seasonal dynamics of a cyanobacteria dominated microbial community in surface sediments of a shallow eutrophic lake.Aquatic Sciences,1989,51:153-178.
[16]Tsujimura S,Tsukada H,Nakahara H,Nakajima T,Nishino M.Seasonal variations of Microcystis populations in sediments of lake Biwa Japan.Hydrobiologia,2000,434(1/3):183-192.
[17]Wu Z X,Song L R,Li R H.Different tolerances and responses to low temperature and darkness between waterbloom forming cyanobacterium Microcystis and a green alga Scenedesmus.Hydrobiologia,2008,596(1):47-55.
[18]虞功亮,宋立荣,李仁辉.中国淡水微囊藻属常见种类的分类学讨论——以滇池为例.植物分类学报,2007,45(5):727-741.
[19]赵洋甬,马静军,肖国起.微囊藻细胞计数法研究.福建分析测试,2010,19(3):76-78.
[20]Thomas R H,Walsby A E.The effects of temperatures on recovery of buoyancy by Microcystis.Microbiology,1986,132(6):1665-1672.
[21]Karlsson-Elfgren I,Rydin E,Hyenstrand P,Pettersson K.Recruitment and pelagic growth of Gloeotrichia echinulata(cyanophyceae)in Lake Erken.Journal.of Phycology,2003,39:1050-1056.
[22]Yamamoto Y.Effect of temperature on recruitment of cyanobacteria from sediment and bloom formation in a shallow pond.Plankton and Benthos Research,2009,4(3):95-103.
[23]Li J F,Zhang J Y,Liu L Y,Fan Y C,Li L S,Yang Y F,Lu Z H,Zhang X G.Annual periodicity in planktonic bacterial and archaeal community composition of eutrophic Lake Taihu.Scientific Reports,2015,5:15488
[24]Berg K A,Lyra C,Sivonen K,Paulin L,Suomalainen S,Tuomi P,Rapala J.High diversity of cultivable heterotrophic bacteria in association with cyanobacterial water blooms.The ISME Journal,2009,3(3):314-325.
[25]Verspagen J M H,Snelder E O F M,Visser P M,J9hnk K D,Ibelings B W,Mur L R,Huisman J.Benthic-pelagic coupling in the population dynamics of the harmful cyanobacterium Microcystis.Freshwater Biology,2005,50(5):854-867.
[26]Misson B,Sabart M,Amblard C,Latour D.Involvement of microcystins and colony size in the benthic recruitment of the cyanobacterium Microcystis(CYANOPHYCEAE).Journal of Phycology,2011,47(1):42-51.
[27]Wilkinson A,Hondzo M,Guala M.Effect of small-scale turbulence on the growth and metabolism of microcystis aeruginosa.Advances in Microbiology,2016,6(5):351-367.
[28]Li M,Xiao M.Environmental factors related to the dominance of Microcystis wesenbergii and Microcystis aeruginosa in a eutrophic lake.Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(8):675.
[29]苏玉萍,林慧,钟厚璋,林佳,陈静.富营养化山仔水库沉积物微囊藻复苏的受控因子.生态学报,2011,31(20):6167-6173
[30]Ukeles R,Bishop J.Enhancement of phytoplankton growth by marine bacteria..Journal of Phycology,1975,11(2):142-149.
[31]Imai I,Kim M C,Nagasaki K,,Itakura S,Ishida Y.Relationships between dynamics of red tide-causing raphidophycean flagellates and algicidal micro-organisms in the coastal sea of Japan.Phycological Research,1998,46(2):139-146.
[32]Spilling K,Markager S.Ecophysiological growth characteristics and modeling of the onset of the spring bloom in the Baltic Sea.Journal of Marine Systems,2008,73(3/4):323-337.
[33]Hernandez JP,de-Bashan L E,Rodriguez D J,Rodriguez Y,Bashan Y.Growth promotion of the freshwater microalga Chlorella vulgaris by the nitrogen-fixing,plant growth-promoting bacterium Bacillus pumilus from arid zone soils.European Journal of Soil Biology,2009,45(1):88-93.
[34]李阔宇,宋立荣,万能.底泥中微囊藻复苏和生长特性的研究.水生生物学报,2004,28(2):113-118.
[2]Wan N,Tang J,Li Q M,Song L R.The responses of Microcystis to sediment environments and the assessment for its overwintering a simulation study in a novel device.Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,2008,17(12b):2146-2151.
[3]孔繁翔,高光.大型浅水富营养化湖泊中蓝藻水华形成机理的思考.生态学报,2005,25(3):589-595.
[4]Preston T,Stewart,W D P,Reynolds C S.Bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa overwinters on sediment surface.Nature,1980,288(5789):365-367.
[5]Rossetti V,Schirrmeister B E,Bernasconi M V,Bagheri H C.The evolutionary path to terminal differentiation and division of labor in cyanobacteria.Journal of Theoretical Biology,2010,262(1):23-34.
[6]谭啸,孔繁翔,于洋,史小丽,张民.升温过程对藻类复苏和群落演替的影响.中国环境科学,2009,29(6):578-582.
[7]Jhnichen S,Long B M,Petzoldt T.Microcystin production by Microcystis aeruginosa:Direct regulation by multiple environmental factors.Harmful Algae,2011,12:95-104.
[8]Cáceres O,Reynolds C S.Some effects of artificially enhanced anoxia on the Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz emend Elenkin with special reference to the initiation of its annual growth cycle in lake.Archivfur Hydrobiologia,1984,99:379-397.
[9]Brunberg A K,Blomqvist P.Recruitment of Microcystis(Cyanophycae)from lake sediments:The importance of littoral inocula.Journal of Phycology,2003,39(1):58-63.
[10]Sthl-Delbanco A,Hansson L A,Gyllstr9m M.Recruitment of resting stages may induce blooms of Microcystis at low N:P ratios.Journal of Plankton Research,2003,25(9):1099-1106.
[11]万能,汤俊,宋立荣.微囊藻休眠体复苏机制的研究进展.水生态学杂志,2010,3(4):113-117.
[12]Schone K,Jhnichen S,Ihle T,Ludwigb F,Benndorf J.Arriving in better shape:Benthic Microcystis as inoculum for pelagic growth.Harmful Algae,2010,9(5):494-503.
[13]张娟,李春华,叶春,赵晓峰,朱琼芳.沉水植物黑藻腐解对微囊藻休眠体复苏的影响.环境科学研究,2012,25(1):43-50.
[14]代晓炫,朱伟,李明.营养盐对微囊藻细胞组分及多糖组成的影响.湖泊科学,2013,25(2):277-282.
[15]Bostr9m B,Pettersson A K,Ahlgren I.Seasonal dynamics of a cyanobacteria dominated microbial community in surface sediments of a shallow eutrophic lake.Aquatic Sciences,1989,51:153-178.
[16]Tsujimura S,Tsukada H,Nakahara H,Nakajima T,Nishino M.Seasonal variations of Microcystis populations in sediments of lake Biwa Japan.Hydrobiologia,2000,434(1/3):183-192.
[17]Wu Z X,Song L R,Li R H.Different tolerances and responses to low temperature and darkness between waterbloom forming cyanobacterium Microcystis and a green alga Scenedesmus.Hydrobiologia,2008,596(1):47-55.
[18]虞功亮,宋立荣,李仁辉.中国淡水微囊藻属常见种类的分类学讨论——以滇池为例.植物分类学报,2007,45(5):727-741.
[19]赵洋甬,马静军,肖国起.微囊藻细胞计数法研究.福建分析测试,2010,19(3):76-78.
[20]Thomas R H,Walsby A E.The effects of temperatures on recovery of buoyancy by Microcystis.Microbiology,1986,132(6):1665-1672.
[21]Karlsson-Elfgren I,Rydin E,Hyenstrand P,Pettersson K.Recruitment and pelagic growth of Gloeotrichia echinulata(cyanophyceae)in Lake Erken.Journal.of Phycology,2003,39:1050-1056.
[22]Yamamoto Y.Effect of temperature on recruitment of cyanobacteria from sediment and bloom formation in a shallow pond.Plankton and Benthos Research,2009,4(3):95-103.
[23]Li J F,Zhang J Y,Liu L Y,Fan Y C,Li L S,Yang Y F,Lu Z H,Zhang X G.Annual periodicity in planktonic bacterial and archaeal community composition of eutrophic Lake Taihu.Scientific Reports,2015,5:15488
[24]Berg K A,Lyra C,Sivonen K,Paulin L,Suomalainen S,Tuomi P,Rapala J.High diversity of cultivable heterotrophic bacteria in association with cyanobacterial water blooms.The ISME Journal,2009,3(3):314-325.
[25]Verspagen J M H,Snelder E O F M,Visser P M,J9hnk K D,Ibelings B W,Mur L R,Huisman J.Benthic-pelagic coupling in the population dynamics of the harmful cyanobacterium Microcystis.Freshwater Biology,2005,50(5):854-867.
[26]Misson B,Sabart M,Amblard C,Latour D.Involvement of microcystins and colony size in the benthic recruitment of the cyanobacterium Microcystis(CYANOPHYCEAE).Journal of Phycology,2011,47(1):42-51.
[27]Wilkinson A,Hondzo M,Guala M.Effect of small-scale turbulence on the growth and metabolism of microcystis aeruginosa.Advances in Microbiology,2016,6(5):351-367.
[28]Li M,Xiao M.Environmental factors related to the dominance of Microcystis wesenbergii and Microcystis aeruginosa in a eutrophic lake.Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(8):675.
[29]苏玉萍,林慧,钟厚璋,林佳,陈静.富营养化山仔水库沉积物微囊藻复苏的受控因子.生态学报,2011,31(20):6167-6173
[30]Ukeles R,Bishop J.Enhancement of phytoplankton growth by marine bacteria..Journal of Phycology,1975,11(2):142-149.
[31]Imai I,Kim M C,Nagasaki K,,Itakura S,Ishida Y.Relationships between dynamics of red tide-causing raphidophycean flagellates and algicidal micro-organisms in the coastal sea of Japan.Phycological Research,1998,46(2):139-146.
[32]Spilling K,Markager S.Ecophysiological growth characteristics and modeling of the onset of the spring bloom in the Baltic Sea.Journal of Marine Systems,2008,73(3/4):323-337.
[33]Hernandez JP,de-Bashan L E,Rodriguez D J,Rodriguez Y,Bashan Y.Growth promotion of the freshwater microalga Chlorella vulgaris by the nitrogen-fixing,plant growth-promoting bacterium Bacillus pumilus from arid zone soils.European Journal of Soil Biology,2009,45(1):88-93.
[34]李阔宇,宋立荣,万能.底泥中微囊藻复苏和生长特性的研究.水生生物学报,2004,28(2):113-118.