基于人为压力和保护优先生境分析的云南省保护地体系优化研究
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摘要
人为压力是生物多样性系统保护规划和自然保护区设置的重要影响因素.在确定34个保护优先县基础上,耦合物种分布环境信息,进一步识别了保护优先生境.结合优先县的人为压力指数和保护空缺分析,根据保护优先生境的景观格局分析结果,对云南省保护地体系进行优化.结果表明:34个优先县自然保护区覆盖率为12.04%,其中有14个优先县自然保护区覆盖率小于5%,自然保护区覆盖率总体偏小;优先县内81.75%的保护优先生境面积还未被自然保护区覆盖而未受到保护,保护地体系优化存在较大空间; 34个优先县人为压力指数总体较低,自然保护区覆盖率小于5%的优先县人为压力指数较大;无保护区分布的昆明等4个优先县,以及有保护空缺和IHP值等级低的玉龙等3个优先县均存在未来保护区范围调整的潜在保护优先生境.因此需将更多保护优先生境纳入就地保护体系中,特别应重视以上7个优先县的保护地体系的优化.
Human pressure is a key factor in the conservation planning for biodiversity systems and the setting of nature reserves.The species distribution environment information is coupled and the priority conservation habitats are further identified,after 34 optimal priority conservation counties are chosen.The human pressure index being combined with the conservation gap analysis in the 34 counties,the system of the protected areas of Yunnan Province is optimized according to the analysis of the landscape pattern of priority conservation habitats.The results show: The nature reserves only occupy 12. 04% of the 34 priority counties,which is generally less than expected.Besides,the coverage rate of 14 of the 34 counties is less than 5%.Meanwhile,81.75% of the priority habitats areas have not been included in nature reserves,nor have they been protected,either; therefore there is still large space for optimizing the system of the protected areas.The overall value of human pressure index of the 34 priority counties is low,while IHPof the mentioned 14 counties is relatively high.In 4 priority counties of Kunming without nature reserves,exist the potential priority habitats in the future planning for protected areas,and so is it with 3 other counties,including Yulong,with conservation gap and a low IHPvalue. Therefore,more priority conservation habitats should be covered in the system of protected areas,especially the above-mentioned7 counties.
Human pressure is a key factor in the conservation planning for biodiversity systems and the setting of nature reserves.The species distribution environment information is coupled and the priority conservation habitats are further identified,after 34 optimal priority conservation counties are chosen.The human pressure index being combined with the conservation gap analysis in the 34 counties,the system of the protected areas of Yunnan Province is optimized according to the analysis of the landscape pattern of priority conservation habitats.The results show: The nature reserves only occupy 12. 04% of the 34 priority counties,which is generally less than expected.Besides,the coverage rate of 14 of the 34 counties is less than 5%.Meanwhile,81.75% of the priority habitats areas have not been included in nature reserves,nor have they been protected,either; therefore there is still large space for optimizing the system of the protected areas.The overall value of human pressure index of the 34 priority counties is low,while IHPof the mentioned 14 counties is relatively high.In 4 priority counties of Kunming without nature reserves,exist the potential priority habitats in the future planning for protected areas,and so is it with 3 other counties,including Yulong,with conservation gap and a low IHPvalue. Therefore,more priority conservation habitats should be covered in the system of protected areas,especially the above-mentioned7 counties.
引文
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[2]MYERS N,MITTERMEIER R A,MITTERMEIER C G,et al.Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities[J].Nature,2000,403(6772):853-858.
[3]OLSON D M,DINERSTEIN E.The global 200:A representation approach to conserving the Earth's most biologically valuable ecoregions[J].Conservation Biology,1998,12(3):502-515.
[4]曹丽敏,司马永康,曹利民,等.保护生物学概述[J].云南大学学报:自然科学版,2001,23(植物学专辑):65-70.CAO L M,SIMA Y K,CAO L M,et al.Conservation biology:A brief review[J].Journal of Yunnan University:Natural Sciences Edition,2001,23(Botanic monograph):65-70.
[5]WU R,ZHANG S,YU D W,et al.Effectiveness of China's nature reserves in representing ecological diversity[J].Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2011,9(7):383-389.
[6]DOBSON A P,RODRIGUEZ J P,ROBERTS W M,et al.Geographic distribution of endangered species in the U-nited States[J].Science,1997,275(5299):550-553.
[7]BROOKS T M,MITTERMEIER R A,DA FONSECA G AB,et al.Global biodiversity conservation priorities[J].Science,2006,313(5783):58-61.
[8]MARGULES C R,PRESSEY R L.Systematic conservation planning[J].Nature,2000,405(6783):243-53.
[9]BRUM F T,GRAHAM C H,COSTA G C,et al.Global priorities for conservation across multiple dimensions of mammalian diversity[J].Proceedings of the National A-cademy of Sciences of the United States of America,2017,114(29):7 641-7 646.
[10]王长永,曹学章.中国生物多样性数据资源现状分析[J].中国环境科学,1998,18(5):387-390.WANG C Y,CAO X Z.Status analysis of biodiversity data resources in China[J].China Environmental Science,1998,18(5):387-390.
[11]陈阳,陈安平,方精云.中国濒危鱼类,两栖爬行类和哺乳类的地理分布格局与优先保护区域[J].生物多样性,2002,10(4):359-368.CHEN Y,CHEN A P,FAN J Y.Geographical distribution patterns of endangered fishes,reptiles and mammals and their hotspots in China:A study based on“China red data book of endangered animals”[J].Biodiversity Science,2002,10(4):359-368.
[12]YANG F L,HU J M,WU R D.Combining endangered plants and animals as surrogates to identify priority conservation areas in Yunnan,China[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:25898.DOI:10.1038/srep30753.
[13]ERASMUS B F N,FREITAG S,GASTON K J,et al.Scale and conservation planning in the real world[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences,1999,266(1417):315-319.
[14]MOILANEN A,ARPONEN A.Administrative regions in conservation:Balancing local priorities with regional to global preferences in spatial planning[J].Biological Conservation,2011,144(5):1 719-1 725.
[15]张立敏,李正跃,陈斌.昆虫物种多样性格局评价方法研究进展[J].云南大学学报:自然科学版,2008,30(S1):130-134.ZHANG L M,LI Z Y,CHEN B.Review on the researches on methods for the evaluation of insect species diversity pattern[J].Journal of Yunnan University:Natural Sciences Edition,2008,30(S1):130-134.
[16]CAMPAGNARO T,TRENTANOVI G,SITZIA T.Identifying habitat type conservation priorities under the Habitats Directive:Application to two Italian biogeographical regions[J].Sustainability,2018,10:1189.DOI:10.3390/su10041189.
[17]KENDALL R.JONES K R,VENTER O,et al.One-third of global protected land is under intense human pressure[J].Science,2018,360:788-791.DOI:10.1126/science.aap9565.
[18]陶国庆,欧晓昆,郭银明,等.基于保护价值与保护成本分析的滇西北植被优先保护区识别[J].生态学报,2016,36(18):5 777-5 789.TAO G Q,OU X K,GUO Y M,et al.Priority area identification for vegetation in Northwest Yunnan,based on protection value and protection cost[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(18):5 777-5 789.
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[21]中华人民共和国环境保护部.中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2011-2030年)[R].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2010.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China.China biodiversity conservation strategy and action plan 2012-2030[R].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2010.
[22]NAGENDRA H.Do parks work impact of protected areas on land cover clearing[J].Ambio A Journal of the Human Environment,2008,37(5):330-337.
[23]云南省林业厅.云南省自然保护区年报(2014)[R].昆明:云南省林业厅,2015.Forestry Department of Yunnan Province.Nature reserves annual report in Yunnan Province 2014[R].Kunming:Forestry Department of Yunnan Province,2015.
[24]Convention on Biological Diversity.Global strategy for plant conservation(2011-2020)[R].Richmond:Convention on Biological Diversity,2012.
[25]国家基础地理信息中心.数字高程模型[DB/OL].[2014-07-20].http://www.ngcc.cn/article/sjcg/dem/.National Geomatics Center of China.Digital elevation model[DB/OL].[2014-07-20].http://www.ngcc.cn/article/sjcg/dem/.
[26]United States Geological Survey.Enhanced Thematic Mapper data sets[DB/OL].[2014-02-02].https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/.
[27]《云南植被》编写组.云南省植被[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.Yunnan Vegetation Compiling Committee.Yunnan vegetation[M].Beijing:Science Press,2000.
[28]华朝朗,赵元藩.云南省生物多样性保护规划研究[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,2012.HUA C L,ZHAO Y F.Yunnan biodiversity planning studies[M].Kunming:Yunnan Science and Technology Press,2012.
[29]云南省统计局.云南省统计年鉴2015[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016.The Bureau of Statistics of the Yunnan Province.Yunnan statistical yearbook 2015[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2016.
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[31]QIU C,HU J M,YANG F L,et al.Human pressures on natural reserves in Yunnan Province and management implications[J].Scientific Reports,2018,8:3260.DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-21654-w.
[32]云南省环境保护厅.云南省自然保护区发展规划(2017-2025)[R].昆明:云南省环境保护厅,2017.Yunnan Environmental Protection Department.Yunnan nature reserves development planning 2017-2025[R].Kunming:Yunnan Environmental Protection Department,2017.
[33]Convention on Biological Diversity.Strategic plan for biodiversity 2011-2020[R].Aichi:Convention on Biological Diversity,2010.
[34]LIN S,WU R,HUA C,et al.Identifying local-scale wilderness for on-ground conservation actions within a global biodiversity hotspot[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:25898.DOI:10.1038/srep25898.