民间文学当代传承的特征
|
摘要
民间文学的传承是由很多要素参与其中的复杂过程,从传承场和传承人这两个要素入手,可以考察其当代传承的变化及由此带来的影响。就传承场而言,新媒介成为越来越重要的民间文学传承的渠道或场域,其中以互联网及其衍生品最为突出,这一变化导致民间文学集体性的消解、口头性的削弱,以及变异性的增强。就传承人而言,伴随着各层次上非遗项目代表性传承人的认定,与之相关的民间文学传承人开始分层分化,原来积极的传承人可能因未被认定而渐失积极性,原来消极的则会因利益无涉而愈加冷眼旁观,此外,在文化资源的利用上,作为积极传承人的地方文化权威和文化代言人,其社会角色呈现出一定的职业化倾向。
The inheritance of folk literature is a complex process involving many elements. Starting from the inheritance field and the inheritor, we can examine the changes in contemporary inheritance of folklores and subsequent impacts. Concerning the inheritance field, the new media has become an increasingly important channel or field for the inheritance of folklore, amid which the internet and its derivatives outstand most conspicuously; this change leads to the dissolution of folklore's collectivity, the weakening of its orality,and the increasing of its variability. As to the inheritor, they start to stratify and differentiate along with the certification of representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage projects at various levels, which means most active inheritors will become to the failure of certification and lose their enthusiasm while passive ones becoming more and more squinting for the lack of benefit. In addition, when it comes to the use of cultural resources, some of the active inheritors, acting as local cultural authority and cultural spokesperson, show a tendency of professionalization in their social role.
The inheritance of folk literature is a complex process involving many elements. Starting from the inheritance field and the inheritor, we can examine the changes in contemporary inheritance of folklores and subsequent impacts. Concerning the inheritance field, the new media has become an increasingly important channel or field for the inheritance of folklore, amid which the internet and its derivatives outstand most conspicuously; this change leads to the dissolution of folklore's collectivity, the weakening of its orality,and the increasing of its variability. As to the inheritor, they start to stratify and differentiate along with the certification of representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage projects at various levels, which means most active inheritors will become to the failure of certification and lose their enthusiasm while passive ones becoming more and more squinting for the lack of benefit. In addition, when it comes to the use of cultural resources, some of the active inheritors, acting as local cultural authority and cultural spokesperson, show a tendency of professionalization in their social role.
引文
[1]巴莫曲布嫫.叙事语境与演述场域:以诺苏彝族的口头论辩和史诗传统为例[J].文学评论,2004(1):147-155.
[2]杨利慧.当代中国电子媒介中的神话主义[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014,46(4):69-77
[3]杨利慧,张霞,徐芳,等.现代口承神话的民族志研究:以四个汉族社区为个案[M].西安:陕西师范大学出版社,2001:23.
[4]BARON R,SPITZER N. Public Folklore[M]. Mississippi:University Press of Mississippi,2007:15-16.
[5]陈静梅.我国非物质文化遗产传承人研究述评[J].贵州师范大学学报(社会科学版),2012(4):77-84.
[6]高丙中.民间文学的当代传承与非物质文化遗产保护[J].民间文化论坛,2014(1):21-23.
[7]杜新燕.民间文学传承方式简论[J].大理学院学报,2010,9(5):5-8.
[8]岳永逸.裂变中的口头传统:北京民间文学的传承现状研究[J].民族艺术,2010(1):6-12.
[9]郭俊红.论民间文学的传承方式:以山东省沂源县牛郎织女传说传承为例[J].民间文化论坛,2009(5):47-53.
[10]林继富.现代媒介记忆语境下的民间文学保护[J].民间文化论坛,2014(1):33-41.
(1)社区中对地方掌故和区域历史以及民间传统怀有兴趣的老人、民间精英以及虔诚地信仰相关神灵的香会会首或者一般信众,所具有的神话知识通常更加丰富,能讲述的神话往往更多,也更愿意主动讲述。他们的知识和讲述才能也常常得到社区内部成员的肯定,成为当地知名的“讲述能手”或“故事篓子”。这一类人,笔者称之为“神话传统的积极承载者”(creative bearers of myth tradition)……知晓一定的神话故事,但是相对而言,其神话知识较少,往往只能叙述故事的核心母题,而无法完整、生动地讲述完整的神话,而且在生活中一般不主动讲述这些神话知识,笔者称这类讲述人为“神话传统的消极承载者”(passive bearers of myth tradition)。
[2]杨利慧.当代中国电子媒介中的神话主义[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014,46(4):69-77
[3]杨利慧,张霞,徐芳,等.现代口承神话的民族志研究:以四个汉族社区为个案[M].西安:陕西师范大学出版社,2001:23.
[4]BARON R,SPITZER N. Public Folklore[M]. Mississippi:University Press of Mississippi,2007:15-16.
[5]陈静梅.我国非物质文化遗产传承人研究述评[J].贵州师范大学学报(社会科学版),2012(4):77-84.
[6]高丙中.民间文学的当代传承与非物质文化遗产保护[J].民间文化论坛,2014(1):21-23.
[7]杜新燕.民间文学传承方式简论[J].大理学院学报,2010,9(5):5-8.
[8]岳永逸.裂变中的口头传统:北京民间文学的传承现状研究[J].民族艺术,2010(1):6-12.
[9]郭俊红.论民间文学的传承方式:以山东省沂源县牛郎织女传说传承为例[J].民间文化论坛,2009(5):47-53.
[10]林继富.现代媒介记忆语境下的民间文学保护[J].民间文化论坛,2014(1):33-41.
(1)社区中对地方掌故和区域历史以及民间传统怀有兴趣的老人、民间精英以及虔诚地信仰相关神灵的香会会首或者一般信众,所具有的神话知识通常更加丰富,能讲述的神话往往更多,也更愿意主动讲述。他们的知识和讲述才能也常常得到社区内部成员的肯定,成为当地知名的“讲述能手”或“故事篓子”。这一类人,笔者称之为“神话传统的积极承载者”(creative bearers of myth tradition)……知晓一定的神话故事,但是相对而言,其神话知识较少,往往只能叙述故事的核心母题,而无法完整、生动地讲述完整的神话,而且在生活中一般不主动讲述这些神话知识,笔者称这类讲述人为“神话传统的消极承载者”(passive bearers of myth tradition)。