论《孙子兵法》英译的文化心理与文化逻辑
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摘要
文化简化主义与语义的欺骗性对等是西方译者英译中华典籍时常犯的错误之一,其特征是译文与原文表面上语言意义一致,但实质上文化意义却大相径庭。就《孙子兵法》的英译而言,译者的选择体现了译者的文化心理,其又通过译者英译的文化表现体现出来。译者如缺乏文化逻辑意识,以自己的心理框架取代现实的语境,就会以自己认为合理的解释来取代源语文化之文化惯约。欲避免文化简化主义的发生,译者须加强自我自反性,厘清蕴含在文化表现系统中的文化逻辑,通过自反的方法达到差异比较与沟通理解之目的。
Cultural reductionism is one of common mistakes English translators usually make,which is characterized by deceptive equivalence in linguistic form with an outward conformity of literal meanings and an inward wide divergence of cultural meanings between the original and the translation. As far as the English translation of The Art of War is concerned,the reason is that translators replace actual contexts with their own frames,which actually embodies translators lacking cultural logic awareness. In order to avoid cultural reductionism and deceptive equivalence,translators need to strengthen self-reflexivity and clarify the cultural logic implicated in cultural manifestations,achieving the aim of difference comparison and communicable understanding by means of reflexive approach.
Cultural reductionism is one of common mistakes English translators usually make,which is characterized by deceptive equivalence in linguistic form with an outward conformity of literal meanings and an inward wide divergence of cultural meanings between the original and the translation. As far as the English translation of The Art of War is concerned,the reason is that translators replace actual contexts with their own frames,which actually embodies translators lacking cultural logic awareness. In order to avoid cultural reductionism and deceptive equivalence,translators need to strengthen self-reflexivity and clarify the cultural logic implicated in cultural manifestations,achieving the aim of difference comparison and communicable understanding by means of reflexive approach.
引文
[1]刘宓庆.文化翻译论纲[M].武汉:湖北教育出版社,2005.
[2]LEHMAN D R,CHIU CHI-YUE,CHALLER M.Psychology and Culture[J].Annual Review of Psychology,2004,55:689-714.
[3]CONWAY K.A Conceptual and Empirical Approach to Cultural Translation[J].Translation Studies,2012,5(3):264-279.
[4]SALVATORE S,ZITTOUN T.Cultural Psychology and Psychoanalysis:Pathways to Synthesis[M].Charlotte,North Carolina:Information Age Publishing,2011:4.
[5]黄海翔.论文化翻译视角下典籍英译的人本主义价值观——以《孙子兵法》Minford译本中“诡道”的文化误读为例[J].外语教学理论与实践,2009(1):57-62.
[6]GILES L.Sun Tzu's The Art of War[M].Vermont:Tuttle Publishing,2008.
[7]SAWYER R D.The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China[M].New York:Basic Books,2007:157.
[8]MAIR V H.The Art of War:Sun Zi's Military Methods[M].New York:Columbia University Press,2007.
[9]安乐哲.和而不同:比较哲学与中西会通[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002:18.
[10]周志培,陈运香.文化学与翻译[M].上海:华东理工大学出版社,2013.
[11]冯契.外国哲学大辞典[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,2008.
[12]SNELL HORNBY.Translation Studies:An Integrated Approach[M].Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,1995:16.
[13]沙特尔沃思,考伊.翻译研究词典[M].谭载喜,译.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2005:67.
[14]BAKHTIN M.The Dialogic Imagination[M].trans.Caryl Emerson,Michael Holquist.Austin:University of Texas Press,1981:304.
[15]MAIR V H.Interview with Victor Mair[EB/OL].(2014-05-28)[2014-08-28].http://www.sonshi.com/mair.html.
[16]AMES R T,SUN-TZU.The Art of Warfare[M].New York:Ballantine Books,1993.
[17]BATESON G.Steps to an Ecology of Mind[M].New York:Ballantine Books,1972:187.
[18]NEUBERT A,GREGORY M S.Translation as Text[M].Kent:The Kent State University Press,1992:60.
[19]KATAN D.Translating Cultures:An Introduction for Translators,Interpreters and Mediators[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004:25.
[20]BATESON G.Mind and Nature:A Necessary Unity[M].New York:Bantam Doubleday Dell,1988:124.
[21]李炳全.人性彰显和人文精神的回归与复兴[D].南京:南京师范大学,2004:38.
[22]ENFIELD N J.The Theory of Cultural Logic:How Individuals Combine Social Intelligence with Semiotics to Create and Maintain Cultural Meaning[J].Cultural Dynamics,2000,12(1):35-64.
[23]HONGMAN LI.A Comparative Study on English Translations of Culture-loaded Words in The Art of War[J].Theory and Practice in Language Studies,2011,1(5):478-481.
[24]GEERTZ C.The Interpretation of Cultures:Selected Essays[M].New York:Basic Books,1973:3-30.
[25]ASAD T.The Concept of Cultural Translation in British Cultural Anthropology[M]//CLIFFORD J G E.Writing Culture:The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography.Berkeley:University of California Press,1986:157.
[26]STURGE K.Translation Strategies in Ethnography[J].The Translator,1997,3(1):26-34.
[27]王丽娜.安贝托·艾柯符号学美学探析[D].南昌:江西师范大学,2009:20.
[28]罗建平.《孙子兵法》Giles译本译误分析[J].青海师范大学学报:人文社会科学版,1998(3):77-79.
[29]孙星衍.孙子十家注[M].吴人骥,校.北京:中华书局,1985:81.
12梅氏英译以中华书局上海编辑所1961年《宋本十一家注孙子》影印本为底本翻译。《宋本十一家注孙子》与孙星衍校之《孙子十家注》属于同一传本系统,内容无甚区别。详情可参考由春秋孙武撰,三国曹操注,杨丙安校理的《十一家注孙子校理》,中华书局1991年版。笔者本文所引孙子原文皆出自此杨校本。
[2]LEHMAN D R,CHIU CHI-YUE,CHALLER M.Psychology and Culture[J].Annual Review of Psychology,2004,55:689-714.
[3]CONWAY K.A Conceptual and Empirical Approach to Cultural Translation[J].Translation Studies,2012,5(3):264-279.
[4]SALVATORE S,ZITTOUN T.Cultural Psychology and Psychoanalysis:Pathways to Synthesis[M].Charlotte,North Carolina:Information Age Publishing,2011:4.
[5]黄海翔.论文化翻译视角下典籍英译的人本主义价值观——以《孙子兵法》Minford译本中“诡道”的文化误读为例[J].外语教学理论与实践,2009(1):57-62.
[6]GILES L.Sun Tzu's The Art of War[M].Vermont:Tuttle Publishing,2008.
[7]SAWYER R D.The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China[M].New York:Basic Books,2007:157.
[8]MAIR V H.The Art of War:Sun Zi's Military Methods[M].New York:Columbia University Press,2007.
[9]安乐哲.和而不同:比较哲学与中西会通[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002:18.
[10]周志培,陈运香.文化学与翻译[M].上海:华东理工大学出版社,2013.
[11]冯契.外国哲学大辞典[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,2008.
[12]SNELL HORNBY.Translation Studies:An Integrated Approach[M].Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,1995:16.
[13]沙特尔沃思,考伊.翻译研究词典[M].谭载喜,译.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2005:67.
[14]BAKHTIN M.The Dialogic Imagination[M].trans.Caryl Emerson,Michael Holquist.Austin:University of Texas Press,1981:304.
[15]MAIR V H.Interview with Victor Mair[EB/OL].(2014-05-28)[2014-08-28].http://www.sonshi.com/mair.html.
[16]AMES R T,SUN-TZU.The Art of Warfare[M].New York:Ballantine Books,1993.
[17]BATESON G.Steps to an Ecology of Mind[M].New York:Ballantine Books,1972:187.
[18]NEUBERT A,GREGORY M S.Translation as Text[M].Kent:The Kent State University Press,1992:60.
[19]KATAN D.Translating Cultures:An Introduction for Translators,Interpreters and Mediators[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004:25.
[20]BATESON G.Mind and Nature:A Necessary Unity[M].New York:Bantam Doubleday Dell,1988:124.
[21]李炳全.人性彰显和人文精神的回归与复兴[D].南京:南京师范大学,2004:38.
[22]ENFIELD N J.The Theory of Cultural Logic:How Individuals Combine Social Intelligence with Semiotics to Create and Maintain Cultural Meaning[J].Cultural Dynamics,2000,12(1):35-64.
[23]HONGMAN LI.A Comparative Study on English Translations of Culture-loaded Words in The Art of War[J].Theory and Practice in Language Studies,2011,1(5):478-481.
[24]GEERTZ C.The Interpretation of Cultures:Selected Essays[M].New York:Basic Books,1973:3-30.
[25]ASAD T.The Concept of Cultural Translation in British Cultural Anthropology[M]//CLIFFORD J G E.Writing Culture:The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography.Berkeley:University of California Press,1986:157.
[26]STURGE K.Translation Strategies in Ethnography[J].The Translator,1997,3(1):26-34.
[27]王丽娜.安贝托·艾柯符号学美学探析[D].南昌:江西师范大学,2009:20.
[28]罗建平.《孙子兵法》Giles译本译误分析[J].青海师范大学学报:人文社会科学版,1998(3):77-79.
[29]孙星衍.孙子十家注[M].吴人骥,校.北京:中华书局,1985:81.
12梅氏英译以中华书局上海编辑所1961年《宋本十一家注孙子》影印本为底本翻译。《宋本十一家注孙子》与孙星衍校之《孙子十家注》属于同一传本系统,内容无甚区别。详情可参考由春秋孙武撰,三国曹操注,杨丙安校理的《十一家注孙子校理》,中华书局1991年版。笔者本文所引孙子原文皆出自此杨校本。