低温时效性对牙科用氧化锆耐磨性能的影响
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摘要
目的探讨低温时效对牙科用氧化锆耐磨性能的影响。方法本实验对偶球为对照氧化锆球和经低温时效处理的氧化锆球(134℃,100 h),对磨材料为牙釉质(n=8),每个氧化锆对偶球(n=8)对应1个牙釉质样本。将样本和对偶球固定在磨耗试验仪上,磨耗实验条件:10 000、20 000和50 000个磨耗循环,频率1.2 Hz,载荷49 N。随后用三维轮廓扫描仪确定每组牙釉质样本磨痕的体积损失和深度损失,并测定磨耗前后氧化锆球表面的粗糙度。用微压痕实验方法检测氧化锆球的维氏硬度。应用SPSS 20.0软件包对实验数据进行统计学分析,采用双因素方差分别分析牙釉质样本的深度损失(μm)和体积损失(mm~3×10~(-3))以及氧化锆对偶球的粗糙度(μm),采用单因素方差分析氧化锆对偶球硬度结果,选择Tukey HSD检验进行组间两两比较。结果实验结果显示,10 000次.磨耗循环后低温时效处理组和对照组牙釉质样本的深度损失(1 43±0.07,1.46±0.12)和体积损失(2 36±0.45,2.31±0.34)差异无统计学意义(F_(深度损失)=0.721,P_(深度损失)=0.610;F_(体积损失)=0.0552,P_(体积损失)=0.801);而经过20 000和50 000次磨耗循环后老化处理组对磨的牙釉质样本深度损失(F_(20000)=4.573,P_(20000)=0.0364;F_(50000)=49.385,P_(50000)<0.001)和体积损失(F_(20000)=5.769,P_(20000)=0.0210;F_(50000)=61.792,P_(50000)<0.001)显著低于对偶球为对照组氧化锆球组。10 000和20 000次磨耗后低温时效组的氧化锆球的表面粗糙度(0.0402±0.0055,0.0366±0.0061)与对照组(0.0406±0.0035,0.0391±0.0059)差异均无统计学意义(F_(10000)=0.0314,P_(10000)=0.873;F_(20000)=0.693,P_(20000)=0.416),而磨耗50 000次后老化处理组氧化锆球的粗糙度(0.0596±0.0045)显著高于于对照组氧化锆球(0.0386±0.0027),差异有统计学意义(F_(50000)=128.793,P<0.001)。低温时效处理组氧化锆的维氏硬度为1257.0±54.5(HV1)显著低于对照组氧化锆球1385.8±28.7(HV1,F=124.789,P<0.001)。结论低温时效处理导致牙科用氧化锆材料硬度降低,耐磨性能下降(20 000和50 000次磨耗循环后)。
Objective The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of low temperature degradation on the wear behavior of zirconia.Methods Zirconia balls with and without autoclaving(134℃,100 h) were used as the antagonist material in this study.Eight specimens of human enamel for each group were tested.For each enamel sample,a zirconia ball was used as the antagonist(n = 8).The specimens and antagonist balls were subjected to a wear simulator(10 000,20 000 and 50 000 loading cycles,1.2 Hz,49 N) and then the vertical loss and volume loss were measured by a three-dimensional(3D) optical profilometer.Roughness of zirconia balls was measured by the 3D optical profilometer as well.Hardness of the samples was determined using a micro-Vickers hardness tester.The software of SPSS20.0 was used for statistical analysis.Two-Way ANOVA was performed to analyze the data of vertical loss(μm) and volume loss(mm~3×10~(-3)) for enamel samples and roughness(μm) of the zirconia balls and data of Vickers hardness were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA.Multiple pair-wise comparison of means was performed with Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference(HSD) post hoc test(α = 0.05).Results Results showed that human enamel samples opposing the non-aged zirconia balls demonstrated significantly less vertical loss(F_(20000) = 4.573,P_(20000) = 0.0364;F_(50000) = 49.385,P_(50000)< 0.001) and volume loss(F20000 = 5.769,P_(20000) = 0.0210;F_(50000)= 61.792,P_(50000) < 0.001) than those against the aged zirconia balls after 20 000 and50 000 wear test cycles.No significant differences were observed after 10 000 wear test cycles for vertical loss(1.43±0.07,1.46±0.12) and volume loss(2.36±0.45,2.31 ±0.34;F_(vertical loss)=0.721,P_(vertical loss)=0.610;F_(volume loss)= 0.0552,P_(volume loss)= 0.801).No significant differences were found for the roughness among the aged(0.0402 ± 0.0055,0.0366 ± 0.0061) and non-aged zirconia balls(0.0402 ± 0.0055,0.0366 ± 0.0061) after10 000 and 20 000 were test cycles(F_(10000) = 0.0314,P_(10000) = 0.873;F_(20000) = 0.693,P_(20000) = 0.416).However,after 50 000 chewing cycles aged zirconia balls(0.0596 ± 0.0045) showed significantly greater roughness than the non-aged ones(0.0386 ± 0.0027;F_(50000) = 128.793,P< 0.001).Vickers hardness for the aged zirconia balls 1257.0 ± 54.5(HV1) was significantly lower than for the non-aged group 1385.8 ± 28.7(HV1,F= 124.789,P< 0.001).Conclusions Low temperature degradation results in significant decrease in Vickers hardness for zirconia balls.Aged zirconia balls demonstrate less wear resistance after 20 000 and 50 000 chewing cycles compared to the non-aged zirconia ones.
Objective The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of low temperature degradation on the wear behavior of zirconia.Methods Zirconia balls with and without autoclaving(134℃,100 h) were used as the antagonist material in this study.Eight specimens of human enamel for each group were tested.For each enamel sample,a zirconia ball was used as the antagonist(n = 8).The specimens and antagonist balls were subjected to a wear simulator(10 000,20 000 and 50 000 loading cycles,1.2 Hz,49 N) and then the vertical loss and volume loss were measured by a three-dimensional(3D) optical profilometer.Roughness of zirconia balls was measured by the 3D optical profilometer as well.Hardness of the samples was determined using a micro-Vickers hardness tester.The software of SPSS20.0 was used for statistical analysis.Two-Way ANOVA was performed to analyze the data of vertical loss(μm) and volume loss(mm~3×10~(-3)) for enamel samples and roughness(μm) of the zirconia balls and data of Vickers hardness were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA.Multiple pair-wise comparison of means was performed with Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference(HSD) post hoc test(α = 0.05).Results Results showed that human enamel samples opposing the non-aged zirconia balls demonstrated significantly less vertical loss(F_(20000) = 4.573,P_(20000) = 0.0364;F_(50000) = 49.385,P_(50000)< 0.001) and volume loss(F20000 = 5.769,P_(20000) = 0.0210;F_(50000)= 61.792,P_(50000) < 0.001) than those against the aged zirconia balls after 20 000 and50 000 wear test cycles.No significant differences were observed after 10 000 wear test cycles for vertical loss(1.43±0.07,1.46±0.12) and volume loss(2.36±0.45,2.31 ±0.34;F_(vertical loss)=0.721,P_(vertical loss)=0.610;F_(volume loss)= 0.0552,P_(volume loss)= 0.801).No significant differences were found for the roughness among the aged(0.0402 ± 0.0055,0.0366 ± 0.0061) and non-aged zirconia balls(0.0402 ± 0.0055,0.0366 ± 0.0061) after10 000 and 20 000 were test cycles(F_(10000) = 0.0314,P_(10000) = 0.873;F_(20000) = 0.693,P_(20000) = 0.416).However,after 50 000 chewing cycles aged zirconia balls(0.0596 ± 0.0045) showed significantly greater roughness than the non-aged ones(0.0386 ± 0.0027;F_(50000) = 128.793,P< 0.001).Vickers hardness for the aged zirconia balls 1257.0 ± 54.5(HV1) was significantly lower than for the non-aged group 1385.8 ± 28.7(HV1,F= 124.789,P< 0.001).Conclusions Low temperature degradation results in significant decrease in Vickers hardness for zirconia balls.Aged zirconia balls demonstrate less wear resistance after 20 000 and 50 000 chewing cycles compared to the non-aged zirconia ones.
引文
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[18]Beuer F,Stimmelmayr M,Gueth JF,et al.In vitro performance of full-contour zirconia single crowns[J].Dent Mater,2012,28(4):449-456.
[19]Chong BJ,Thangavel AK,Rolton SB,et al.Clinical and laboratory surface finishing procedures for zirconia on opposing human enamel wear:a laboratory study[J].J Mech Behav Biomed Mater,2015(50):93-103.
[20]Burgess JO,Janyavula S,Lawson NC,et al.Enamel wear opposing polished and aged zirconia[J].Oper Dent,2014,39(2):189-194.
[21]Flinn BD,de Groot DA,Mancl LA,et al.Accelerated aging characteristics of three yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline dental materials[J].The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry,2012,108(4):223-230.
[22]Tanaka K,Tamura J,Kawanabe K,et al.Phase stability after aging and its influence on pin-on-disk wear properties of Ce-TZP/Al2O3nanocomposite and conventional Y-TZP[J].J Mech Behav Biomed Mater,2003,67(1):200-207.
[23]Kim JW,Covel NS,Guess PC,et al.Concerns of hydrothermal degradation in CAD/CAM zirconia[J].J Dent Res,2010,89(1):91-95.
[24]Gremillard L,Martin L,Zych L,et al.Combining ageing and wear to assess the durability of zirconia-based ceramic heads for total hip arthroplasty[J].Acta Biomater,2013,9(7):7545-7555.
[2]Agustín-Panadero R,Román-Rodríguez JL,Ferreiroa A,et al.Zirconia in fixed prosthesis.A literature review[J].J Clin Exp Dent,2014,6(1):e66-e73.
[3]Bachhav VC,Aras MA.Zirconia-based fixed partial dentures:a clinical review[J].Quintessence Int,2011,42(2):173-182.
[4]Triwatana P,Nagaviroj N,Tulapornchai C.Clinical performance and failures of zirconia-based fixed partial dentures:a review literature[J].J Adv Prosthodont,2012,4(2):76-83.
[5]Hannink RH,Kelly PM,Muddle BC.Transformation toughening in zirconia-containing ceramics[J].J Am Ceram Soc,2000,83(3):461-487.
[6]?rtorp A,Kihl ML,Carlsson GE.A 5-year retrospective study of survival of zirconia single crowns fitted in a private clinical setting[J].J Dent,2012,40(6):527-530.
[7]Lughi V,Sergo V.Low temperature degradation-aging-of zirconia:a critical review of the relevant aspects in dentistry[J].Dent Mater,2010,26(8):807-820.
[8]浩志超,孟玉坤.牙科用氧化锆陶瓷的低温时效及其影响因素[J].国际口腔医学杂志,2012,39(4):494-497.
[9]Pereira GK,Venturini AB,Silvestri T,et al.Low-temperature degradation of Y-TZP ceramics:a systematic review and metaanalysis[J].J Mech Behav Biomed Mater,2015(55):151-163.
[10]Kohorst P,Borchers L,Strempel J,et al.Low-temperature degradation of different zirconia ceramics for dental applications[J].Acta Biomater,2012,8(3):1213-1220.
[11]Hahnel S,Schultz S,Trempler C,et al.Two-body wear of dental restorative materials[J].J Mech Behav Biomed Mater,2011,4(3):237-244.
[12]Koottathape N,Takahashi H,Iwasaki N,et al.Quantitative wear and wear damage analysis of composite resins in vitro[J].J Mech Behav Biomed Mater,2014(29):508-516.
[13]Kim MJ,Oh SH,Kim JH,et al.Wear evaluation of the human enamel opposing different Y-TZP dental ceramics and other porcelains[J].J Dent,2012,40(11):979-988.
[14]Hao Z,Yin H,Wang L,et al.Wear behavior of seven artificial resin teeth assessed with three-dimensional measurements[J].J Prosthet Dent,2014,112(6):1507-1512.
[15]Elmaria A,Goldstein G,Vijayaraghavan T,et al.An evaluation of wear when enamel is opposed by various ceramic materials and gold[J].J Prosthet Dent,2006,96(5):345-353.
[16]Lawson NC,Janyavula S,Syklawer S,et al.Wear of enamel opposing zirconia and lithium disilicate after adjustment,polishing and glazing[J].J Dent,2014,42(12):1586-1591.
[17]Preis V,Grumser K,Schneider-Feyrer S,et al.Cycle-dependent in vitro wear performance of dental ceramics after clinical surface treatments[J].J Mech Behav Biomed Mater,2016(53):49-58.
[18]Beuer F,Stimmelmayr M,Gueth JF,et al.In vitro performance of full-contour zirconia single crowns[J].Dent Mater,2012,28(4):449-456.
[19]Chong BJ,Thangavel AK,Rolton SB,et al.Clinical and laboratory surface finishing procedures for zirconia on opposing human enamel wear:a laboratory study[J].J Mech Behav Biomed Mater,2015(50):93-103.
[20]Burgess JO,Janyavula S,Lawson NC,et al.Enamel wear opposing polished and aged zirconia[J].Oper Dent,2014,39(2):189-194.
[21]Flinn BD,de Groot DA,Mancl LA,et al.Accelerated aging characteristics of three yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline dental materials[J].The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry,2012,108(4):223-230.
[22]Tanaka K,Tamura J,Kawanabe K,et al.Phase stability after aging and its influence on pin-on-disk wear properties of Ce-TZP/Al2O3nanocomposite and conventional Y-TZP[J].J Mech Behav Biomed Mater,2003,67(1):200-207.
[23]Kim JW,Covel NS,Guess PC,et al.Concerns of hydrothermal degradation in CAD/CAM zirconia[J].J Dent Res,2010,89(1):91-95.
[24]Gremillard L,Martin L,Zych L,et al.Combining ageing and wear to assess the durability of zirconia-based ceramic heads for total hip arthroplasty[J].Acta Biomater,2013,9(7):7545-7555.