东营凹陷页岩油储集地质特征与有效性
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摘要
以济阳坳陷东营凹陷古近系泥页岩为研究对象,通过岩心观察、偏光显微镜、氩离子抛光-扫描电镜分析以及高压压汞、小角X射线散射等实验,表征泥页岩不同尺度储集空间类型及组合连通方式,结合孔隙度、含油饱和度等数据,明确其储油的孔径及孔隙度下限。综合热演化程度(Ro)、岩相发育特征、地层压力特征和储集空间发育特征(孔隙度和孔径)等因素,建立东营凹陷泥页岩储集空间发育分布模式,预测页岩有利储集相带。结果表明:①研究区泥页岩储层孔隙类型主要为粒间孔、有机质和粘土矿物收缩孔及碳酸盐晶间孔,且具有三级孔缝网络的连通形式;②粘土片间孔和碳酸盐晶间孔对总孔隙度的贡献率最高,平均可达50%～70%,其次为粘土收缩缝和构造张裂缝;③页岩油赋存的孔径下限、游离油赋存孔径下限以及游离油大量富集的孔径门槛值,分别为5、10和30 nm;④富有机质和富碳酸盐矿物的纹层状页岩在总孔隙度、孔隙连通率和有利于游离油赋存的孔隙所贡献的孔隙度等方面最好,可作为优势岩相类型;⑤泥页岩岩相类型、成岩阶段、地层压力与裂缝发育程度控制了储集空间的发育分布特征,也是页岩油甜点评价的重要因素;有利储集相带预测就是在储集分级评价方案的指导下,寻找富有机质纹层状页岩分布区、相对较高的热演化程度页岩发育区、裂缝发育区、高地层压力发育区等叠合区。
The reservoir space types of various sizes and their connection patterns of the Paleogene shale in Jiyang Depression were characterized through core observation,polarizing microscope and argon ion milling-scanning electron microscopy( SEM) analyses,and high pressure mercury injection,as well as small angle X ray scattering experiment; in addition,the lower limits of effective pore diameter and porosity were clarified according to data such as porosity and oil saturation. A spatial development and distribution model of shale reservoir in Dongying sag was established to predict the favorable reservoir facies belt through integrating thermal maturity( Ro) with the characteristics of lithofacies,formation pressure,and reservoir space( porosity and pore diameter). The results show that:( 1) the pores of the shale reservoir in the study area are mainly intergranular pores,shrinkage pores in organic matter and clay minerals,and intercrystalline pores in carbonate,all of which are connected through a three-level pore-fracture network;( 2) the intraparticle pores in clay minerals and intercrystalline pores in carbonate are the most effective pores with the highest contribution to the total porosity,averaging at 50% to 70%,followed by clay shrinkage cracks and tension fissure;( 3) the lower limit of pore diameter for shale oil occurrence,the minimum pore diameter for free oil occurrence,and the threshold pore diameter of free oil enrichment are 5 nm,10 nm and 30 mm,respectively;( 4) the laminated shale rich in organic matter and carbonate minerals is the highest in total porosity,pore connectivity,and contribution of pores favorable for free oil storage to porosity,so it is a preferential lithofacies;( 5) the development and distribution characteristics of shale reservoir space are controlled by the lithofacies type,diagenetic stage,formation pressure and fracture development degree,all of which also serve as important factors for the evaluation of shale oil sweet spots; the prediction of favorable reservoir facies belt is to identify laminated organic-rich shale with relatively higher thermal maturity,highly-developed fracture and high formation pressure under the guidance of graded evaluation scheme.
The reservoir space types of various sizes and their connection patterns of the Paleogene shale in Jiyang Depression were characterized through core observation,polarizing microscope and argon ion milling-scanning electron microscopy( SEM) analyses,and high pressure mercury injection,as well as small angle X ray scattering experiment; in addition,the lower limits of effective pore diameter and porosity were clarified according to data such as porosity and oil saturation. A spatial development and distribution model of shale reservoir in Dongying sag was established to predict the favorable reservoir facies belt through integrating thermal maturity( Ro) with the characteristics of lithofacies,formation pressure,and reservoir space( porosity and pore diameter). The results show that:( 1) the pores of the shale reservoir in the study area are mainly intergranular pores,shrinkage pores in organic matter and clay minerals,and intercrystalline pores in carbonate,all of which are connected through a three-level pore-fracture network;( 2) the intraparticle pores in clay minerals and intercrystalline pores in carbonate are the most effective pores with the highest contribution to the total porosity,averaging at 50% to 70%,followed by clay shrinkage cracks and tension fissure;( 3) the lower limit of pore diameter for shale oil occurrence,the minimum pore diameter for free oil occurrence,and the threshold pore diameter of free oil enrichment are 5 nm,10 nm and 30 mm,respectively;( 4) the laminated shale rich in organic matter and carbonate minerals is the highest in total porosity,pore connectivity,and contribution of pores favorable for free oil storage to porosity,so it is a preferential lithofacies;( 5) the development and distribution characteristics of shale reservoir space are controlled by the lithofacies type,diagenetic stage,formation pressure and fracture development degree,all of which also serve as important factors for the evaluation of shale oil sweet spots; the prediction of favorable reservoir facies belt is to identify laminated organic-rich shale with relatively higher thermal maturity,highly-developed fracture and high formation pressure under the guidance of graded evaluation scheme.
引文
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[4]孙超,姚素平,李晋宁,等.基于小角X射线散射页岩油储层介孔特征研究[J].高校地质学报,2017,24(3):715-724.Sun Chao,Yao Suping,Li Jinning,et al. Characteristics of Mesoporous in shale oil reservoirs by Small Angle X-ray Scattering Method[J]. Geological Journal of China Universities,2017,24(3):715-724.
[5]朱如凯,白斌,崔景伟,等.非常规油气致密储集层微观结构研究进展[J].古地理学报,2013,34(1):30-36.Zhu Rukai,Bai Bin,Cui Jingwei,et al. Research advances of microstructure in unconventional tight oil and gas reservoirs[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography,2013,34(1):30-36.
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[7]张顺,刘惠民,宋国奇,等.东营凹陷页岩油储集空间成因及控制因素[J].石油学报,2016,37(12):1495-1507.Zhang Shun,Liu Huimin,Song Guoqi,et al. Genesis and control factors of shale oil reserving space in Dongying sag[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(12):1495-1507.
[8]王勇,王学军,宋国奇,等.渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷泥页岩岩相与页岩油富集关系[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(5):696-704.Wang Yong,Wang Xuejun,Song Guoqi,et al. Genetic connection between mud shale lithofacies and shale oil enrichment in Jiyang Depression,Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(5):696-704.
[9]刘毅,陆正元,戚明辉,等.渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷沙河街组页岩油微观储集特征[J].石油实验地质,2017,39(2):180-185.Liu Yi,Lu Zhengyuan,Qi Minghui,et al. Microscopic characteristics of shale oil reservoirs in Shahejie Formation in Zhanhua Sag,Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2017,39(2):180-185.
[10]李超,朱筱敏,朱世发,等.沾化凹陷罗家地区沙三下段泥页岩储层特征[J].沉积学报,2015,33(4):795-808.Li Chao,Zhu Xiaomin,Zhu Shifa,et al. Shale reservoir characteristics of the Lower 3th Member of Shahejie Formation,Luojia Area,Zhanhua Sag[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2015,33(4):795-808.
[11]陈世悦,张顺,王永诗,等.渤海湾盆地东营凹陷古近系细粒沉积岩岩相类型及储集层特征[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(2):198-208.Chen Shiyue,Zhang Shun,Wang Yongshi,et al. Lithofacies types and reservoirs of Paleogene fine-grained sedimentary rocks in Dongying Sag,Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(2):198-208.
[12]李钜源.渤海湾盆地东营凹陷古近系泥页岩孔隙特征及孔隙度演化规律[J].石油实验地质,2015,37(5):566-574.Li Juyuan. Pore characteristics and their evolution in Paleogene mud shales,Dongyingsag,Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Petroleum Geology and Experiment,2015,37(5):566-574.
[13]张林晔,李钜源,李政,等.湖相页岩有机储集空间发育特点与成因机制[J].地球科学—中国地质大学学报,2015,40(11):1824-1833.Zhang Linye,Li Juyuan,Li Zheng,et al. Development characteristics and formation mechanism of intra-organic reservoir space in Lacustrine Shales[J]. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences 2015,40(11):1824-1833.
[14]包友书,张林晔,张金功,等.渤海湾盆地东营凹陷古近系页岩油可动性影响因素[J].石油与天然气地质,2016,37(3):408-414.Bao Youshu,Zhang Linye,Zhang Jingong,et al. Factors influencing mobility of Paleogene shale oil in Dongying Sag,Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Oil&Gas Geology,2016,37(3):408-414.
[15] Saidian M,Kuila U,Godinez L J,et al. A comparative study of porosity measurement in mudrocks[C]∥SEG,1949.
[16] Kuila U. Measurement and interpretation of porosity and pore-size distribution in mudrocks:The hole story of shales[D]. Colorado,Colorado School of Mines,2013:34-36.
[17]包友书.渤海湾盆地东营凹陷古近系页岩油主要赋存空间探索[J].石油实验地质,2018,40(4):479-484.Bao Youshu. Effective reservoir spaces of Paleogene shale oil in the Dongying Depression,Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2018,40(4):479-484.
[18] Guidry F K,Luffel D L,Curtis J B. Development of laboratory and petrophysical techniques for evaluating shale reservoirs. Final technical report,October 1986-September 1993[M]. Res Tech Houston,Inc.,Taxes,1996:13-14.
[19] Jarvie D M. Shale resource systems for oil and gas:Part 2 shale-oil resource systems[C]∥JA Breyer. Shale reservoirs-Giant resources for the 21st century:AAPG Memoir,2012,97:89-119.
[20]张金川,林腊梅,李玉喜,等.页岩油分类与评价[J].地学前缘,2012,19(5):322-331.Zhang Jinchuan,Lin Lamei,Li Yuxi,et al. Classification and evaluation of shale oil[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2012,19(5):322-331.
[21] Guidry F K,Luffel D L,Curtis J B. Development of laboratory and petrophysical techniques for evaluating shale reservoirs. Final technical report,October 1986-September 1993[M]. Res Tech Houston,Inc.,Taxes,1996:13-14.
[22] Jarvie D M. Shale resource systems for oil and gas:Part 2 shale-oil resource systems[C]//JA Breyer. Shale reservoirs-Giant resources for the 21st century:AAPG Memoir,2012,97:89-119.
[23] Shi Liang,Jin Zhenkui,Yan Wei,et al. Influences of overpressure on reservoir compaction and cementation:A case from northwestern subsag,Bozhong sag,Bohai Bay Basin,East China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2015,42(3):339-347.
[24]张学军,徐兴友,王永诗,等.烃源岩非均质性与异常高压形成机制[J].中国科学:地球科学,2014,44(3):439-444Zhang Xuejun,Xu Xingyou,Wang Yongshi,et al. Relationship between heterogeneity of source rocks and genetic mechanism of abnormally high pressure. Science China:Earth Sciences[J]. Earth Science,2014,44(3):439-444.
[25]何生,宋国奇,王永诗,等.东营凹陷现今大规模超压系统整体分布特征及主控因素[J].地球科学,2012,37(5):1029-1042.He Sheng,Song Guoqi,Wang Yongshi,et al. Distribution and major control factors of the present-day Large-scale overpressured system in Dongying Depression[J]. Earth Science,2012,37(5):1029-1042.
[26]郭旭升,胡东风,魏祥峰,等.四川盆地焦石坝地区页岩裂缝发育主控因素及其对产能的影响[J].石油与天然气地质,2016,37(6):799-808.Guo Xusheng,Hu Dongfeng,Wei Xiangfeng,et al. Main controlling factors on shale fractures and their influences on production capacity in Jiaoshibaarea,the Sichuan Basin[J]. Oil&Gas Geology,2016,37(6):799-808.
[2]王冠民,林国松.济阳坳陷古近纪的古气候区分析[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2012,31(5):505-509.Wang Guanmin,Lin Guosong. Eogene paleoclimate zone study in the Jiyang depression[J]. Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,2012,31(5):505-509.
[3]孙超.东营凹陷页岩油储集空间表征[D].南京:南京大学,2017.Sun Chao. The characteristics,formation and evolution of shale oil reservoir space in Dongying Sag[D]. NanJing:NanJing University,2017.
[4]孙超,姚素平,李晋宁,等.基于小角X射线散射页岩油储层介孔特征研究[J].高校地质学报,2017,24(3):715-724.Sun Chao,Yao Suping,Li Jinning,et al. Characteristics of Mesoporous in shale oil reservoirs by Small Angle X-ray Scattering Method[J]. Geological Journal of China Universities,2017,24(3):715-724.
[5]朱如凯,白斌,崔景伟,等.非常规油气致密储集层微观结构研究进展[J].古地理学报,2013,34(1):30-36.Zhu Rukai,Bai Bin,Cui Jingwei,et al. Research advances of microstructure in unconventional tight oil and gas reservoirs[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography,2013,34(1):30-36.
[6]孙超,姚素平,李晋宁,等.东营凹陷页岩油储层特征[J].地质论评,2016,62(6):1497-1510.Sun Chao,Yao Suping,Li Jinning,et al. The characterization of shale oil reservoir in Dongying Sag[J]. Geological Review,2016,62(6):1497-1510.
[7]张顺,刘惠民,宋国奇,等.东营凹陷页岩油储集空间成因及控制因素[J].石油学报,2016,37(12):1495-1507.Zhang Shun,Liu Huimin,Song Guoqi,et al. Genesis and control factors of shale oil reserving space in Dongying sag[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(12):1495-1507.
[8]王勇,王学军,宋国奇,等.渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷泥页岩岩相与页岩油富集关系[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(5):696-704.Wang Yong,Wang Xuejun,Song Guoqi,et al. Genetic connection between mud shale lithofacies and shale oil enrichment in Jiyang Depression,Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(5):696-704.
[9]刘毅,陆正元,戚明辉,等.渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷沙河街组页岩油微观储集特征[J].石油实验地质,2017,39(2):180-185.Liu Yi,Lu Zhengyuan,Qi Minghui,et al. Microscopic characteristics of shale oil reservoirs in Shahejie Formation in Zhanhua Sag,Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2017,39(2):180-185.
[10]李超,朱筱敏,朱世发,等.沾化凹陷罗家地区沙三下段泥页岩储层特征[J].沉积学报,2015,33(4):795-808.Li Chao,Zhu Xiaomin,Zhu Shifa,et al. Shale reservoir characteristics of the Lower 3th Member of Shahejie Formation,Luojia Area,Zhanhua Sag[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2015,33(4):795-808.
[11]陈世悦,张顺,王永诗,等.渤海湾盆地东营凹陷古近系细粒沉积岩岩相类型及储集层特征[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(2):198-208.Chen Shiyue,Zhang Shun,Wang Yongshi,et al. Lithofacies types and reservoirs of Paleogene fine-grained sedimentary rocks in Dongying Sag,Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(2):198-208.
[12]李钜源.渤海湾盆地东营凹陷古近系泥页岩孔隙特征及孔隙度演化规律[J].石油实验地质,2015,37(5):566-574.Li Juyuan. Pore characteristics and their evolution in Paleogene mud shales,Dongyingsag,Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Petroleum Geology and Experiment,2015,37(5):566-574.
[13]张林晔,李钜源,李政,等.湖相页岩有机储集空间发育特点与成因机制[J].地球科学—中国地质大学学报,2015,40(11):1824-1833.Zhang Linye,Li Juyuan,Li Zheng,et al. Development characteristics and formation mechanism of intra-organic reservoir space in Lacustrine Shales[J]. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences 2015,40(11):1824-1833.
[14]包友书,张林晔,张金功,等.渤海湾盆地东营凹陷古近系页岩油可动性影响因素[J].石油与天然气地质,2016,37(3):408-414.Bao Youshu,Zhang Linye,Zhang Jingong,et al. Factors influencing mobility of Paleogene shale oil in Dongying Sag,Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Oil&Gas Geology,2016,37(3):408-414.
[15] Saidian M,Kuila U,Godinez L J,et al. A comparative study of porosity measurement in mudrocks[C]∥SEG,1949.
[16] Kuila U. Measurement and interpretation of porosity and pore-size distribution in mudrocks:The hole story of shales[D]. Colorado,Colorado School of Mines,2013:34-36.
[17]包友书.渤海湾盆地东营凹陷古近系页岩油主要赋存空间探索[J].石油实验地质,2018,40(4):479-484.Bao Youshu. Effective reservoir spaces of Paleogene shale oil in the Dongying Depression,Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2018,40(4):479-484.
[18] Guidry F K,Luffel D L,Curtis J B. Development of laboratory and petrophysical techniques for evaluating shale reservoirs. Final technical report,October 1986-September 1993[M]. Res Tech Houston,Inc.,Taxes,1996:13-14.
[19] Jarvie D M. Shale resource systems for oil and gas:Part 2 shale-oil resource systems[C]∥JA Breyer. Shale reservoirs-Giant resources for the 21st century:AAPG Memoir,2012,97:89-119.
[20]张金川,林腊梅,李玉喜,等.页岩油分类与评价[J].地学前缘,2012,19(5):322-331.Zhang Jinchuan,Lin Lamei,Li Yuxi,et al. Classification and evaluation of shale oil[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2012,19(5):322-331.
[21] Guidry F K,Luffel D L,Curtis J B. Development of laboratory and petrophysical techniques for evaluating shale reservoirs. Final technical report,October 1986-September 1993[M]. Res Tech Houston,Inc.,Taxes,1996:13-14.
[22] Jarvie D M. Shale resource systems for oil and gas:Part 2 shale-oil resource systems[C]//JA Breyer. Shale reservoirs-Giant resources for the 21st century:AAPG Memoir,2012,97:89-119.
[23] Shi Liang,Jin Zhenkui,Yan Wei,et al. Influences of overpressure on reservoir compaction and cementation:A case from northwestern subsag,Bozhong sag,Bohai Bay Basin,East China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2015,42(3):339-347.
[24]张学军,徐兴友,王永诗,等.烃源岩非均质性与异常高压形成机制[J].中国科学:地球科学,2014,44(3):439-444Zhang Xuejun,Xu Xingyou,Wang Yongshi,et al. Relationship between heterogeneity of source rocks and genetic mechanism of abnormally high pressure. Science China:Earth Sciences[J]. Earth Science,2014,44(3):439-444.
[25]何生,宋国奇,王永诗,等.东营凹陷现今大规模超压系统整体分布特征及主控因素[J].地球科学,2012,37(5):1029-1042.He Sheng,Song Guoqi,Wang Yongshi,et al. Distribution and major control factors of the present-day Large-scale overpressured system in Dongying Depression[J]. Earth Science,2012,37(5):1029-1042.
[26]郭旭升,胡东风,魏祥峰,等.四川盆地焦石坝地区页岩裂缝发育主控因素及其对产能的影响[J].石油与天然气地质,2016,37(6):799-808.Guo Xusheng,Hu Dongfeng,Wei Xiangfeng,et al. Main controlling factors on shale fractures and their influences on production capacity in Jiaoshibaarea,the Sichuan Basin[J]. Oil&Gas Geology,2016,37(6):799-808.