上海地区不同通风方式住宅的室内环境实测分析
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摘要
本文以上海地区13户住宅为对象,长期监测室内的温湿度,CO_2浓度,PM2.5浓度以及开关窗行为。调查住宅通风换气,舒适度情况以及PM2.5现状水平,探究不同通风方式对室内环境的影响。研究发现:住宅室内CO_2浓度在冬季最高,中位数水平未超过国家标准1000 ppm。相比于机械通风,自然通风住宅存在通风不足现象。开窗可增大换气次数,且可显著降低室内CO_2水平。同时,过渡季节室内的温湿度均满足舒适度要求,全年室内PM2.5浓度优良率达到93.4%。上海地区冬季室外污染时,建议住宅采用短时开窗+净化器辅助的通风方式,其他时间在保证人员热舒适情况下,建议住宅采用自然通风方式,且增大夜间开窗时长。
Taking the 13 households in Shanghai as the object, the on-line continuous monitoring of various parameters was conducted to have a better knowledge of status of indoor air quality. Specifically, this one-year continuous monitoring aims at parameters of indoor temperature, indoor humidity, CO_2 concentration, particulate matter(PM2.5)concentration, and some human behavior related parameters, such as the window switch status in Shanghai. Based on these collected datasets, it can be calculated that the indoor CO_2 concentration was the highest in winter, and the median level did not exceed the national standard of 1000 ppm. Compared with mechanical ventilation, natural ventilation houses have insufficient ventilation. However, at the same time, opening the window can increase the air exchange rates and significantly reduce indoor CO_2 levels. Furthermore, the indoor temperature and humidity in the transitional season all meet the comfort requirements, and the excellent rate of indoor PM2.5 concentration reached 93.4%. Consequently,when outdoor pollution occurs in Shanghai in winter, it is suggested to adopt short-term ventilation mode with window opening and purifier assisted ventilation, while natural ventilation mode should be adopted to ensure the thermal comfort of the occupants at other times, and the length of night window opening should be increased.
Taking the 13 households in Shanghai as the object, the on-line continuous monitoring of various parameters was conducted to have a better knowledge of status of indoor air quality. Specifically, this one-year continuous monitoring aims at parameters of indoor temperature, indoor humidity, CO_2 concentration, particulate matter(PM2.5)concentration, and some human behavior related parameters, such as the window switch status in Shanghai. Based on these collected datasets, it can be calculated that the indoor CO_2 concentration was the highest in winter, and the median level did not exceed the national standard of 1000 ppm. Compared with mechanical ventilation, natural ventilation houses have insufficient ventilation. However, at the same time, opening the window can increase the air exchange rates and significantly reduce indoor CO_2 levels. Furthermore, the indoor temperature and humidity in the transitional season all meet the comfort requirements, and the excellent rate of indoor PM2.5 concentration reached 93.4%. Consequently,when outdoor pollution occurs in Shanghai in winter, it is suggested to adopt short-term ventilation mode with window opening and purifier assisted ventilation, while natural ventilation mode should be adopted to ensure the thermal comfort of the occupants at other times, and the length of night window opening should be increased.
引文
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[2]Chartier K L,Weitz M A.A comparison of filter types in the collection and gravimetric determination of airborne particulate matter less than 2.5 microns(PM2 5)[J].Air&Waste Manage,1998,48:1199-1203.
[3]曾其莉,岳苗苗,谢曙光,等.华中某市居民住宅室内外PM2.5与PM10日变化规律及防护建议[J].公共卫生与预防医学,2015,26(2):40-42.
[4]高军,房艳兵,江畅兴,等.上海地区冬季住宅室内外颗粒物浓度的相关性[J].土木建筑与环境工程,2014,36(2):110-114.
[5]刘鸣,任静薇,连超丽,等.城市居住建筑室内CO2分布特性研究[J].大连理工大学学报,2017,57(6):571-576.
[6]Zhou Z,Liu Y,Yuan J,et al.Indoor PM2.5 concentrations in residential buildings during a severely polluted winter:A case study in Tianjin,China[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016,64:372-381.
[7]Lee S C,Li W M,Ao C H.Investigation of i ndoor air quality at residential homes in Hong Kong-case study[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(2):225-237.
[8]王振波,方创琳,许光,等.2014年中国城市PM2.5浓度的时空变化规律[J].地理学报,2015,70(11):1720-1734.
[9]Persily A K.Evaluating building IAQ and ventilation with indoor carbon dioxide[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1997,103(2):193-204.
[10]GB/T 18883-2002室内空气质量标准[S].
[11]Barankova P.A method for air change rate measurements in dwellings based on carbon dioxide produced by people[D].Denmark:Technical University of Denmark,2004.
[12]ASHRAE.ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals[M].Atlanta:American Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers Inc,2001.
[13]孙越霞,侯静,张庆男,等.天津市居住建筑新风量的测量与分析[J].暖通空调,2016,46(6):10-13.