理性化:教育水平对社会信任的发展与调节效应
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摘要
本研究探讨了公众教育程度对社会信任的直接发展效应、间接调节效应以及影响的内在机制。通过数据检证可以发现:首先,教育水平显著提高了公众的社会信任度;其次,教育能够有效地缓解某些消极经历,如犯罪受害经历对社会信任的侵蚀作用;最后,教育对社会信任的影响主要是通过提高公众对待人际关系的理性化水平实现的,即教育增强了公众发展长期合作关系和处理人际矛盾的沟通协调倾向。提高公众教育程度对维持较高的社会信任度、缓解社会资本的下滑以及维护社会稳定都具有重要意义。
Using the survey data of the Asia Barometer of China in 2008,this paper analyzes the direct and indirect effects of citizens ' education level on social trust,as well as the internal operating mechanism. Firstly,the result indicates that education has a significantly positive effect on social trust.Secondly,the indirect effect of education on social trust displays its significant mitigating effects on reducing the negative experiences. With the increase in education level,the erosive effect of crime victimization on social trust is significantly weakened. Last but not least,this paper also finds that the positive effect of education works through the rationalization mechanism of education on public attitudes to interpersonal relationship. Education has a significantly positive effect on the public preference of developing long term social relationship and dealing with interpersonal conflict harmoniously. These findings suggest that the promotion of citizen' s education level is an essential measure for maintaining high social trust,easing the decline of social trust,and promoting social stability and harmony.
Using the survey data of the Asia Barometer of China in 2008,this paper analyzes the direct and indirect effects of citizens ' education level on social trust,as well as the internal operating mechanism. Firstly,the result indicates that education has a significantly positive effect on social trust.Secondly,the indirect effect of education on social trust displays its significant mitigating effects on reducing the negative experiences. With the increase in education level,the erosive effect of crime victimization on social trust is significantly weakened. Last but not least,this paper also finds that the positive effect of education works through the rationalization mechanism of education on public attitudes to interpersonal relationship. Education has a significantly positive effect on the public preference of developing long term social relationship and dealing with interpersonal conflict harmoniously. These findings suggest that the promotion of citizen' s education level is an essential measure for maintaining high social trust,easing the decline of social trust,and promoting social stability and harmony.
引文
黄健、邓燕华,2012,《高等教育与社会信任:基于中英调查数据的研究》,《中国社会科学》第11期。
Alesina,A.& E.La Ferrara 2000,“The Determinants of Trust.” NBER Working Paper 7621.
Bj?rnskov,C.2007,“Determinants of Generalized Trust:A Cross-country Comparison.” Public Choice 130(1-2).
Borgonovi,F.2012,“The Relationship Between Education and Levels of Trust and Tolerance in Europe.” British Journal of Sociology 63(1).
Brehm,J.& W.Rahn 1997,“Individual-Level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital.” American Journal of Political Science 41(3).
Brubacher,J.S.1982,On the Philosophy of Higher Education.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Inc.
Delhey,J.& K.Newton 2003,“Who Trusts?The Origins of Social Trust in Seven Societies.” European Societies 5(2).
Elgar,F.J.& A.Nicole 2011,“Income Inequality,Trust and Homicide in 33 Countries.” The European Journal of Public Health 21(2).
Galea,S.,A.Karpati & B.Kennedy 2002,“Social Capital and Violence in the United States,1974-1993.” Social Science and Medicine 55(8).
Giddens,A.1990,The Consequences of Modernity.London:Polity Press.
Goodstein,L.& R.L.Shotland 1980,“The Crime Causes Crime Model:A Critical Review of the Relationships Between Fear of Crime and Changes in the Crime Rate.” Victimology 5(2-4).
Grabe,M.E.,R.Kamhawi & N.Yegiyan 2009,“Informing Citizens:How People with Different Levels of Education Process Television,Newspaper,and Web News.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 53(1).
Granovetter,M.1973,“The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78(6).
Hardin,R.1993,“The Street-level Epistemology of Trust.” Politics & Society 21(4).
Hartnagel,T.F.1979,“The Perception and Fear of Crime:Implications for Neighborhood Cohesion,Social Activity,and Community Affect.” Social Forces 58(1).
Helliwell,J.F.& R.D.Putnam 2007,“Education and Social Capital.” Eastern Economic Journal 33(1).
Huang,J.,H.M.Van den Brink & W.Groot 2009,“A Meta Analysis of the Effect of Education on Social Capital.” Economics of Education Review 28(4).
—— 2011,“College Education and Social Trust:An Evidence-based Study on the Causal Mechanisms.” Social Indicators Research 104(2).
Hyman,H.H.,C.R.Wright & J.Shelton 1978,The Enduring Effects of Education.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Keefer,P.& S.Knack 2005,“Social Capital,Social Norms and the New Institutional Economics.” In C.Menard & M.M.Shirley (eds.),Handbook of New Institutional Economics.Amsterdam:Springer.
Lederman,D.,L.Norman & A.M.Mendendez 2002,“Violent Crime:Does Social Capital Matter?” Economic Development and Cultural Change 50(3).
Levi,M.2017,“Social and Unsocial Capital:A Review Essay of Robert Putnam’s Making Democracy Work.” Politics & Society 24(1).
Lin,N.2002,Social Capital:A Theory of Social Structure and Action (Vol.19).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Malamud,O.& C.Pop-Eleches 2011,“Home Computer Use and the Development of Human Capital.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 126(2).
Mcllwaine,C.& C.O.Moser 2001,“Violence and Social Capital in Urban Poor Communities:Perspectives from Colombia and Guatemala.” Journal of International Development 13 (7).
Messner,S.F.,E.P.Baumer & R.Rosenfeld 2004,“Dimensions of Social Capital and Rates of Criminal Homicide.” American Sociological Review 69(6).
Moser,C.O.& J.Holland 1997,Urban Poverty and Violence in Jamaica.World Bank Publications.
Nussbaum,M.C.2006,“Education and Democratic Citizenship:Capabilities and Quality Education.” Journal of Human Development 7(3).
Oskarsson,S.,P.T.Dinesen,C.T.Dawes,M.Johannesson & K.E.P.Magnusson,2017,“Education and Social Trust:Testing a Causal Hypothesis Using the Discordant Twin Design.” Political Psychology 38(3).
Paxton,P.2002,“Social Capital and Democracy:An Interdependent Relationship.” American Sociological Review 67(2).
Putnam,R.2001,Bowling Alone:The Collapse and Revival of American Community.New York:Simon and Schuster.
Rothstein,B.& E.M.Uslaner 2005,“All for All:Equality,Corruption,and Social Trust.” World Politics 58(1).
Salmi,V.,M.Smolej & J.Kivivuori 2007,“Crime Victimization,Exposure to Crime News and Social Trust among Adolescents.” Young 15(3).
Schultz,T.W.1961,“Investment in Human Capital.” The American Economic Review 51(1).
Smith,T.W.1997,“Factors Relating to Misanthropy in Contemporary American Society.” Social Science Research 26(2).
Stolle,D.& M.Hooghe 2004.“Inaccurate,Exceptional,One-sided or Irrelevant?The Debate about the Alleged Decline of Social Capital and Civic Engagement in Western Societies.” British Journal of Political Science 35(1).
Stolle,D.& T.R.Rochon 1998,“Are All Associations Alike?Member Diversity,Associational Type,and the Creation of Social Capital.” American Behavioral Scientist 42(1).
Sullivan,J.L.,J.Piereson & G.E.Marcus 1982,Political Tolerance and American Democracy.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Tao,R.,D.L.Yang,M.Li & X.Lu,2013,“How Does Political Trust Affect Social Trust?An Analysis of Survey Data from Rural China Using an Instrumental Variables Approach.” International Political Science Review 35(2).
Uslaner,E.M.1998,“Social Capital,Television and The Mean World,Trust,Optimism and Civic Participation.” Political Psychology 19(3).
Warren,M.E.2001,Democracy and Association.NJ:Princeton University Press.
Wellman,B.,A.Q.Haase,J.Witte & K.Hampton 2001,“Does the Internet Increase,Decrease,or Supplement Social Capital?Social Networks,Participation,and Community Commitment.” American Behavioral Scientist 45(3).
Zmerli,S.& K.Newton 2008,“Social Trust and Attitudes Toward Democracy.” Public Opinion Quarterly 72(4).
(1)本文对8个机构的信任变量进行了内部一致性检验,结果表明8个机构信任的Cronbach’s α系数值为0.876。
(2)本文检验了教育的平方项对社会信任的影响,发现教育程度(1～10)的平方项对公众社会信任的影响不显著,而且系数接近于零。本文还用高中低的教育程度(1～3)以及教育年限代替赋值为1～10的教育水平进行分析,结果仍然保持一致。限于篇幅,文中没有报告上述检验结果,如有需要请联系作者。
(3)此外,为了检验教育对犯罪受害与社会信任关系的调节效应是否取决于理性化因素,本文还在表3的调节效应模型里加入了两个理性化变量进行检验。统计分析的结果发现,理性化变量不仅对社会信任影响显著为正,而且教育程度与犯罪受害经历的交互项对社会信任的影响显著降低。这一结果也证实了理性化同样是教育对社会信任调节效应的中介因素。
Alesina,A.& E.La Ferrara 2000,“The Determinants of Trust.” NBER Working Paper 7621.
Bj?rnskov,C.2007,“Determinants of Generalized Trust:A Cross-country Comparison.” Public Choice 130(1-2).
Borgonovi,F.2012,“The Relationship Between Education and Levels of Trust and Tolerance in Europe.” British Journal of Sociology 63(1).
Brehm,J.& W.Rahn 1997,“Individual-Level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital.” American Journal of Political Science 41(3).
Brubacher,J.S.1982,On the Philosophy of Higher Education.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Inc.
Delhey,J.& K.Newton 2003,“Who Trusts?The Origins of Social Trust in Seven Societies.” European Societies 5(2).
Elgar,F.J.& A.Nicole 2011,“Income Inequality,Trust and Homicide in 33 Countries.” The European Journal of Public Health 21(2).
Galea,S.,A.Karpati & B.Kennedy 2002,“Social Capital and Violence in the United States,1974-1993.” Social Science and Medicine 55(8).
Giddens,A.1990,The Consequences of Modernity.London:Polity Press.
Goodstein,L.& R.L.Shotland 1980,“The Crime Causes Crime Model:A Critical Review of the Relationships Between Fear of Crime and Changes in the Crime Rate.” Victimology 5(2-4).
Grabe,M.E.,R.Kamhawi & N.Yegiyan 2009,“Informing Citizens:How People with Different Levels of Education Process Television,Newspaper,and Web News.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 53(1).
Granovetter,M.1973,“The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78(6).
Hardin,R.1993,“The Street-level Epistemology of Trust.” Politics & Society 21(4).
Hartnagel,T.F.1979,“The Perception and Fear of Crime:Implications for Neighborhood Cohesion,Social Activity,and Community Affect.” Social Forces 58(1).
Helliwell,J.F.& R.D.Putnam 2007,“Education and Social Capital.” Eastern Economic Journal 33(1).
Huang,J.,H.M.Van den Brink & W.Groot 2009,“A Meta Analysis of the Effect of Education on Social Capital.” Economics of Education Review 28(4).
—— 2011,“College Education and Social Trust:An Evidence-based Study on the Causal Mechanisms.” Social Indicators Research 104(2).
Hyman,H.H.,C.R.Wright & J.Shelton 1978,The Enduring Effects of Education.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Keefer,P.& S.Knack 2005,“Social Capital,Social Norms and the New Institutional Economics.” In C.Menard & M.M.Shirley (eds.),Handbook of New Institutional Economics.Amsterdam:Springer.
Lederman,D.,L.Norman & A.M.Mendendez 2002,“Violent Crime:Does Social Capital Matter?” Economic Development and Cultural Change 50(3).
Levi,M.2017,“Social and Unsocial Capital:A Review Essay of Robert Putnam’s Making Democracy Work.” Politics & Society 24(1).
Lin,N.2002,Social Capital:A Theory of Social Structure and Action (Vol.19).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Malamud,O.& C.Pop-Eleches 2011,“Home Computer Use and the Development of Human Capital.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 126(2).
Mcllwaine,C.& C.O.Moser 2001,“Violence and Social Capital in Urban Poor Communities:Perspectives from Colombia and Guatemala.” Journal of International Development 13 (7).
Messner,S.F.,E.P.Baumer & R.Rosenfeld 2004,“Dimensions of Social Capital and Rates of Criminal Homicide.” American Sociological Review 69(6).
Moser,C.O.& J.Holland 1997,Urban Poverty and Violence in Jamaica.World Bank Publications.
Nussbaum,M.C.2006,“Education and Democratic Citizenship:Capabilities and Quality Education.” Journal of Human Development 7(3).
Oskarsson,S.,P.T.Dinesen,C.T.Dawes,M.Johannesson & K.E.P.Magnusson,2017,“Education and Social Trust:Testing a Causal Hypothesis Using the Discordant Twin Design.” Political Psychology 38(3).
Paxton,P.2002,“Social Capital and Democracy:An Interdependent Relationship.” American Sociological Review 67(2).
Putnam,R.2001,Bowling Alone:The Collapse and Revival of American Community.New York:Simon and Schuster.
Rothstein,B.& E.M.Uslaner 2005,“All for All:Equality,Corruption,and Social Trust.” World Politics 58(1).
Salmi,V.,M.Smolej & J.Kivivuori 2007,“Crime Victimization,Exposure to Crime News and Social Trust among Adolescents.” Young 15(3).
Schultz,T.W.1961,“Investment in Human Capital.” The American Economic Review 51(1).
Smith,T.W.1997,“Factors Relating to Misanthropy in Contemporary American Society.” Social Science Research 26(2).
Stolle,D.& M.Hooghe 2004.“Inaccurate,Exceptional,One-sided or Irrelevant?The Debate about the Alleged Decline of Social Capital and Civic Engagement in Western Societies.” British Journal of Political Science 35(1).
Stolle,D.& T.R.Rochon 1998,“Are All Associations Alike?Member Diversity,Associational Type,and the Creation of Social Capital.” American Behavioral Scientist 42(1).
Sullivan,J.L.,J.Piereson & G.E.Marcus 1982,Political Tolerance and American Democracy.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Tao,R.,D.L.Yang,M.Li & X.Lu,2013,“How Does Political Trust Affect Social Trust?An Analysis of Survey Data from Rural China Using an Instrumental Variables Approach.” International Political Science Review 35(2).
Uslaner,E.M.1998,“Social Capital,Television and The Mean World,Trust,Optimism and Civic Participation.” Political Psychology 19(3).
Warren,M.E.2001,Democracy and Association.NJ:Princeton University Press.
Wellman,B.,A.Q.Haase,J.Witte & K.Hampton 2001,“Does the Internet Increase,Decrease,or Supplement Social Capital?Social Networks,Participation,and Community Commitment.” American Behavioral Scientist 45(3).
Zmerli,S.& K.Newton 2008,“Social Trust and Attitudes Toward Democracy.” Public Opinion Quarterly 72(4).
(1)本文对8个机构的信任变量进行了内部一致性检验,结果表明8个机构信任的Cronbach’s α系数值为0.876。
(2)本文检验了教育的平方项对社会信任的影响,发现教育程度(1～10)的平方项对公众社会信任的影响不显著,而且系数接近于零。本文还用高中低的教育程度(1～3)以及教育年限代替赋值为1～10的教育水平进行分析,结果仍然保持一致。限于篇幅,文中没有报告上述检验结果,如有需要请联系作者。
(3)此外,为了检验教育对犯罪受害与社会信任关系的调节效应是否取决于理性化因素,本文还在表3的调节效应模型里加入了两个理性化变量进行检验。统计分析的结果发现,理性化变量不仅对社会信任影响显著为正,而且教育程度与犯罪受害经历的交互项对社会信任的影响显著降低。这一结果也证实了理性化同样是教育对社会信任调节效应的中介因素。