白鹤滩旱谷地灰岩爆破碎石颗粒形状及比表面积特征研究
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摘要
在白鹤滩水电站旱谷地料场3个爆堆中随机选取部分粒径为5～1 000 mm灰岩碎石颗粒为研究对象,按形状将其分为5类。利用三维激光扫描仪和自主设计的三维形状特征测量系统得到5种形状爆破碎石颗粒的轮廓投影,采用图像处理技术计算颗粒的形状参数并用SPSS软件进行统计分析;分析5种形状爆破碎石颗粒比表面积的变化规律,并绘制旱谷地灰岩爆破碎石颗粒比表面积累计分布曲线。结果表明,爆堆中六面体碎石颗粒占52%,五面体碎石颗粒占17%,四面体碎石颗粒占13%,针片状碎石颗粒占13%,还含有5%不规则多面体碎石颗粒;六面体碎石颗粒最接近球形,五面体和四面体碎石颗粒近似球形;5种形状爆破碎石颗粒的圆度和球度随粒径增加而增加;粒径越小,爆破碎石颗粒的棱角性越丰富;单位体积炸药消耗量为0.37～0.38 kg/m~3时,5种形状灰岩爆破碎石颗粒表面纹理相似;旱谷地灰岩5～1000mm爆破碎石颗粒的比表面积为179.84～3.82mm~2/g;粒径相同时,5种形状碎石颗粒的比表面积差异不明显,总体上爆破碎石颗粒的比表面积随粒径增加呈指数减小;利用级配曲线和比表面积曲线可推求爆破碎石颗粒的比表面积累计分布曲线。
A number of blasting gravel particles of limestone with the particle size ranging from 5 to 1 000 mm were randomly selected in the Hangudi quarry and then were classified into 5 groups according to the form. The particles outline projections were obtained by the 3D laser scanner and the self-designed measurement system,and the shape parameters of blasting gravel particles were calculated and analyzed by image processing technology and SPSS. The change law of the specific surface area of the 5 types of blasting gravel particles was analyzed,and the cumulative distribution curve of the specific surface area was drawn. The results show that the proportions of hexahedral,pentahedral,tetrahedral,flat and elongated,and irregular polyhedron particles are respectively 52%,17%,13%,13% and 5% in muckpiles. The hexahedron particles are most similar to a sphere in shape,followed by pentahedron and tetrahedron particles. The roundness and sphericity of 5 types of gravel particles increase with increasing the particle size,and the angularity is stronger as the particle size decreases. The surface texture of the gravel particles selected is similar and the specific surface area is in the range of 179.84–3.82 mm~2/g with a specific charge of 0.37–0.38 kg/m~3. The differences of the specific surface area between 5 types of gravel particles can be ignored in the case of the same particle size,and the specific surface area decreases exponentially with increasing the particle size. The cumulative distribution curve of the specific surface area can be obtained by using the gradation curve and the specific surface area curve.
A number of blasting gravel particles of limestone with the particle size ranging from 5 to 1 000 mm were randomly selected in the Hangudi quarry and then were classified into 5 groups according to the form. The particles outline projections were obtained by the 3D laser scanner and the self-designed measurement system,and the shape parameters of blasting gravel particles were calculated and analyzed by image processing technology and SPSS. The change law of the specific surface area of the 5 types of blasting gravel particles was analyzed,and the cumulative distribution curve of the specific surface area was drawn. The results show that the proportions of hexahedral,pentahedral,tetrahedral,flat and elongated,and irregular polyhedron particles are respectively 52%,17%,13%,13% and 5% in muckpiles. The hexahedron particles are most similar to a sphere in shape,followed by pentahedron and tetrahedron particles. The roundness and sphericity of 5 types of gravel particles increase with increasing the particle size,and the angularity is stronger as the particle size decreases. The surface texture of the gravel particles selected is similar and the specific surface area is in the range of 179.84–3.82 mm~2/g with a specific charge of 0.37–0.38 kg/m~3. The differences of the specific surface area between 5 types of gravel particles can be ignored in the case of the same particle size,and the specific surface area decreases exponentially with increasing the particle size. The cumulative distribution curve of the specific surface area can be obtained by using the gradation curve and the specific surface area curve.
引文
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[15]ZHANG D,HUANG X,ZHAO Y.Investigation of the shape,size,angularity and surface texture properties of coarse aggregates[J].Construction and Building Materials,2012,34(9):330-336.
[16]刘清秉,项伟,LEHANE B M,等.颗粒形状对砂土抗剪强度及桩端阻力影响机制试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(2):400-410.(LIU Qingbing,XIANG Wei,LEHANE B M,et al.Experimental study of effect of particle shapes on shear strength of sand and tip resistance of driven piles[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(2):400-410.(in Chinese))
[17]巫尚蔚,杨春和,张超,等.粉粒含量对尾矿力学特性的影响[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(8):2 007-2 017.(WU Shangwei,YANG Chunhe,ZHANG Chao,et al.The effects of silt content on the mechanical properties of tailings[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(8):2 007-2 017.(in Chinese))
[18]杨永浩,魏作安,陈宇龙,等.基于图像处理技术的尾矿颗粒形态研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(增1):3 689-3 695.(YANGYonghao,WEI Zuoan,CHEN Yulong,et al.Study on the shapes of tailings particles based on microscopy and image processing technologies[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(Supp.1):3 689-3 695.(in Chinese))
[19]RAO C,TUTUMLUER E,STEFANSKI J A.Flat and elongated ratios and gradation of coarse aggregates using a new image analyzer[J].ASTM Journal of Testing and Standard,2001,29(5):79-89.
[20]邹德高,田继荣,刘京茂,等.堆石料三维形状量化及其对颗粒破碎的影响[J].岩土力学,2018,39(10):3 525-3 530.(ZOU Degao,TIAN Jirong,LIU Jingmao,et al.Three-dimensional shape of rockfill material and its influence on particle breakage[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2018,39(10):3 525-3 530.(in Chinese))
[21]ZINGG T.Beitrage zur schootteranalyse[J].Schweiz.Mineral.Petrog.Mitt,1935,15:39-140.
[22]SNEED E D,FOLK R L.Pebbles in the Lower Colorado River,Texas:a study in particle morphogenesis[J].The Journal of Geology,1958,66(2):114-150.
[23]BLOTT S J,PYE K.Particle shape:a review and new methods of characterization and classification[J].Sedimentology,2007,55(1):31-63.
[24]LE PEN L M,POWRIE W,ZERVOS A,et al.Dependence of shape on particle size for a crushed rock railway ballast[J].Granular Matter.2013,15(6):849-861.
[25]中华人民共和国行业标准编写组.JTG E42-2005公路工程集料试验规程[S].北京:人民交通出版社,2005.(The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People?s Republic of China.JTG E42-2005Testing methods of aggregate for highway engineering[S].Beijing:China Communications Press,2005.(in Chinese))
[26]涂新斌,王思敬.图像分析的颗粒形状参数描述[J].岩土工程学报.2004,26(5):659-662.(TU Xinbin,WANG Sijing.Particle shape descriptor in digital image analysis[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2004,26(5):659-662.(in Chinese))
[27]李功伯,徐小荷.分维数作为矿岩破碎颗粒形态和大小的参数[J].中国有色金属学报,1993,3(1):18-20.(LI Gongbo,XU Xiaohe.Fractal dimension used as parameters for the shape and size of broken rock particles[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,1993,3(1):18-20.(in Chinese))
[28]FROST J D,LAI J S.Digital analysis of aggregate particle shape[C]//Proceeding of the International Center for Aggregate Research,Fourth Annual Symposium.Atlanta:[s.n.],1996:10.
[29]陈新,王仕志,李磊.节理岩体模型单轴压缩破碎规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(5):898-907.(CHEN Xin,WANGShizhi,LI Lei.Characteristics of fragments of jointed rock mass model under uniaxial compression[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(5):898-907.(in Chinese))
[30]柯国军,张琳,谢艳军.基于Image-Pro Plus软件骨料比表面积测量[J].混凝土,2017,(9):157-160.(KE Guojun,ZHANG Lin,XIE Yanjun.Measurement of specific surface area of aggregate based on Image-Pro Plus[J].Concrete,2017,(9):157-160.(in Chinese))
[2]刘亮.基于岩石破碎过程模拟的台阶爆破效果预测[博士学位论文][D].武汉:武汉大学,2016.(LIU Liang.Evaluation of bench blasting effects based on simulation of rock fragmentation progress[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Wuhan:Wuhan University,2016.(in Chinese))
[3]SIM Y,CHO G,SONG K.Prediction of fragmentation zone induced by blasting in rock[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2017,50(8):2 177-2 192.
[4]DEY A,GUPTA R N,GHOSE A K.Blast evaluation using high speed video camera:a case study in Jharia coalfield[J].Journal of Mines,Metals and Fuels,1999,47(1/2):31-35.
[5]张家发,焦赳赳.颗粒形状对多孔介质孔隙特征和渗流规律影响研究的探讨[J].长江科学院院报,2011,28(3):39-44.(ZHANG Jiafa,JIAO Jiujiu.Influence of grain shape on characteristics of pores and seepage in porous media[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,2011,28(3):39-44.(in Chinese))
[6]NORAZIRAH A,FUAD S H S,HAZIZAN M H M.The effect of size and shape on breakage characteristic of mineral[J].Procedia Chemistry,2016,19:702-708.
[7]MAERZ N H.Technical and computational aspects of the measurement of aggregate shape by digital image analysis[J].Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering,2004,18(1):10-18.
[8]SANCHIDRIáN J A,SEGARRA P,LóPEZ L M.Energy components in rock blasting[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2007,44(1):130-147.
[9]朱晟,宁志远,钟春欣,等.考虑级配效应的堆石料颗粒破碎与变形特性研究[J].水利学报,2018,49(7):849-857.(ZHU Sheng,NING Zhiyuan,ZHONG Chunxin,et al.Study on particle crush and deformation characteristics considering rockfill gradation effect[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2018,49(7):849-857.(in Chinese))
[10]杨贵,许建宝,孙欣,等.颗粒形状对人工模拟堆石料强度和变形特性影响的试验研究[J].岩土力学,2017,38(11):3 113-3 118.(YANG Gui,XU Jianbao,SUN Xin,et al.Experimental study of influence of particle shape on strength and deformation for artificial rockfill materials[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(11):3 113-3 118.(in Chinese))
[11]田堪良,张慧莉,骆亚生.堆石料的剪切强度与应力-应变特性[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(4):657-661.(TIAN Kanliang,ZHANG Huili,LUO Yasheng.Shear strength and stress-strain properties of rockfill materials[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(4):657-661.(in Chinese))
[12]马刚,周伟,常晓林,等.堆石料缩尺效应的细观机制研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(12):2 473-2 482.(MA Gang,ZHOUWei,CHANG Xiaolin,et al.Mesoscopic mechanism study of scale effects of rockfill[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(12):2 473-2 482.(in Chinese))
[13]BARRETT P J.The shape of rock particles,a criticaI review[J].Sedimentology,2010,27(3):291-303.
[14]张家发,叶加兵,陈劲松,等.碎石颗粒形状测量与评定的初步研究[J].岩土力学,2016,37(2):343-349.(ZHANG Jiafa,YE Jiabing,CHEN Jinsong,et al.A preliminary study of measurement and evaluation of breakstone grain shape[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016,37(2):343-349.(in Chinese))
[15]ZHANG D,HUANG X,ZHAO Y.Investigation of the shape,size,angularity and surface texture properties of coarse aggregates[J].Construction and Building Materials,2012,34(9):330-336.
[16]刘清秉,项伟,LEHANE B M,等.颗粒形状对砂土抗剪强度及桩端阻力影响机制试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(2):400-410.(LIU Qingbing,XIANG Wei,LEHANE B M,et al.Experimental study of effect of particle shapes on shear strength of sand and tip resistance of driven piles[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(2):400-410.(in Chinese))
[17]巫尚蔚,杨春和,张超,等.粉粒含量对尾矿力学特性的影响[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(8):2 007-2 017.(WU Shangwei,YANG Chunhe,ZHANG Chao,et al.The effects of silt content on the mechanical properties of tailings[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(8):2 007-2 017.(in Chinese))
[18]杨永浩,魏作安,陈宇龙,等.基于图像处理技术的尾矿颗粒形态研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(增1):3 689-3 695.(YANGYonghao,WEI Zuoan,CHEN Yulong,et al.Study on the shapes of tailings particles based on microscopy and image processing technologies[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(Supp.1):3 689-3 695.(in Chinese))
[19]RAO C,TUTUMLUER E,STEFANSKI J A.Flat and elongated ratios and gradation of coarse aggregates using a new image analyzer[J].ASTM Journal of Testing and Standard,2001,29(5):79-89.
[20]邹德高,田继荣,刘京茂,等.堆石料三维形状量化及其对颗粒破碎的影响[J].岩土力学,2018,39(10):3 525-3 530.(ZOU Degao,TIAN Jirong,LIU Jingmao,et al.Three-dimensional shape of rockfill material and its influence on particle breakage[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2018,39(10):3 525-3 530.(in Chinese))
[21]ZINGG T.Beitrage zur schootteranalyse[J].Schweiz.Mineral.Petrog.Mitt,1935,15:39-140.
[22]SNEED E D,FOLK R L.Pebbles in the Lower Colorado River,Texas:a study in particle morphogenesis[J].The Journal of Geology,1958,66(2):114-150.
[23]BLOTT S J,PYE K.Particle shape:a review and new methods of characterization and classification[J].Sedimentology,2007,55(1):31-63.
[24]LE PEN L M,POWRIE W,ZERVOS A,et al.Dependence of shape on particle size for a crushed rock railway ballast[J].Granular Matter.2013,15(6):849-861.
[25]中华人民共和国行业标准编写组.JTG E42-2005公路工程集料试验规程[S].北京:人民交通出版社,2005.(The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People?s Republic of China.JTG E42-2005Testing methods of aggregate for highway engineering[S].Beijing:China Communications Press,2005.(in Chinese))
[26]涂新斌,王思敬.图像分析的颗粒形状参数描述[J].岩土工程学报.2004,26(5):659-662.(TU Xinbin,WANG Sijing.Particle shape descriptor in digital image analysis[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2004,26(5):659-662.(in Chinese))
[27]李功伯,徐小荷.分维数作为矿岩破碎颗粒形态和大小的参数[J].中国有色金属学报,1993,3(1):18-20.(LI Gongbo,XU Xiaohe.Fractal dimension used as parameters for the shape and size of broken rock particles[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,1993,3(1):18-20.(in Chinese))
[28]FROST J D,LAI J S.Digital analysis of aggregate particle shape[C]//Proceeding of the International Center for Aggregate Research,Fourth Annual Symposium.Atlanta:[s.n.],1996:10.
[29]陈新,王仕志,李磊.节理岩体模型单轴压缩破碎规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(5):898-907.(CHEN Xin,WANGShizhi,LI Lei.Characteristics of fragments of jointed rock mass model under uniaxial compression[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(5):898-907.(in Chinese))
[30]柯国军,张琳,谢艳军.基于Image-Pro Plus软件骨料比表面积测量[J].混凝土,2017,(9):157-160.(KE Guojun,ZHANG Lin,XIE Yanjun.Measurement of specific surface area of aggregate based on Image-Pro Plus[J].Concrete,2017,(9):157-160.(in Chinese))