热调节暖体假人在着装舒适性评价中的应用现状
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摘要
为丰富暖体假人评价服装热湿舒适性的测评参数,基于对恒皮温、恒热流、热舒适3种模式的原理及应用分析指出,有必要将体温调节模型引入假人系统,弥补常见模式无法模拟人体热调节的缺陷。以Fiala模型为例,分析了生物热方程为基础的被动系统、包含四大热调节机制的主动系统构成及热调节假人系统的耦合机制。结合预测平均投票值及加州大学伯克利分校热感觉模型等,热调节假人可实现对人体稳态及瞬态热感觉的预测,从人体角度评价服装舒适性。对比热调节数值假人和暖体假人,前者灵活性更强,但需要考虑的因素过多,模拟准确性低于后者。
In order to expand evaluation system of thermal manikin,considering the application status of conventional modes including constant skin temperature,constant heat flux and thermal comfort,it indicates that it has great necessity to integrate human thermoregulatory system into thermal manikin. In doing so,the shortcoming incapability of simulating human thermal regulation could be offset. Taking Fiala model as an example,the controlled system based on bio-heat equation and controlling system with four regulation mechanisms were analyzed. Combined with predicted mean vote( PMV),University of Clifornia of Berkeley( UCB) and other subjective thermal sensation models,thermoregulatory manikins could make predictions of both steady and transient thermal sensations,and evaluate comfort from the perspective of human beings. By comparisons between thermoregulatory numerical manikins and thermoregulatory manikins,it is concluded that the former has better flexibility,but has more influencing factors. Therefore,the latter has better accuracy.
In order to expand evaluation system of thermal manikin,considering the application status of conventional modes including constant skin temperature,constant heat flux and thermal comfort,it indicates that it has great necessity to integrate human thermoregulatory system into thermal manikin. In doing so,the shortcoming incapability of simulating human thermal regulation could be offset. Taking Fiala model as an example,the controlled system based on bio-heat equation and controlling system with four regulation mechanisms were analyzed. Combined with predicted mean vote( PMV),University of Clifornia of Berkeley( UCB) and other subjective thermal sensation models,thermoregulatory manikins could make predictions of both steady and transient thermal sensations,and evaluate comfort from the perspective of human beings. By comparisons between thermoregulatory numerical manikins and thermoregulatory manikins,it is concluded that the former has better flexibility,but has more influencing factors. Therefore,the latter has better accuracy.
引文
[1]KAPLAN S,OKUR A.Thermal comfort performance of sports garments with objective and subjective measurements[J].Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research,2012(37):46-54.
[2]LEE J K W,NIO A Q X,LIM C L,et al.Thermoregulation,pacing and fluid balance during mass participation distance running in a warm and humid environment[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2010(109):887-898.
[3]HOLMER I.Assessment of cold stress in terms of required clothing insulation:IREQ[J].International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,1988(3):159-166.
[4]KUKLANE K,GAO C S,HOLMER I,et al.Calculation of clothing insulation by serial and parallel methods:effects on clothing choice by IREQ and thermal responses in the cold[J].International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics,2001,13(2):103-116.
[5]ALFANO F R A,PALELLAB B I,RICCIO G.Notes on the implementation of the IREQ model for the assessment of extreme cold environments[J].Ergonomics,2013,56(4):707-724.
[6]ABREU M J,CATARINO A,CARDOSO C,et al.Effects of sportswear design on thermal comfort[C]//LAURENCE S.11th World Textile Conference.Mulhouse:Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs Sud-Alace,2011:50-55.
[7]WANG F M,FERRARO S D,OLINARO V,et al.Assessment of body mapping sportswear using a manikin operated in constant temperature mode and thermoregulatory model control mode[J].International Journal of Biometeorol,2014(58):1673-1682.
[8]STOLWIJK J,HARDY J D.Temperature regulation in man-theoretical study[J].Plufgers Archiv,1966,291(2):129-162.
[9]TANABE S I,KOBAYASHI K,NAKANO J,et al.Evaluation of thermal comfort using combined multi-node thermoregulation(65MN)and radiation models and computational fluid dynamics(CFD)[J].Energy and Buildings,2002(34):637-646.
[10]FARRINGTON R B,RUGH J P,BHARATHAN D,et al.Use of a thermal manikin to evaluate human thermoregulatory responses in transient,non-uniform,thermal environments[J].Sae Transactions,2004:1-9.
[11]FODA E,SIREN K.A thermal manikin with human thermoregulatory control:implementation and validation[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2012(56):959-971.
[12]OLIVEIRA A V M,GASPAR A R,QUINTELA D A.Measuring thermal insulation of clothing with different manikin control methods:comparative analysis of the calculation methods[C]//7th International Thermal Manikin and Modelling Meeting.Coimbra:University of Coimbra,2008:1-7.
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[14]OLIVEIRA A V M,GASPAR A R,QUINTELA D A.Dynamic clothing insulation:measurements with a thermal manikin operating under the thermal comfort regulation mode[J].Applied Ergonomics,2011(42):890-899.
[15]GASPAR A R,OLIVEIRA A V M,QUINTELA D.Thermal insulation measurements with a movable thermal manikin[J].Journal of University of Coimbra 2009:1-5.
[16]李敏,曹彬,朱颖心.ASHARE与ISO的热舒适相关标准中关于服装热阻计算方法的研究与对比[J].暖通空调,2015,45(9):7-11.LI Min,CAO Bin,ZHU Yingxin.Comparison between ASHARE and ISO thermal comfort standards on clothing insulation calculation methods[J].HV&AC,2015,45(9):7-11.
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[18]MCCULLOUGH E A.The Use of Thermal Manikins to Evaluate Clothing and Environmental Factors[M].Elsevier Ergon Book Ser,2005(3):403-407.
[19]TANABE S,ARENS E A,BAUMAN F,et al.Evaluating thermal environments by using a thermal manikin with controlled skin surface temperature[J].ASHARE Transactions,1994,100(1):39-48.
[20]田苗,李俊.智能服装的设计模式与发展趋势[J].纺织学报,2014,35(2):109-115.TIAN Miao,LI Jun.Design mode and development tendency of smart clothing[J].Journal of Textile Research,2014,35(2):109-115.
[21]FIALA D,LOMAS K J,STOHRER M.Computer prediction of human thermoregulatory and temperature responses to wide range of environmental conditions[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2001(45):143-159.
[22]FIALA D,LOMAS K J,STOHRER M.A computer model of human thermoregulation for a wide range of environmental conditions:the passive system[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,1999,87(5):1957-1972.
[23]YOKOTA M,BERGLUND L G,XU X J.Thermoregulatory modeling use and application in the military workforce[J].Applied Ergonomics,2013,45(3):663-670.
[24]GAGGE A P,STOLWIJK J A J,NISHI Y.An effective temperature scale based on a simple model of human physiological regulatory response[J].Ashare Transactions,1971,77(1):247-262.
[25]WISSLER E H.Mathematical simulation of human thermal behavior using whole body models[J].Heat Transfer in Medicine and Biology,1985(1):325-373.
[26]KRANING K K,GONZALEZ R R.A mechanistic computer simulation of human work in heat that accounts for physical and physiological effects of clothing,aerobic fitness,and progressive dehydration[J].Journal of Thermal Biology,1997(22):331-342.
[27]XU X W J.A dynamic model of the human-clothingenvironment system[J].Applied Human Science,1997(16):61-75.
[28]HUIZENGA C,ZHANG H,ARENS E.A model of human physiology and comfort for assessing complex thermal environments[J].Building and Environment,2001(36):691-699.
[29]FODA E,SIREN K.A new approach using the Pierce two-node model for different body parts[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2011(55):519-532.
[30]PSIKUTA A,RICHARDS M,FIALA D.Single-sector thermophysiological human simulator[J].Physiological Measurement,2008(29):181-192.
[31]RUGH J P,LUSTBADER J.Application of a sweating manikin controlled by a human physiological model and lessons learned[C]//FAN J T.6th International Thermal Manikin and Modeling Meeting.Hongkong:The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,2006:1-9.
[32]FARRINGTON R,RUGH J,BHARATHAN D.Using a sweating manikin,controlled by a human physiological model,to evaluate liquid cooling garments[C]//34th International Conference on Environmental Systems.Rome:[s.n.],2005:1-15.
[33]FODA E,ALMESRI I,AWBI H B,et al.Models of human thermoregulation and the prediction of local and overall thermal sensations[J].Building and Environment,2011(46):2023-2032.
[34]GERRETT N,OUZZAHRA Y,COLEBY S,et al.Thermal sensitivity to warmth during rest and exercise:a sex comparison[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2014,114(7):1451-1462.
[35]REDORJIER B,VOELCKER T.Implementation of thermo-physiological control on a multi-zone manikin[C]//BURKE R,HEISS D.Proceedings of 8th International Meeting for Thermal Manikin and Modeling.Victoria:Lund University Publications,2010:23-26.
[36]BURKE R,BLOOD K,DEATON A S,et al.Application of model-controlled manikin to predict human physiological responses in firefighter turn out gear[C]//BURKE R,HEISS D.Proceedings of the 8th International meeting for Thermal Manikin and Modeling.Victoria:Lund University Publications,2010:29-35.
[37]WANG F M.Physiological model controlled sweating thermal manikin:can it replace human subjects?[J].Ergonomics,2011(1):1-2.
[38]ZHANG H.Human thermal sensation and comfort in transient and non-uniform thermal environment[D].California:University of California,2003:240-269.
[39]ZHANG H,ARENS E,HUIZENGA C,et al.Thermal sensation and comfort models for non-uniform and transient environments:partⅡ:local comfort of individual body parts[J].Building and Environment,2010(45):389-398.
[40]ZHANG H,ARENS E,HUIZENGA C,et al.Thermal sensation and comfort models for non-uniform and transient environments:partⅢ:whole-body sensation and comfort[J].Building and Environment,2010(45):399-410.
[41]田苗,李俊.数值模拟在热防护服装性能测评中的应用[J].纺织学报,2015,36(1):158-164.TIAN Miao,LI Jun.Application of numerical simulation on performance evaluation of thermal protective clothing[J].Journal of Textile Research,2015,36(1):158-164.
[42]卢业虎,李俊,王云仪.热防护服装热湿传递模型研究及发展趋势[J].纺织学报,2012,33(1):151-156.LU Yehu,LI Jun,WANG Yunyi.Research and developing trend of heat and moisture transfer model of thermal protective clothing[J].Journal of Textile Research,2012,33(1):151-156.
[43]苏云,王云仪,李俊.消防服衣下空间热传递机制研究进展[J].纺织学报,2016,37(1):167-172.SU Yun,WANG Yunyi,LI Jun.Research progress of heat transfer mechanism of air gap under firefighter protective clothing[J].Journal of Textile Research,2016,37(1):167-172.
[44]ZHANG Z H,WANG Y Y,LI J.Mathematical simulation and experimental measurement of clothing surface temperature under different sized air gaps[J].Fibers and Polymers,2010,11(6):911-916.
[45]BURKE R,CURRAN D A,HEPOKOSKI M.Integrating an active physiological and comfort model to the newton sweating thermal manikin[C]//13th International Conference on Environment Ergonomics.Boston Mass:University of Wollongong Austrilia,2009:2-7.
[2]LEE J K W,NIO A Q X,LIM C L,et al.Thermoregulation,pacing and fluid balance during mass participation distance running in a warm and humid environment[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2010(109):887-898.
[3]HOLMER I.Assessment of cold stress in terms of required clothing insulation:IREQ[J].International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,1988(3):159-166.
[4]KUKLANE K,GAO C S,HOLMER I,et al.Calculation of clothing insulation by serial and parallel methods:effects on clothing choice by IREQ and thermal responses in the cold[J].International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics,2001,13(2):103-116.
[5]ALFANO F R A,PALELLAB B I,RICCIO G.Notes on the implementation of the IREQ model for the assessment of extreme cold environments[J].Ergonomics,2013,56(4):707-724.
[6]ABREU M J,CATARINO A,CARDOSO C,et al.Effects of sportswear design on thermal comfort[C]//LAURENCE S.11th World Textile Conference.Mulhouse:Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs Sud-Alace,2011:50-55.
[7]WANG F M,FERRARO S D,OLINARO V,et al.Assessment of body mapping sportswear using a manikin operated in constant temperature mode and thermoregulatory model control mode[J].International Journal of Biometeorol,2014(58):1673-1682.
[8]STOLWIJK J,HARDY J D.Temperature regulation in man-theoretical study[J].Plufgers Archiv,1966,291(2):129-162.
[9]TANABE S I,KOBAYASHI K,NAKANO J,et al.Evaluation of thermal comfort using combined multi-node thermoregulation(65MN)and radiation models and computational fluid dynamics(CFD)[J].Energy and Buildings,2002(34):637-646.
[10]FARRINGTON R B,RUGH J P,BHARATHAN D,et al.Use of a thermal manikin to evaluate human thermoregulatory responses in transient,non-uniform,thermal environments[J].Sae Transactions,2004:1-9.
[11]FODA E,SIREN K.A thermal manikin with human thermoregulatory control:implementation and validation[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2012(56):959-971.
[12]OLIVEIRA A V M,GASPAR A R,QUINTELA D A.Measuring thermal insulation of clothing with different manikin control methods:comparative analysis of the calculation methods[C]//7th International Thermal Manikin and Modelling Meeting.Coimbra:University of Coimbra,2008:1-7.
[13]OLIVEIRA A V M,GASPAR A R,QUINTELA D A.Measurements of clothing insulation with a thermal manikin operating under the thermal comfort regulation mode:comparative analysis of the calculation methods[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2008(104):679-688.
[14]OLIVEIRA A V M,GASPAR A R,QUINTELA D A.Dynamic clothing insulation:measurements with a thermal manikin operating under the thermal comfort regulation mode[J].Applied Ergonomics,2011(42):890-899.
[15]GASPAR A R,OLIVEIRA A V M,QUINTELA D.Thermal insulation measurements with a movable thermal manikin[J].Journal of University of Coimbra 2009:1-5.
[16]李敏,曹彬,朱颖心.ASHARE与ISO的热舒适相关标准中关于服装热阻计算方法的研究与对比[J].暖通空调,2015,45(9):7-11.LI Min,CAO Bin,ZHU Yingxin.Comparison between ASHARE and ISO thermal comfort standards on clothing insulation calculation methods[J].HV&AC,2015,45(9):7-11.
[17]张渭源.服装舒适性与功能[M].2版.北京:中国纺织出版社,2011:50-53.ZHANG Weiyuan.Clothing Comfort and Function[M].2nd ed.Beijing:China Textile&Apparel Press,2011:50-53.
[18]MCCULLOUGH E A.The Use of Thermal Manikins to Evaluate Clothing and Environmental Factors[M].Elsevier Ergon Book Ser,2005(3):403-407.
[19]TANABE S,ARENS E A,BAUMAN F,et al.Evaluating thermal environments by using a thermal manikin with controlled skin surface temperature[J].ASHARE Transactions,1994,100(1):39-48.
[20]田苗,李俊.智能服装的设计模式与发展趋势[J].纺织学报,2014,35(2):109-115.TIAN Miao,LI Jun.Design mode and development tendency of smart clothing[J].Journal of Textile Research,2014,35(2):109-115.
[21]FIALA D,LOMAS K J,STOHRER M.Computer prediction of human thermoregulatory and temperature responses to wide range of environmental conditions[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2001(45):143-159.
[22]FIALA D,LOMAS K J,STOHRER M.A computer model of human thermoregulation for a wide range of environmental conditions:the passive system[J].Journal of Applied Physiology,1999,87(5):1957-1972.
[23]YOKOTA M,BERGLUND L G,XU X J.Thermoregulatory modeling use and application in the military workforce[J].Applied Ergonomics,2013,45(3):663-670.
[24]GAGGE A P,STOLWIJK J A J,NISHI Y.An effective temperature scale based on a simple model of human physiological regulatory response[J].Ashare Transactions,1971,77(1):247-262.
[25]WISSLER E H.Mathematical simulation of human thermal behavior using whole body models[J].Heat Transfer in Medicine and Biology,1985(1):325-373.
[26]KRANING K K,GONZALEZ R R.A mechanistic computer simulation of human work in heat that accounts for physical and physiological effects of clothing,aerobic fitness,and progressive dehydration[J].Journal of Thermal Biology,1997(22):331-342.
[27]XU X W J.A dynamic model of the human-clothingenvironment system[J].Applied Human Science,1997(16):61-75.
[28]HUIZENGA C,ZHANG H,ARENS E.A model of human physiology and comfort for assessing complex thermal environments[J].Building and Environment,2001(36):691-699.
[29]FODA E,SIREN K.A new approach using the Pierce two-node model for different body parts[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2011(55):519-532.
[30]PSIKUTA A,RICHARDS M,FIALA D.Single-sector thermophysiological human simulator[J].Physiological Measurement,2008(29):181-192.
[31]RUGH J P,LUSTBADER J.Application of a sweating manikin controlled by a human physiological model and lessons learned[C]//FAN J T.6th International Thermal Manikin and Modeling Meeting.Hongkong:The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,2006:1-9.
[32]FARRINGTON R,RUGH J,BHARATHAN D.Using a sweating manikin,controlled by a human physiological model,to evaluate liquid cooling garments[C]//34th International Conference on Environmental Systems.Rome:[s.n.],2005:1-15.
[33]FODA E,ALMESRI I,AWBI H B,et al.Models of human thermoregulation and the prediction of local and overall thermal sensations[J].Building and Environment,2011(46):2023-2032.
[34]GERRETT N,OUZZAHRA Y,COLEBY S,et al.Thermal sensitivity to warmth during rest and exercise:a sex comparison[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology,2014,114(7):1451-1462.
[35]REDORJIER B,VOELCKER T.Implementation of thermo-physiological control on a multi-zone manikin[C]//BURKE R,HEISS D.Proceedings of 8th International Meeting for Thermal Manikin and Modeling.Victoria:Lund University Publications,2010:23-26.
[36]BURKE R,BLOOD K,DEATON A S,et al.Application of model-controlled manikin to predict human physiological responses in firefighter turn out gear[C]//BURKE R,HEISS D.Proceedings of the 8th International meeting for Thermal Manikin and Modeling.Victoria:Lund University Publications,2010:29-35.
[37]WANG F M.Physiological model controlled sweating thermal manikin:can it replace human subjects?[J].Ergonomics,2011(1):1-2.
[38]ZHANG H.Human thermal sensation and comfort in transient and non-uniform thermal environment[D].California:University of California,2003:240-269.
[39]ZHANG H,ARENS E,HUIZENGA C,et al.Thermal sensation and comfort models for non-uniform and transient environments:partⅡ:local comfort of individual body parts[J].Building and Environment,2010(45):389-398.
[40]ZHANG H,ARENS E,HUIZENGA C,et al.Thermal sensation and comfort models for non-uniform and transient environments:partⅢ:whole-body sensation and comfort[J].Building and Environment,2010(45):399-410.
[41]田苗,李俊.数值模拟在热防护服装性能测评中的应用[J].纺织学报,2015,36(1):158-164.TIAN Miao,LI Jun.Application of numerical simulation on performance evaluation of thermal protective clothing[J].Journal of Textile Research,2015,36(1):158-164.
[42]卢业虎,李俊,王云仪.热防护服装热湿传递模型研究及发展趋势[J].纺织学报,2012,33(1):151-156.LU Yehu,LI Jun,WANG Yunyi.Research and developing trend of heat and moisture transfer model of thermal protective clothing[J].Journal of Textile Research,2012,33(1):151-156.
[43]苏云,王云仪,李俊.消防服衣下空间热传递机制研究进展[J].纺织学报,2016,37(1):167-172.SU Yun,WANG Yunyi,LI Jun.Research progress of heat transfer mechanism of air gap under firefighter protective clothing[J].Journal of Textile Research,2016,37(1):167-172.
[44]ZHANG Z H,WANG Y Y,LI J.Mathematical simulation and experimental measurement of clothing surface temperature under different sized air gaps[J].Fibers and Polymers,2010,11(6):911-916.
[45]BURKE R,CURRAN D A,HEPOKOSKI M.Integrating an active physiological and comfort model to the newton sweating thermal manikin[C]//13th International Conference on Environment Ergonomics.Boston Mass:University of Wollongong Austrilia,2009:2-7.