长江表层土壤多氯联苯污染特征及风险评价
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摘要
采用气质联用仪(GC-MS)对长江流域13个干流断面及18个支流断面处沿岸表层土壤样品中的多氯联苯(PCBs)进行测定,分析其残留特征、污染来源和健康风险.结果表明,长江流域表层土中ΣPCBs的含量范围为:1.05～50.11ng/g dw,平均值为5.71ng/g dw,含量处于较低污染水平.干流的PCBs含量从上游到下游呈现逐渐增大的趋势,且PCBs在宜昌、岳阳、武汉、重庆等二三线城市总含量较高.PCB 17,PCB 18,PCB 44,PCB 74,PCB 87的检出率较高,三氯联苯、四氯联苯是主要的同系物,表明长江流域表层土壤主要以低氯联苯污染为主.主成分分析表明研究区域PCBs主要来自于1号国产变压器油、Aorclor1242、1248、大气沉降及地表径流的混合污染源;对长江流域表层土壤健康风险评价表明,PCBs存在较小健康风险,呼吸摄入潜在风险低于经口摄入及皮肤接触.
Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) concentration in surface soil samples collected from 14 mainstream and 18 branch cross sections of the Yangtze River were analyzed by GC-MS. The residual characteristics, pollution sources, and ecological risks were also analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of total PCBs in surface soil ranged from 1.05 to 50.11 ng/g dry weight(ng/g dw), with an average value of 5.71 ng/g dw, and the PCBs concentration in this study was in a comparatively low level. The content of PCBs in the mainstream has gradually increased from the upstream to the downstream, and the total content of PCB in the second and third-tier cities such as Yichang, Yueyang, Wuhan and Chongqing was relatively high. PCB17, PCB18, PCB44, PCB74, PCB87 were identified as the prevalent contaminates of the surface soil. Tri-and tetra-chlorobiphenyl were the main congeners, indicating that the surface soil in the Yangtze River basin was mainly contaminated with low-chlorobiphenyl. The principal component analysis showed that PCBs mainly come from the mixed pollution sources of No. 1 transformer oil, Aorclor 1242, 1248, atmospheric deposition and surface runoff. The health risk assessment of surface soil in the Yangtze River Basin showed that PCBs have a relatively low risk, and the potential risk of inhalation was lower than accidental ingestion and dermal contact.
Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) concentration in surface soil samples collected from 14 mainstream and 18 branch cross sections of the Yangtze River were analyzed by GC-MS. The residual characteristics, pollution sources, and ecological risks were also analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of total PCBs in surface soil ranged from 1.05 to 50.11 ng/g dry weight(ng/g dw), with an average value of 5.71 ng/g dw, and the PCBs concentration in this study was in a comparatively low level. The content of PCBs in the mainstream has gradually increased from the upstream to the downstream, and the total content of PCB in the second and third-tier cities such as Yichang, Yueyang, Wuhan and Chongqing was relatively high. PCB17, PCB18, PCB44, PCB74, PCB87 were identified as the prevalent contaminates of the surface soil. Tri-and tetra-chlorobiphenyl were the main congeners, indicating that the surface soil in the Yangtze River basin was mainly contaminated with low-chlorobiphenyl. The principal component analysis showed that PCBs mainly come from the mixed pollution sources of No. 1 transformer oil, Aorclor 1242, 1248, atmospheric deposition and surface runoff. The health risk assessment of surface soil in the Yangtze River Basin showed that PCBs have a relatively low risk, and the potential risk of inhalation was lower than accidental ingestion and dermal contact.
引文
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[27]降巧龙,周海燕,徐殿斗,等.国产变压器油中多氯联苯及其异构体分布特征[J].中国环境科学,2007,27(5):608-612.
[28]张俊.宜昌市产业发展研究[J].经济论坛,2006,7(8):17-19.
[29]Wu J,Jian L,Luo Y,et al.An overview on the organic pollution around the Qinghai-Tibet plateau:The thought-provoking situation[J].Environment International,2016,97:264-272.
[30]陈晓荣,王洋,刘强,等.不同工业城市郊区菜地土壤中多氯联苯的残留现况与健康风险评价[J].土壤与作物,2016,5(1):14-23.
[31]王攀菲,何佳军,高敏,等.珠江流域人群对典型EDCs的暴露及致癌风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(5):1322-1327.
[2]Van D B M,Birnbaum L,Bosveld A T,et al.Toxic equivalency factors(TEFs)for PCBs,PCDDs,PCDFs for humans and wildlife.[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,1998,106(12):775.
[3]WH Organization.Polychlorinated biphenyls and terphenyls.Environmental Polychlorinated biphenyls and terphenyls.Environmental Health Criteria,140[S].Geneva,1993.
[4]Hu X,Shi W,Cao F,et al.Bioanalytical and instrumental analysis of estrogenic activities in drinking water sources from Yangtze River Delta.[J].Chemosphere,2013,90(7):2123-2128.
[5]罗小勇,李斐,涂敏.长江流域湖库富营养化与防治对策研究[J].水利发展研究,2010,(5):36-38.
[6]张智,曾晓岚,王利利,等.泥沙沉降对水库富营养化指标的影响[J].中国环境科学,2007,27(2):213-216.
[7]朱圣清,臧小平.长江主要城市江段重金属污染状况及特征[J].人民长江,2001,32(7):58-62.
[8]李磊,平仙隐,王云龙,等.长江口及邻近海域沉积物中重金属研究--时空分布及污染分析[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(12):2245-2252.
[9]许士奋,蒋新,冯建,等.气相色谱法测定长江水体悬浮物和沉积物中有机氯农药的残留量[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(4):494-498.
[10]高硕晗,陈静,司政,等.三峡水库蓄水期长江口多氯联苯的污染特征[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(11):2062-2068.
[11]杨嘉谟,王赟,苏青青.有机氯农药在长江武汉段的残留状况调查[J].武汉工程大学学报,2004,26(4):38-41.
[12]李昆,赵高峰,周怀东,等.枯、平、丰水期长江3条支流表层水中多氯联苯的分布特征及风险评价[J].环境科学,2012,33(8):2574-2579.
[13]Zhang T,Yang W L,Chen S J,et al.Occurrence,sources,and ecological risks of PBDEs,PCBs,OCPs,and PAHs in surface sediments of the Yangtze River Delta city cluster,China.[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment.2014,186(8):5285-5295.
[14]卢双,张旭,裴晋,等.黄河中下游流域表层土壤中多氯联苯的残留特征[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(9):2741-2748.
[15]李国卿,王胜.黄柏河流域的水环境问题及治理对策[J].资源节约与环保,2013,(1):43-44.
[16]Wang D,Yang M,Jia H,et al.Levels,distributions and profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls in surface soils of Dalian,China[J].Chemosphere,2008,73(1):38-42.
[17]王祥云,邓勋飞,杨洪达,等.金华城区土壤中7种指示性多氯联苯(PCBs)的分布特征和来源分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,(8):1512-1518.
[18]Zhang H B,Luo Y M,Wong M H,et al.Concentrations and possible sources of polychlorinated biphenyls in the soils of Hong Kong[J].Geoderma,2007,138(3/4):244-251.
[19]Manz M,Wenzel K D,Dietze U,et al.Persistent organic pollutants in agricultural soils of central Germany[J].Science of The Total Environment,2001,277(1-3):187-198.
[20]Salihoglu G,Tasdemir Y.Prediction of the PCB pollution in the soils of Bursa,an industrial city in Turkey[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,164(2/3):1523-1531.
[21]周婕成,毕春娟,陈振楼,等.上海崇明岛农田土壤中多氯联苯的残留特征[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(1):116-120.
[22]Harrad S J,Sewart A P,Alcock R,et al.Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)in the British environment:Sinks,sources and temporal trends[J].Environmental Pollution,1994,85(2):131-146.
[23]莆元华,安琼,栗辉,等.长江三角洲典型地区农田土壤中多氯联苯残留状况[J].环境科学,2006,27(3):528-532.
[24]黄宏,尹方,吴莹,等.长江口表层沉积物中多氯联苯残留和风险评价[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39(10):1500-1505.
[25]高硕晗,陈静,司政,等.三峡水库蓄水期长江口多氯联苯的污染特征[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(11):2062-2068.
[26]Xing Y,Lu Y,Dawson R W,et al.A spatial temporal assessment of pollution from PCBs in China[J].Chemosphere,2005,60(6):731.
[27]降巧龙,周海燕,徐殿斗,等.国产变压器油中多氯联苯及其异构体分布特征[J].中国环境科学,2007,27(5):608-612.
[28]张俊.宜昌市产业发展研究[J].经济论坛,2006,7(8):17-19.
[29]Wu J,Jian L,Luo Y,et al.An overview on the organic pollution around the Qinghai-Tibet plateau:The thought-provoking situation[J].Environment International,2016,97:264-272.
[30]陈晓荣,王洋,刘强,等.不同工业城市郊区菜地土壤中多氯联苯的残留现况与健康风险评价[J].土壤与作物,2016,5(1):14-23.
[31]王攀菲,何佳军,高敏,等.珠江流域人群对典型EDCs的暴露及致癌风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(5):1322-1327.