伊朗教育现代化与挑战
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摘要
教育在"一带一路"建设中具有基础性、先导性作用。伊朗在"一带一路"建设中占据着重要的位置。对伊朗教育现代化的研究,有助于推进我国与伊朗的教育国际合作,同时为更深层的经济合作提供保障。19世纪末,由开明的军官和官僚主导,知识分子参与,一场引进西方先进的军事、科学技术以维护封建统治的自救运动开启了伊朗教育现代化征程。巴列维王朝时期一系列改革奠定了伊朗现代教育的框架,然而繁荣的城市与凋敝的乡村二元结构显著,乡村、偏远地区教育并没有得到应有的发展。伊斯兰革命后,伊朗教育现代化出现了短暂的倒退。随着改革和开放,伊朗正在探索一条既符合伊朗伊斯兰价值观又迎合当今全球一体化进程,具有伊朗伊斯兰特色的现代教育道路。然而在教育改革的过程中,面临着教育体系高度集中的弊端、教育评价的改革、高等教育的快速发展与社会需求的不平衡等问题和挑战。
Education plays a fundamental and leading role in the construction of the "One Belt and One Road". The study of Iranian education modernization will help promote international cooperation in education with Iran and provide guarantees for deeper economic cooperation.In the end of 19th century,a self-strength movement that introduced advanced western science and technology was leaded by openminded Iranian officers for revitalizing national capabilities. At the same time, it was the beginning of modernization of education in Iran. A series of reforms during the Pahlavi dynasty laid the framework of modern education, but the dual urban-rural structure had led to an unbalanced education development. After the Islamic revolution, the modernization of education went backwards a period of time. With reform and opening up, Iran is exploring a modern education model that is in line with Islamic values and globalization.In the process of educational reform, there are some problems and challenges: the disadvantages of a highly centralized education system; educational assessment changed from psychometrics to educational assessment; the rapid development of higher education mismatching the social needs.
Education plays a fundamental and leading role in the construction of the "One Belt and One Road". The study of Iranian education modernization will help promote international cooperation in education with Iran and provide guarantees for deeper economic cooperation.In the end of 19th century,a self-strength movement that introduced advanced western science and technology was leaded by openminded Iranian officers for revitalizing national capabilities. At the same time, it was the beginning of modernization of education in Iran. A series of reforms during the Pahlavi dynasty laid the framework of modern education, but the dual urban-rural structure had led to an unbalanced education development. After the Islamic revolution, the modernization of education went backwards a period of time. With reform and opening up, Iran is exploring a modern education model that is in line with Islamic values and globalization.In the process of educational reform, there are some problems and challenges: the disadvantages of a highly centralized education system; educational assessment changed from psychometrics to educational assessment; the rapid development of higher education mismatching the social needs.
引文
[1]李金林.“一带一路”教育信息化国际合作发展研究[J].中国电化教育,2018(2):8-11.
[2]Shahvar S.Forgotten schools:The Baha'is and modern education in Iran,1899-1934[M].IB Tauris,2009:34.
[3]Martin V. An Evaluation of Reform and Development of the State in the Early Qajar Period[J]. Die Welt DesIslams, 1996, 36(1):1-24.
[4]Ekhtiar M. Nasir al-Din Shah and the Dar al-Funun:The Evolution of an Institution[J]. Iranian Studies,2001,34(1/4):153-163.
[5]Arasteh, Reza, Education and Social Awakening in Iran, 1850–1968[M]. Leiden:E.J. Brill, 1969:139-140.
[6]Mirsardoo T. Analysis of the Position of Women's Education in Iran during the Past One Hundred Years; An Interdisciplinary Approach[J].IAU International Journal of Social Sciences, 2013,3(2):39-49.
[7]Menashri, David. Education and the making of modern Iran[M].Cornell University Press, 1992:33.
[8]Menashri D. The Literacy Corps in Pahlavi Iran(1963-1979):Political, Social and Literacy Implications by FarianSabahi[J].Iranian Studies, 2004, 37(3):529-533.
[9]Keith Watson. The Shah's White Revolution-Education and Reform in Iran[J].Comparative Education, 1976, 12(1):23-36.
[10]Hamdhaidari S, AgahiH,PapzanA.Higher education during the Islamic government of Iran(1979-2004)[J]. International Journal of Educational Development, 2008, 28(3):231-245.
[11]Tarbiat Modares University. Tmu History[EB/OL].[2018-03-06].http://www.modares.ac.ir/index.jsp?fkeyid=&siteid=12&fkeyid=&si teid=12&pageid=6175.
[12]Papan-Matin F. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran(1989 Edition)[J]. Iranian Studies, 2014, 47(1):159-200.
[13]Iran Plan and Budget Organization[EB/OL].[2018-05-16].https://www.amar.org.ir/english/MDG-2014/MDG-Goal-2.
[14]Arani, Kakia and Karimi. Assessment in Education in Iran[J].South African Journal of Education,2012, 9(2):1-10.
[15]Iranian press highlights 3 Jun 13. BBC Monitoring Middle East[DB/OL].[2018-04-12].https://search.proquest.com/docview/1357482625?accountid=45153.
[16]The Ministry of Education.The duration of secondary education[EB/OL].[2018-01-03]. http://dnp.medu.ir/pages/8345?ocode=1000000830.
[17]Shayeste-Far P, Kiany G R. Iran’s university admission programme at change:Policies, prospects and pitfalls from planners’perspectives[J]. Studies in Educational Evaluation,2018(56):112-123.
[18]US news best global universities ranking[EB/OL].[2018-06-06].https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities.
[19]Minister of Science, Research and Technology. Statistics[EB/OL].[2018-04-25].https://www.msrt.ir/en/page/20/statistics.
[20]Fereidouni S, Mehran G, Mansourian Y. Female Empowerment in Iran:The Voice of Iranian University Students[J]. Higher Education Quarterly, 2015,69(4):366–385.
[21]Gipps, C. Beyond Testing[M]. London:Routledge1,995:138-176.
[22]Trading Economics.Iran Unemployment Rate[EB/OL].[2018-06-06].https://tradingeconomics.com/iran/unemployment-rate.
(1)白色革命通过经济与社会改革,非暴力地重建伊朗社会。此次改革的最终目标是使伊朗成为一个全球经济、工业强国。
(2)巴列维大学在伊斯兰革命后改名为色拉子大学(Shiraz University)。
(3)文化革命(1980-1983)的目的是清除西方和非伊斯兰教对伊朗学术界的影响,以使其符合革命政治和伊斯兰教义。
(4)科学信息研究所简称ISI。在中国,ISI的“Science Citation Index”(科学引文索引,简称SCI)、“The Engineering Index”(工程索引,简称EI)、“Index to Scientific&Technical Proceedings”(国际科技会议录索引,简称ISTP)和“Index to Scientific Reviews”(科技综述索引,简称ISR)被列入四大文献索引。
[2]Shahvar S.Forgotten schools:The Baha'is and modern education in Iran,1899-1934[M].IB Tauris,2009:34.
[3]Martin V. An Evaluation of Reform and Development of the State in the Early Qajar Period[J]. Die Welt DesIslams, 1996, 36(1):1-24.
[4]Ekhtiar M. Nasir al-Din Shah and the Dar al-Funun:The Evolution of an Institution[J]. Iranian Studies,2001,34(1/4):153-163.
[5]Arasteh, Reza, Education and Social Awakening in Iran, 1850–1968[M]. Leiden:E.J. Brill, 1969:139-140.
[6]Mirsardoo T. Analysis of the Position of Women's Education in Iran during the Past One Hundred Years; An Interdisciplinary Approach[J].IAU International Journal of Social Sciences, 2013,3(2):39-49.
[7]Menashri, David. Education and the making of modern Iran[M].Cornell University Press, 1992:33.
[8]Menashri D. The Literacy Corps in Pahlavi Iran(1963-1979):Political, Social and Literacy Implications by FarianSabahi[J].Iranian Studies, 2004, 37(3):529-533.
[9]Keith Watson. The Shah's White Revolution-Education and Reform in Iran[J].Comparative Education, 1976, 12(1):23-36.
[10]Hamdhaidari S, AgahiH,PapzanA.Higher education during the Islamic government of Iran(1979-2004)[J]. International Journal of Educational Development, 2008, 28(3):231-245.
[11]Tarbiat Modares University. Tmu History[EB/OL].[2018-03-06].http://www.modares.ac.ir/index.jsp?fkeyid=&siteid=12&fkeyid=&si teid=12&pageid=6175.
[12]Papan-Matin F. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran(1989 Edition)[J]. Iranian Studies, 2014, 47(1):159-200.
[13]Iran Plan and Budget Organization[EB/OL].[2018-05-16].https://www.amar.org.ir/english/MDG-2014/MDG-Goal-2.
[14]Arani, Kakia and Karimi. Assessment in Education in Iran[J].South African Journal of Education,2012, 9(2):1-10.
[15]Iranian press highlights 3 Jun 13. BBC Monitoring Middle East[DB/OL].[2018-04-12].https://search.proquest.com/docview/1357482625?accountid=45153.
[16]The Ministry of Education.The duration of secondary education[EB/OL].[2018-01-03]. http://dnp.medu.ir/pages/8345?ocode=1000000830.
[17]Shayeste-Far P, Kiany G R. Iran’s university admission programme at change:Policies, prospects and pitfalls from planners’perspectives[J]. Studies in Educational Evaluation,2018(56):112-123.
[18]US news best global universities ranking[EB/OL].[2018-06-06].https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities.
[19]Minister of Science, Research and Technology. Statistics[EB/OL].[2018-04-25].https://www.msrt.ir/en/page/20/statistics.
[20]Fereidouni S, Mehran G, Mansourian Y. Female Empowerment in Iran:The Voice of Iranian University Students[J]. Higher Education Quarterly, 2015,69(4):366–385.
[21]Gipps, C. Beyond Testing[M]. London:Routledge1,995:138-176.
[22]Trading Economics.Iran Unemployment Rate[EB/OL].[2018-06-06].https://tradingeconomics.com/iran/unemployment-rate.
(1)白色革命通过经济与社会改革,非暴力地重建伊朗社会。此次改革的最终目标是使伊朗成为一个全球经济、工业强国。
(2)巴列维大学在伊斯兰革命后改名为色拉子大学(Shiraz University)。
(3)文化革命(1980-1983)的目的是清除西方和非伊斯兰教对伊朗学术界的影响,以使其符合革命政治和伊斯兰教义。
(4)科学信息研究所简称ISI。在中国,ISI的“Science Citation Index”(科学引文索引,简称SCI)、“The Engineering Index”(工程索引,简称EI)、“Index to Scientific&Technical Proceedings”(国际科技会议录索引,简称ISTP)和“Index to Scientific Reviews”(科技综述索引,简称ISR)被列入四大文献索引。