生产环节外包改善了农户福利吗?——来自长江流域水稻种植农户的证据
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摘要
本文通过构建生产环节外包对农户福利影响的理论模型,利用四川、湖北、湖南、江西、安徽、江苏六个长江流域粮食主产省份1027户农户的实地调查数据,采用内生转换回归模型(ESR),在反事实框架下分析了生产环节外包对农户福利的影响效应,并进一步检验了其作用机制。结果表明:第一,较高比例的样本农户选择了生产环节外包,但主要集中在整地与收割环节。第二,生产环节外包能够通过资源配置与专业分工机制改善农户福利,表现为在反事实假设下,实际参与生产环节外包的农户若未参与生产环节外包,其家庭年人均纯收入将下降6.0%,实际未参与生产环节外包的农户若参与生产环节外包,其家庭年人均纯收入将增加9.6%。第三,从生产环节差异性来看,田间管理环节外包的福利效应高于其他生产环节,而播种环节外包的福利效应不显著。第四,从群组差异性来看,决策者受教育水平较高、家庭劳动力数量较多以及种植面积较大的农户,生产环节外包的福利效应更大。
This article constructs a theoretical model to explain the impacts of farm households' production outsourcing on their welfare. Based on the data collected from 1027 farm households in Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui and Jiangsu Provinces in Yangtze Valley, this study uses an endogenous switching regression to investigate the impact of production outsourcing on farm households' wellbeing and its mechanism. The results are as follows. First, a relatively high proportion of farmers adopt outsourcing services which mainly concentrate on land preparation and harvest services. Second, outsourcing services can improve farm households' welfare through the mechanism of resources allocation and specialization. It suggests that the farmers who adopt outsourcing services would decrease their per capita income by 6.0% in case they decide against the services. In contrast, the farmers who did not adopt the services could increase their per capita income by 9.6% if they decide to have outsourcing services. Third, the outsourcing of field management services shows a larger impact on farm households' welfare than the other production services. Last, the welfare effects are particularly significant for farm households who have a higher education level, more family workforce and larger farm land.
This article constructs a theoretical model to explain the impacts of farm households' production outsourcing on their welfare. Based on the data collected from 1027 farm households in Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui and Jiangsu Provinces in Yangtze Valley, this study uses an endogenous switching regression to investigate the impact of production outsourcing on farm households' wellbeing and its mechanism. The results are as follows. First, a relatively high proportion of farmers adopt outsourcing services which mainly concentrate on land preparation and harvest services. Second, outsourcing services can improve farm households' welfare through the mechanism of resources allocation and specialization. It suggests that the farmers who adopt outsourcing services would decrease their per capita income by 6.0% in case they decide against the services. In contrast, the farmers who did not adopt the services could increase their per capita income by 9.6% if they decide to have outsourcing services. Third, the outsourcing of field management services shows a larger impact on farm households' welfare than the other production services. Last, the welfare effects are particularly significant for farm households who have a higher education level, more family workforce and larger farm land.
引文
1.陈超、李寅秋、廖西元,2012:《水稻生产环节外包的生产率效应分析--基于江苏省三县的面板数据》,《中国农村经济》第2期。
2.陈飞、翟伟娟,2015:《农户行为视角下农地流转诱因及其福利效应研究》,《经济研究》第10期。
3.褚保金、卢亚娟、张龙耀,2009:《信贷配给下农户借贷的福利效果分析》,《中国农村经济》第6期。
4.蔡荣、蔡书凯,2014:《农业生产环节外包实证研究--基于安徽省水稻主产区的调查》,《农业技术经济》第4期。
5.陈其进,2015:《风险偏好对个体收入的影响--来自中国城镇劳动力市场的证据》,《南方经济》第8期。
6.段培、王礼力、罗剑朝,2017:《种植业技术密集环节外包的个体响应及影响因素研究--以河南和山西631户小麦种植户为例》,《中国农村经济》第8期。
7.黄季焜、齐亮、陈瑞剑,2008:《技术信息知识、风险偏好与农民施用农药》,《管理世界》第5期。
8.李锐、李宁辉,2004:《农户借贷行为及其福利效果分析》,《经济研究》第12期。
9.李庆海、李锐、王兆华,2012:《农户土地租赁行为及其福利效果》,《经济学(季刊)》第1期。
10.陆岐楠、张崇尚、仇焕广,2017:《农业劳动力老龄化、非农劳动力兼业化对农业生产环节外包的影响》,《农业经济问题》第10期。
11.钱静斐、陈志钢、Filipski Mateusz、王建英,2017:《耕地经营规模及其质量禀赋对农户生产环节外包行为的影响--基于中国广西水稻种植农户的调研数据》,《中国农业大学学报》第9期。
12.申红芳、陈超、廖西元、王磊,2015:《稻农生产环节外包行为分析--基于7省21县的调查》,《中国农村经济》第5期。
13.孙顶强、卢宇桐、田旭,2016:《生产性服务对中国水稻生产技术效率的影响--基于吉、浙、湘、川4省微观调查数据的实证分析》,《中国农村经济》第8期。
14.王志刚、申红芳、廖西元,2011:《农业规模经营:从生产环节外包开始--以水稻为例》,《中国农村经济》第9期。
15.温忠麟、叶宝娟,2014:《中介效应分析:方法和模型发展》,《心理科学进展》第5期。
16.许庆、田士超、徐志刚、邵挺,2008:《农地制度、土地细碎化与农民收入不平等》,《经济研究》第2期。
17.杨志海,2018:《老龄化、社会网络与农户绿色生产技术采纳行为--来自长江流域六省农户数据的验证》,《中国农村观察》第4期。
18.杨汝岱、陈斌开、朱诗娥,2011:《基于社会网络视角的农户民间借贷需求行为研究》,《经济研究》第11期。
19.于长永,2012:《农民对新型农村合作医疗的福利认同及其影响因素》,《中国农村经济》第4期。
20.张忠军、易中懿,2015:《农业生产性服务外包对水稻生产率的影响研究--基于358个农户的实证分析》,《农业经济问题》第10期。
21.张川川、John Giles、赵耀辉,2015:《新型农村社会养老保险政策效果评估--收入、贫困、消费、主观福利和劳动供给》,《经济学(季刊)》第1期。
22.张博、胡金焱、范辰辰,2015:《社会网络、信息获取与家庭创业收入--基于中国城乡差异视角的实证研究》,《经济评论》第2期。
23.展进涛、张燕媛、张忠军,2016:《土地细碎化是否阻碍了水稻生产性环节外包服务的发展?》,《南京农业大学学报(社会科学版)》第2期。
24.曾亿武、郭红东、金松青,2018:《电子商务有益于农民增收吗?--来自江苏沭阳的证据》,《中国农村经济》第2期。
25.Baron,R.M.,D.A.Kenny,1986,“The Moderator-mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research:Conceptual,Strategic,and Statistical Considerations”,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,51(6):1173-1182.
26.Gillespie,J.,R.Nehring,C.Sandretto and C.Hallahan,2010,“Forage Outsourcing in the Dairy Sector:The Extent of Use and Impact on Farm Profitability”,Agricultural&Resource Economics Review,39(3):399-414.
27.Huang,J.K.,Y.J.Wang and J.X.Wang,2015,“Farmers'Adaptation to Extreme Weather Events through Farm Management and Its Impacts on the Mean and Risk of Rice Yield in China”,American Journal of Agricultural Economics,97(2):602-617.
28.Lyne,M.C.,N.Jonas and G.F.Ortmann,2018,“A Quantitative Assessment of an Outsourced Agricultural Extension Service in the Umzimkhulu District of Kwa Zulu-Natal,South Africa”,Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension,24(1):51-64.
29.Ma,W.,A.Renwick and Q.Grafton,2018,“Farm Machinery Use,Off-farm Employment and Farm Performance in China”,Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,62(2):279-298.
30.Maddala,G.S.,1983,Limited Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics,Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press.
31.Machila,M.,M.Lyne and P.Nuthall,2015,“Assessment of an Outsourced Agricultural Extension Service in the Mutasa District of Zimbabwe”,Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development,7(5):142-149.
32.Picazo-Tadeo,A.J.,E.Reig-Martínez,2006,“Outsourcing and Efficiency:The Case of Spanish Citrus Farming”,Agricultural Economics,35(2):213-222.
33.Sun,D.,M.Rickaille and Z.Xu,2018,“Determinants and Impacts of Outsourcing Pest and Disease Management”,China Agricultural Economic Review,10(3):443-461.
34.Tang,L.,Q.Liu,W.Yang and J.Wang,2018,“Do Agricultural Services Contribute to Cost Saving?Evidence from Chinese Rice Farmers”,China Agricultural Economic Review,10(2):323-337.
(1)根据农产品成本收益数据计算得到。原始数据参见:国家发展和改革委员会价格司(编),2005:《全国农产品成本收益资料汇编2005》,北京:中国统计出版社;国家发展和改革委员会价格司(编),2017:《全国农产品成本收益资料汇编2017》,北京:中国统计出版社。
(1)关于中介效应检验的模型设定与检验步骤说明,详见温忠麟、叶宝娟(2014),本文不再赘述。
(1)计算公式为:(-5.176)×(-0.033)/1.974≈0.086。
2.陈飞、翟伟娟,2015:《农户行为视角下农地流转诱因及其福利效应研究》,《经济研究》第10期。
3.褚保金、卢亚娟、张龙耀,2009:《信贷配给下农户借贷的福利效果分析》,《中国农村经济》第6期。
4.蔡荣、蔡书凯,2014:《农业生产环节外包实证研究--基于安徽省水稻主产区的调查》,《农业技术经济》第4期。
5.陈其进,2015:《风险偏好对个体收入的影响--来自中国城镇劳动力市场的证据》,《南方经济》第8期。
6.段培、王礼力、罗剑朝,2017:《种植业技术密集环节外包的个体响应及影响因素研究--以河南和山西631户小麦种植户为例》,《中国农村经济》第8期。
7.黄季焜、齐亮、陈瑞剑,2008:《技术信息知识、风险偏好与农民施用农药》,《管理世界》第5期。
8.李锐、李宁辉,2004:《农户借贷行为及其福利效果分析》,《经济研究》第12期。
9.李庆海、李锐、王兆华,2012:《农户土地租赁行为及其福利效果》,《经济学(季刊)》第1期。
10.陆岐楠、张崇尚、仇焕广,2017:《农业劳动力老龄化、非农劳动力兼业化对农业生产环节外包的影响》,《农业经济问题》第10期。
11.钱静斐、陈志钢、Filipski Mateusz、王建英,2017:《耕地经营规模及其质量禀赋对农户生产环节外包行为的影响--基于中国广西水稻种植农户的调研数据》,《中国农业大学学报》第9期。
12.申红芳、陈超、廖西元、王磊,2015:《稻农生产环节外包行为分析--基于7省21县的调查》,《中国农村经济》第5期。
13.孙顶强、卢宇桐、田旭,2016:《生产性服务对中国水稻生产技术效率的影响--基于吉、浙、湘、川4省微观调查数据的实证分析》,《中国农村经济》第8期。
14.王志刚、申红芳、廖西元,2011:《农业规模经营:从生产环节外包开始--以水稻为例》,《中国农村经济》第9期。
15.温忠麟、叶宝娟,2014:《中介效应分析:方法和模型发展》,《心理科学进展》第5期。
16.许庆、田士超、徐志刚、邵挺,2008:《农地制度、土地细碎化与农民收入不平等》,《经济研究》第2期。
17.杨志海,2018:《老龄化、社会网络与农户绿色生产技术采纳行为--来自长江流域六省农户数据的验证》,《中国农村观察》第4期。
18.杨汝岱、陈斌开、朱诗娥,2011:《基于社会网络视角的农户民间借贷需求行为研究》,《经济研究》第11期。
19.于长永,2012:《农民对新型农村合作医疗的福利认同及其影响因素》,《中国农村经济》第4期。
20.张忠军、易中懿,2015:《农业生产性服务外包对水稻生产率的影响研究--基于358个农户的实证分析》,《农业经济问题》第10期。
21.张川川、John Giles、赵耀辉,2015:《新型农村社会养老保险政策效果评估--收入、贫困、消费、主观福利和劳动供给》,《经济学(季刊)》第1期。
22.张博、胡金焱、范辰辰,2015:《社会网络、信息获取与家庭创业收入--基于中国城乡差异视角的实证研究》,《经济评论》第2期。
23.展进涛、张燕媛、张忠军,2016:《土地细碎化是否阻碍了水稻生产性环节外包服务的发展?》,《南京农业大学学报(社会科学版)》第2期。
24.曾亿武、郭红东、金松青,2018:《电子商务有益于农民增收吗?--来自江苏沭阳的证据》,《中国农村经济》第2期。
25.Baron,R.M.,D.A.Kenny,1986,“The Moderator-mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research:Conceptual,Strategic,and Statistical Considerations”,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,51(6):1173-1182.
26.Gillespie,J.,R.Nehring,C.Sandretto and C.Hallahan,2010,“Forage Outsourcing in the Dairy Sector:The Extent of Use and Impact on Farm Profitability”,Agricultural&Resource Economics Review,39(3):399-414.
27.Huang,J.K.,Y.J.Wang and J.X.Wang,2015,“Farmers'Adaptation to Extreme Weather Events through Farm Management and Its Impacts on the Mean and Risk of Rice Yield in China”,American Journal of Agricultural Economics,97(2):602-617.
28.Lyne,M.C.,N.Jonas and G.F.Ortmann,2018,“A Quantitative Assessment of an Outsourced Agricultural Extension Service in the Umzimkhulu District of Kwa Zulu-Natal,South Africa”,Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension,24(1):51-64.
29.Ma,W.,A.Renwick and Q.Grafton,2018,“Farm Machinery Use,Off-farm Employment and Farm Performance in China”,Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,62(2):279-298.
30.Maddala,G.S.,1983,Limited Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics,Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press.
31.Machila,M.,M.Lyne and P.Nuthall,2015,“Assessment of an Outsourced Agricultural Extension Service in the Mutasa District of Zimbabwe”,Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development,7(5):142-149.
32.Picazo-Tadeo,A.J.,E.Reig-Martínez,2006,“Outsourcing and Efficiency:The Case of Spanish Citrus Farming”,Agricultural Economics,35(2):213-222.
33.Sun,D.,M.Rickaille and Z.Xu,2018,“Determinants and Impacts of Outsourcing Pest and Disease Management”,China Agricultural Economic Review,10(3):443-461.
34.Tang,L.,Q.Liu,W.Yang and J.Wang,2018,“Do Agricultural Services Contribute to Cost Saving?Evidence from Chinese Rice Farmers”,China Agricultural Economic Review,10(2):323-337.
(1)根据农产品成本收益数据计算得到。原始数据参见:国家发展和改革委员会价格司(编),2005:《全国农产品成本收益资料汇编2005》,北京:中国统计出版社;国家发展和改革委员会价格司(编),2017:《全国农产品成本收益资料汇编2017》,北京:中国统计出版社。
(1)关于中介效应检验的模型设定与检验步骤说明,详见温忠麟、叶宝娟(2014),本文不再赘述。
(1)计算公式为:(-5.176)×(-0.033)/1.974≈0.086。