淹水落干下三峡水库消落带土壤无机磷形态转化特征
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摘要
为探讨三峡水库消落带土壤无机磷的转化规律,通过布置原位浮台,将装有土壤的塑料盆悬挂在不同水深(0、2、5、15m)处,分别淹没30、60、180 d,落干180 d,研究淹没水深和时长对消落带土壤的理化性质及无机磷形态的影响.结果表明,淹水-落干循环中,土壤pH、有机质、全磷和有效磷含量均呈现先降低后升高的趋势.落干180 d后,土壤pH、有机质和全磷含量降低,有效磷含量升高.土壤淹水后,各形态无机磷占全磷的比例大小为Fe-P>Al-P>Ca8-P>Ca2-P.淹水0 m、2 m时Ca2-P、Ca8-P随淹水时间持续下降,淹水5 m、15 m时随淹水时间先降低后升高.落干180 d后无机磷含量显著增加,随淹水深度的增加无机磷含量呈降低趋势;Al-P含量随淹水时间先降低后持续升高,随淹水深度变化趋势不明显;Fe-P含量随淹水时间和淹水深度变化无明显规律.
The implementation of the Three Gorges Project formed a water-level-fluctuating zone,and flooding and drying affects the soil properties and water quality of the Water-Level-Fluctuating Zone.The laboratory simulation or field sampling were conducted;however,the results cannot reflect the real conditions in practice.The effects of flooding and drying on the physical and chemical properties of soil and the transformation characteristics of inorganic phosphorus were studied in order to provide a theoretical reference for soil phosphorus loss and water eutrophication in water-level-fluctuating zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir.To investigate the conversion of soil phosphorus,plastic pots with soil were suspended at different depths(0,2,5,and 15 m) and submerged for 30,60,and 180 d,and exposed for 180 d.The effects of submerged depth and time on the soil physical and chemical properties and inorganic phosphorus forms were studied.The results showed that soil pH,organic matter,total phosphorus,and available phosphorus decreased and then increased subsequently during the flooding period.After exposure for 180 d,soil pH,organic matter,and total phosphorus content decreased,while available phosphorus content increased.After flooding,the ratio of various forms of inorganic phosphorus to total phosphorus was Fe-P>Al-P>Ca8-P>Ca2-P.The content of Ca2-P and Ca8-P decreased at 0 m and 2 m and decreased at 5 m and 15 m and then increased with increased flooding time.After exposure for 180 days,the content of inorganic phosphorus increased significantly,and the content of inorganic phosphorus decreased as flooding depth increased.Al-P content increased with the flooding time,but there was no obvious change with flooding depth.The content of Fe-P did not change with the time and the depth of flooding.
The implementation of the Three Gorges Project formed a water-level-fluctuating zone,and flooding and drying affects the soil properties and water quality of the Water-Level-Fluctuating Zone.The laboratory simulation or field sampling were conducted;however,the results cannot reflect the real conditions in practice.The effects of flooding and drying on the physical and chemical properties of soil and the transformation characteristics of inorganic phosphorus were studied in order to provide a theoretical reference for soil phosphorus loss and water eutrophication in water-level-fluctuating zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir.To investigate the conversion of soil phosphorus,plastic pots with soil were suspended at different depths(0,2,5,and 15 m) and submerged for 30,60,and 180 d,and exposed for 180 d.The effects of submerged depth and time on the soil physical and chemical properties and inorganic phosphorus forms were studied.The results showed that soil pH,organic matter,total phosphorus,and available phosphorus decreased and then increased subsequently during the flooding period.After exposure for 180 d,soil pH,organic matter,and total phosphorus content decreased,while available phosphorus content increased.After flooding,the ratio of various forms of inorganic phosphorus to total phosphorus was Fe-P>Al-P>Ca8-P>Ca2-P.The content of Ca2-P and Ca8-P decreased at 0 m and 2 m and decreased at 5 m and 15 m and then increased with increased flooding time.After exposure for 180 days,the content of inorganic phosphorus increased significantly,and the content of inorganic phosphorus decreased as flooding depth increased.Al-P content increased with the flooding time,but there was no obvious change with flooding depth.The content of Fe-P did not change with the time and the depth of flooding.
引文
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[19]张志永,程丽,李春辉,等.三峡水库淹没水深对消落带植物牛鞭草和狗牙根生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响[J].水生态学杂志,2016,37(3):49-55.Zhang Z Y,Cheng L,Li C H,et al.Growth and antioxidant enzyme activity in Hemarthria altissima and Cynodon dactylon in response to water depth in the water level fluctuation zone of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Journal of Hydroecology,2016,37(3):49-55.
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[2]Batlle-Aguilar J,Brovelli A,Luster J,et al.Analysis of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in riparian soils:model validation and sensitivity to environmental controls[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,429:246-256.
[3]Cade-Menun B J,Navaratnam J A,Walbridge M R.Characterizing dissolved and particulate phosphorus in water with31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(24):7874-7880.
[4]李楠,单保庆,张洪,等.北运河下游典型灌渠沉积物有机磷形态分布特征[J].环境科学,2010,31(12):2911-2916.Li N,Shan B Q,Zhang H,et al.Organic phosphorus forms in the sediments in the downstream channel of North Canal River Watershed[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(12):2911-2916.
[5]何立平,付川,谢昆,等.三峡库区万州段不同类型消落带土壤磷形态贮存特征[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(4):534-541.He L P,Fu C,Xie K,et al.Soil phosphorus species and storage characteristics of different types in water fluctuation zone of the Wanzhou section of the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2014,23(4):534-541.
[6]石孝洪.三峡水库消落区土壤磷素释放与富营养化[J].土壤肥料,2004,(1):40-42,44.Shi X H.Eutropication and phosphorus release of soil in drawdown area of Three Gorges reservoir[J].Soils and Fertilizer,2004,(1):40-42,44.
[7]Gao L,Zhang L H,Shao H B.Phosphorus bioavailability and release potential risk of the sediments in the coastal wetland:a case study of Rongcheng Swan Lake,Shandong,China[J].Clean-Soil,Air,Water,2014,42(7):963-972.
[8]高兆平,胡俊,朱磊.三峡水库新政小流域土壤无机磷的有效性及流失风险研究[J].环境影响评价,2013,35(S1):7-10,30.Gao Z P,Hu J,Zhu L.Assessment for soil inorganic phosphorus effectiveness and phosphorus loss risks in Xinzheng watershed in Three Gorges Reservoir Area[J].Environment and Ecology in the Three Gorges,2013,35(S1):7-10,30.
[9]曹琳,吉芳英,林茂,等.三峡库区干湿交替消落区土壤磷形态[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(1):101-106.Cao L,Ji F Y,Lin M,et al.Soil phosphorous form analysis in fluctuating(dry wet cycling)zone of Three Gorges Reservoir Area[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2011,20(1):101-106.
[10]马利民,张明,滕衍行,等.三峡库区消落区周期性干湿交替环境对土壤磷释放的影响[J].环境科学,2008,29(4):1035-1039.Ma L M,Zhang M,Teng Y X,et al.Characteristics of phosphorous release from soil in periodic alternately waterlogged and drained environments at WFZ of the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(4):1035-1039.
[11]曾祉祥,雷沛,张洪,等.丹江口水库典型消落区土壤氮磷赋存形态及释放特征研究[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(5):1383-1392.Zeng Z X,Lei P,Zhang H,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus fractions and releasing characteristics of the soils from the representative water-level-fluctuating zone of Danjiangkou Reservoir[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(5):1383-1392.
[12]冉小萌,蒋珍茂,何明靖,等.外源磷在三峡库区典型土壤中的活性演变及形态转化[J].土壤学报,2016,53(5):1249-1261.Ran X M,Jiang Z M,He M J,et al.Variation of extraneous phosphorus in activity and morphology in soils typical of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(5):1249-1261.
[13]何立平,刘丹,于志国,等.三峡库区干支流落干期消落带土壤可转化态氮含量及分布特征[J].环境科学,2016,37(3):950-954.He L P,Liu D,Yu Z G,et al.Distribution and content of transferable nitrogen in the soil of water level fluctuating zones of mainstream and its tributary of Three Gorges Reservoir Areas during the dry period[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(3):950-954.
[14]张彬,陈猷鹏,方芳,等.三峡库区淹没消落区土壤氮素形态及分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(5):1126-1133.Zhang B,Chen Y P,Fang F,et al.Nitrogen forms and their distribution characteristics in the soils of water-level-fluctuationg zone in the central Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(5):1126-1133.
[15]郭劲松,贺阳,付川,等.三峡库区腹心地带消落区土壤氮磷含量调查[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(3):311-317.Guo J S,He Y,Fu C,et al.Investigation of soil nitrogen and phosphorus in water fluctuation zone in central district of Three Gorges Reservoir Area[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2010,19(3):311-317.
[16]Zhang B,Fang F,Guo J S,et al.Phosphorus fractions and phosphate sorption-release characteristics relevant to the soil composition of water-level-fluctuating zone of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Ecological Engineering,2012,40:153-159.
[17]林俊杰,杨振宇,刘丹,等.干湿交替下三峡支流消落带沉积物粒径组成及氮分布特征[J].土壤学报,2016,53(3):602-611.Lin J J,Yang Z Y,Liu D,et al.Particle size composition of sediment and nitrogen distribution in the water level fluctuating zone of tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir as affected by dry-wet alternation[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(3):602-611.
[18]华玲玲,李文超,翟丽梅,等.三峡库区古夫河小流域氮磷排放特征[J].环境科学,2017,38(1):138-146.Hua L L,Li W C,Zhai L M,et al.Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions in the Gufu River small watershed of the Three Georges Reservoir Area[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(1):138-146.
[19]张志永,程丽,李春辉,等.三峡水库淹没水深对消落带植物牛鞭草和狗牙根生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响[J].水生态学杂志,2016,37(3):49-55.Zhang Z Y,Cheng L,Li C H,et al.Growth and antioxidant enzyme activity in Hemarthria altissima and Cynodon dactylon in response to water depth in the water level fluctuation zone of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Journal of Hydroecology,2016,37(3):49-55.
[20]蒋柏藩,顾益初.石灰性土壤无机磷分级体系的研究[J].中国农业科学,1989,22(3):58-66.Jiang B F,Gu Y C.A suggested fractionation scheme of inorganic phosphorus in calcareous soils[J]Scientia Agricultura Sinica,1989,22(3):58-66.
[21]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].(第三版).北京:中国农业出版社,2000.Bao S D.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis(3rd ed.)[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000.
[22]张金洋,王定勇,石孝洪.三峡水库消落区淹水后土壤性质变化的模拟研究[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(6):120-123.Zhang J Y,Wang D Y,Shi X H.Change of soil character after flooding in drawdown area of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(6):120-123.
[23]王永华,钱少猛,徐南妮,等.巢湖东区底泥污染物分布特征及评价[J].环境科学研究,2004,17(6):22-26.Wang Y H,Qian S M,Xu N N,et al.Characteristics of distribution of pollutants and evaluation in sediment in the East area of Chaohu Lake[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2004,17(6):22-26.
[24]王晓荣,程瑞梅,肖文发,等.三峡库区消落带初期土壤养分特征[J].生态学杂志,2010,29(2):281-289.Wang X R,Cheng R M,Xiao W F,et al.Soil nutrient characteristics in juvenile water-level-fluctuating zone of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2010,29(2):281-289.
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