论我国食品标签健康说明信息反馈机制的立法完善
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摘要
随着食品科技的不断发展和新技术的广泛应用,消费者对成分日益复杂的食品的相关信息的获取能力愈发不足,从而导致消费者掌握的食品相关信息与食品生产者能够提供的食品信息相距甚远。我国《消费者权益保护法》第八条规定的"知悉真情权"有可能无法得到充分保障。因而,作为展示食品有关信息的最主要载体之一—食品标签,应当受到立法机关的重点关注。通过制定相应的强制性规范和非强制性规范(如行业规章、行业标准等),规范从生产到销售流通各环节相关主体与食品标签相关的行为,从而确保食品标签能够充分展示消费者有权获取的信息,消除信息不完全、不对称问题。通过对部分发达国家食品标签中健康说明的立法考察,尤其是美国先进的健康说明法律制度,借鉴其信息反馈机制的制度设计,为目前我国存在的健康说明信息共享、交流的立法不完善等问题提供解决方案,以保证消费者、第三方组织以及行政机构在我国食品标签健康说明的适用中发挥各自的积极作用。
With the continuous development of food technology and the wide application of new technology,the consumers are increasingly feeling incapability of acquiring the complex ingredients of food information,which leads to consumers’grasped food information far less than what the food producers could provide.Therefore,"consumers’right to know"in Art.8 of China’s Consumer Protection Law may not be fully guaranteed.Thus,the food labeling,as the main carrier of food information,should be the focus of the concerning legislation.Through the establishment of the corresponding mandatory standards and optional specifications(such as industry regulations,standards,etc.),regulating the behavior of subjects from production to sales circulation specification related with food labeling,could ensure that food labeling fully express the information what the consumers shall have the right to obtain,eliminate the problem of incomplete asymmetric information so as to safeguard the consumers’right to safe,nutritious food.In some developed countries,the health claim in food labeling law shows that,especially the advanced health legal system,their design of the information feedback mechanism could be references for our country’s solutions for information sharing in health claim and imperfect legislation in communication problems so as to ensure that consumers,the third party organization and administrative authorities in our country play their correspondent positive role in application of health claim of food labeling.
With the continuous development of food technology and the wide application of new technology,the consumers are increasingly feeling incapability of acquiring the complex ingredients of food information,which leads to consumers’grasped food information far less than what the food producers could provide.Therefore,"consumers’right to know"in Art.8 of China’s Consumer Protection Law may not be fully guaranteed.Thus,the food labeling,as the main carrier of food information,should be the focus of the concerning legislation.Through the establishment of the corresponding mandatory standards and optional specifications(such as industry regulations,standards,etc.),regulating the behavior of subjects from production to sales circulation specification related with food labeling,could ensure that food labeling fully express the information what the consumers shall have the right to obtain,eliminate the problem of incomplete asymmetric information so as to safeguard the consumers’right to safe,nutritious food.In some developed countries,the health claim in food labeling law shows that,especially the advanced health legal system,their design of the information feedback mechanism could be references for our country’s solutions for information sharing in health claim and imperfect legislation in communication problems so as to ensure that consumers,the third party organization and administrative authorities in our country play their correspondent positive role in application of health claim of food labeling.
引文
[1]赵洪静,张李伟,周素娟,等.澳大利亚营养、健康说明和管理对我国相关工作的启示[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2015(4):423-426.
[2]赵洪静,余超,白鸿,等.欧洲功能食品与健康声称管理概况[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2008(3):260-263.
[3]金少华,张庆.保健(功能)食品及其健康说明[J].安徽预防医学杂志,2000(6):469-470.
[4]张艳,惠伯棣.日本功能性食品发展近况与未来展望[J].中国食品添加剂,2006(2):74-78.
[5]卞文志.为保证健康,食品包装物上的营养说明不可忽视[N].中国食品报,2013-04-17(007).
[6]倪晓锋,沈杰,沈生荣.我国现行食品安全信息披露制度解析与完善[J].食品安全质量检测学报,2014(9):2940-2947.
[7]王爽,陆娟.食品营养标签对消费态度的影响[J].中国软科学,2011(10):84-92.
[8]MOORMAN C.The effects of stimulus and consumer characteristics on the utilization of nutrition information[J].Journal of Consumer Research,1990(17):362-374.
[9]苏云成.控制论与出资人的财富监督[J].经济研究参考,2012(18):31-33.
[10]闫海.论经济法的风险规制范式[J].法学论坛,2016(1):110-117.
[11]邓纲.论风险预防原则对传统法律观念的挑战[J].社会科学研究,2009(3):107-110.
[12]戚建刚.风险规制过程合法性之证成---以公众和专家的风险知识运用为视角[J].法商研究,2009(5):49-59.
[13]喻玲.试论对食品安全监管者的再监管[J].江西财经大学学报,2009(2):91-95.
[14]吴弘,胡伟.市场监管法论---市场监管法的基础理论与基本制度[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006.
[15]傅英略.对监管者进行监管的理论分析[J]长白学刊,2008(2):89-91.
(1)See CAC/GL 23-1997 Guidelines for Use of Nutrition and Health Claims(Adopted in 1997.Revised in 2004.Amended in 2001,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012 and 2013.Annex adopted2009.)国际食品法典委员会(Codex Alimentarius Commission,CAC)专门设立了国际食品标签法典委员会(CCFL),该专业委员会每隔两年专门开会研究所有标签条款的制(修)定和有关食品的广告问题。其制定的《预包装食品标签通用标准》为各国食品贸易所遵循。许多国家的食品生产厂商都不敢轻易在标签上弄虚作假,也不敢缺少或违背标签法规上规定的内容。否则,这些厂商要受到法律上的严厉惩罚,甚至倒闭。另外可参见何梅,何月欣:“各国营养标签实施方案的分析”,载《国外医学(卫生学分册)》2008年第2期,第114页。
(2)通过中国知网(CNKI)以关键词“健康说明”进行检索,得到的结果为“0”;以关键词“健康声明/健康声称”检索到2篇相关论文:陈鸿基,梁茜琪:“欧洲药草类制品市场之探讨”,载《中华中医药杂志》2009年第7期;庄荣玉,励建荣:“欧洲药示的有关膳食脂肪与冠心病关系的健康说明及对中国出口食品的指导意义”,载《食品与发酵工业》1999年第1期。这2篇文章都是对一些基本常识的介绍,并且都非常浅显。以英文关键词“health claim”检索到25篇论文,其中以食品科学人员撰写的论文居多,对CAC及国外有关食品健康说明的介绍居多,从法律角度阐述该制度重要性的论文几乎没有。
(3)21 C.F.R.§101.14(a)(1).
(1)FDA,CFSAN/Office of Nutritional Products,Labeling,and Dietary Supplements,Discussion of a Conceptual Framework for Structure and Function Claims For Conventional Foods,Meeting Summary(Feb.16-17,2000),available at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/?dms/labstru2.html(last accessed in Mar.14,2008).
(1)Specifically,§§303 and 304,which amend,respectively,§§403(r)(3)and 403(r)(2)(21 U.S.C.§§343(r)(3)and(2))of the Food,Drug,and Cosmetic Act.
[2]赵洪静,余超,白鸿,等.欧洲功能食品与健康声称管理概况[J].中国食品卫生杂志,2008(3):260-263.
[3]金少华,张庆.保健(功能)食品及其健康说明[J].安徽预防医学杂志,2000(6):469-470.
[4]张艳,惠伯棣.日本功能性食品发展近况与未来展望[J].中国食品添加剂,2006(2):74-78.
[5]卞文志.为保证健康,食品包装物上的营养说明不可忽视[N].中国食品报,2013-04-17(007).
[6]倪晓锋,沈杰,沈生荣.我国现行食品安全信息披露制度解析与完善[J].食品安全质量检测学报,2014(9):2940-2947.
[7]王爽,陆娟.食品营养标签对消费态度的影响[J].中国软科学,2011(10):84-92.
[8]MOORMAN C.The effects of stimulus and consumer characteristics on the utilization of nutrition information[J].Journal of Consumer Research,1990(17):362-374.
[9]苏云成.控制论与出资人的财富监督[J].经济研究参考,2012(18):31-33.
[10]闫海.论经济法的风险规制范式[J].法学论坛,2016(1):110-117.
[11]邓纲.论风险预防原则对传统法律观念的挑战[J].社会科学研究,2009(3):107-110.
[12]戚建刚.风险规制过程合法性之证成---以公众和专家的风险知识运用为视角[J].法商研究,2009(5):49-59.
[13]喻玲.试论对食品安全监管者的再监管[J].江西财经大学学报,2009(2):91-95.
[14]吴弘,胡伟.市场监管法论---市场监管法的基础理论与基本制度[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006.
[15]傅英略.对监管者进行监管的理论分析[J]长白学刊,2008(2):89-91.
(1)See CAC/GL 23-1997 Guidelines for Use of Nutrition and Health Claims(Adopted in 1997.Revised in 2004.Amended in 2001,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012 and 2013.Annex adopted2009.)国际食品法典委员会(Codex Alimentarius Commission,CAC)专门设立了国际食品标签法典委员会(CCFL),该专业委员会每隔两年专门开会研究所有标签条款的制(修)定和有关食品的广告问题。其制定的《预包装食品标签通用标准》为各国食品贸易所遵循。许多国家的食品生产厂商都不敢轻易在标签上弄虚作假,也不敢缺少或违背标签法规上规定的内容。否则,这些厂商要受到法律上的严厉惩罚,甚至倒闭。另外可参见何梅,何月欣:“各国营养标签实施方案的分析”,载《国外医学(卫生学分册)》2008年第2期,第114页。
(2)通过中国知网(CNKI)以关键词“健康说明”进行检索,得到的结果为“0”;以关键词“健康声明/健康声称”检索到2篇相关论文:陈鸿基,梁茜琪:“欧洲药草类制品市场之探讨”,载《中华中医药杂志》2009年第7期;庄荣玉,励建荣:“欧洲药示的有关膳食脂肪与冠心病关系的健康说明及对中国出口食品的指导意义”,载《食品与发酵工业》1999年第1期。这2篇文章都是对一些基本常识的介绍,并且都非常浅显。以英文关键词“health claim”检索到25篇论文,其中以食品科学人员撰写的论文居多,对CAC及国外有关食品健康说明的介绍居多,从法律角度阐述该制度重要性的论文几乎没有。
(3)21 C.F.R.§101.14(a)(1).
(1)FDA,CFSAN/Office of Nutritional Products,Labeling,and Dietary Supplements,Discussion of a Conceptual Framework for Structure and Function Claims For Conventional Foods,Meeting Summary(Feb.16-17,2000),available at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/?dms/labstru2.html(last accessed in Mar.14,2008).
(1)Specifically,§§303 and 304,which amend,respectively,§§403(r)(3)and 403(r)(2)(21 U.S.C.§§343(r)(3)and(2))of the Food,Drug,and Cosmetic Act.