基于动力学仿真的柴油机轴系不对中故障探究
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摘要
针对柴油机轴系齿式联轴器不对中故障,首先建立齿式联轴器轴向摩擦力数学模型,分析不对中产生的轴向摩擦力特点,然后构建包括齿式联轴器在内的轴系动力学仿真模型,探究齿式联轴器不对中故障下曲轴的动力学行为规律,分析曲轴推力轴承及齿轮的受力变化。仿真结果表明:不对中的齿式联轴器外齿元件会对内齿套产生轴向摩擦力,由此影响曲轴轴向窜动,进而导致曲轴止推轴承和正时齿轮轮齿接触力发生改变。通过实际故障案例验证了仿真结果的正确性。本文结论可为柴油机轴系故障的排查和诊断提供机理依据。
Diesel engines have a wide variety of applications, including in ships, electric power generation, and oil fields. However diesel engines suffer from frequent faults due to their complex structure and poor working conditions. Severe shaft faults are very common. In an attempt to understand the misalignment of gear coupling in a diesel engine shaft system, a mathematical model of the axial friction forces of gear coupling was first established, and the characteristics of the axial friction forces produced by misalignment were then analyzed. A dynamic model of the shaft system including gear coupling was established, the dynamic behavior of a crankshaft with misalignment faults was observed, and the contact forces of crankshaft thrust bearings and timing gear teeth were analyzed. It was shown that the outer gear element of a misaligned gear coupling exerts an axial friction force on the inner gear sleeve, and that this force affects the axial movement of the crankshaft, which causes the contact forces of the crankshaft thrust bearings and timing gear teeth to change. The results have been verified by studying actual fault cases. Our model provides a basis for the diagnosis and treatment of diesel engine shaft system faults.
Diesel engines have a wide variety of applications, including in ships, electric power generation, and oil fields. However diesel engines suffer from frequent faults due to their complex structure and poor working conditions. Severe shaft faults are very common. In an attempt to understand the misalignment of gear coupling in a diesel engine shaft system, a mathematical model of the axial friction forces of gear coupling was first established, and the characteristics of the axial friction forces produced by misalignment were then analyzed. A dynamic model of the shaft system including gear coupling was established, the dynamic behavior of a crankshaft with misalignment faults was observed, and the contact forces of crankshaft thrust bearings and timing gear teeth were analyzed. It was shown that the outer gear element of a misaligned gear coupling exerts an axial friction force on the inner gear sleeve, and that this force affects the axial movement of the crankshaft, which causes the contact forces of the crankshaft thrust bearings and timing gear teeth to change. The results have been verified by studying actual fault cases. Our model provides a basis for the diagnosis and treatment of diesel engine shaft system faults.
引文
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[15] 沈际兰,黄臻.内燃机曲轴止推结构浅析[J].拖拉机与农用运输车,1995(1):21- 22.SHEN J L,HUANG Z.Structural analysis of the crankshaft thrust in internal combustion engine[J].Tractor & Farm Transporter,1995(1):21- 22.(in Chinese)
[16] 柴油机设计手册编辑委员会.柴油机设计手册(上)[M].北京:中国农业机械出版社,1984:583- 591.Editorial Board of Design Manual of Diesel Engine.Design manual of diesel engine (part one)[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Machinery Publishing House,1984:583- 591.(in Chinese)
[17] 陈立辉,杜彦蕊,张艳华,等.基于ADAMS的曲轴连杆活塞建模与仿真[J].机械传动,2010,34(7):60- 63.CHEN L H,DU Y R,ZHANG Y H,et al.Modeling and simulation of crankshaft- link- piston based on ADAMS [J].Journal of Mechanical Transmission,2010,34(7):60- 63.(in Chinese)
[2] 刘洋.混合动力发动机曲轴止推轴承磨损的研究[D].长沙:湖南大学,2016.LIU Y.Research of friction of crankshaft thrust washer of hybrid engine[D].Changsha:Hunan University,2016.(in Chinese)
[3] 杜秀菊,张艳华,吴立勋.基于虚拟样机的鼓形齿式联轴器动力学仿真分析[J].机械设计,2017,34(增刊2):250- 253.DU X J,ZHANG Y H,WU L X.Dynamic simulation of crowned tooth gear coupling based on virtual prototyping[J].Journal of Machine Design,2017,34(Suppl 2):250- 253.(in Chinese)
[4] ALFARES M A,ELKHOLY A H.Load analysis of misaligned gear coupling using the clearance distribution of meshing teeth[J].Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering,2001,25(1):13- 28.
[5] 石珍强,夏清华,张德智.大倾角鼓形齿联轴器轮齿强度分析探讨[J].机械工程师,2018(8):81- 83.SHI Z Q,XIA Q H,ZHANG D Z.Strength analysis on the wheel tooth of the crown gear coupling with large inclination angle[J].Mechanical Engineer,2018(8):81- 83.(in Chinese)
[6] GUO Y,LAMBERT S,WALLEN R,et al.Theoretical and experimental study on gear-coupling contact and loads considering misalignment,torque,and friction influences[J].Mechanism & Machine Theory,2016,98(8):242- 262.
[7] 万召,荆建平,孟光,等.弹性联轴器不对中转子- 轴承系统的非线性动力特性及稳定性研究[J].振动与冲击,2012,31(24):20- 25.WAN Z,JING J P,MENG G,et al.Nonlinear dynamic behaviors and stability of a rotor- bearing system with flexible coupling misalignment[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2012,31(24):20- 25.(in Chinese)
[8] 徐国印,康磊,张昊然,等.联轴器不对中状态对船舶轴系动力学特性影响的试验[J].热能动力工程,2018,33(4):27- 35.XU G Y,KANG L,ZHANG H R,et al.Experiment of the influence of the non-alignment of a coupling on the dynamic characteristics of a shaft system in a ship[J].Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power,2018,33(4):27- 35.(in Chinese)
[9] 杨国林,朱琳琳,赵立超,等.轴系角度不对中径向振动特征分析[J].机械设计与制造,2018(增刊1):125- 126.YANG G L,ZHU L L,ZHAO L C,et al.Axial system angle misalignment analysis of radial vibration characteristics[J].Machinery Design & Manufacture,2018(S1):125- 126.(in Chinese)
[10] 李明,李自刚.联轴器不对中故障转子系统的动力学试验[J].振动、测试与诊断,2015,35(2):345- 351.LI M,LI Z G.Theoretical and experimental study on dynamics of rotor-bearing system with the faults of coupling misalignment[J].Journal of Vibration,Measurement & Diagnosis,2015,35(2):345- 351.(in Chinese)
[11] BROMMUNDT E,KRAMER E.Instability and self-excitation caused by a gear coupling in a simple rotor system[J].Forschung im Ingenieurwesen,2005,70(1):25- 37.
[12] ELKHOLY A H,ALFARES M A.Misalignment loads in splined gear couplings[J].International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology,2002,15(1/2/3):128- 137.
[13] 王子荣.齿式联轴器的应用与故障分析[J].煤炭技术,2006,25(10):11- 13.WANG Z R.Application & trouble analysis of gear coupling[J].Coal Technology,2006,25(10):11- 13.(in Chinese)
[14] 赵广,刘占生,叶建槐,等.齿式联轴器不对中啮合力模型及其对转子系统动力学特性影响[J].哈尔滨工程大学学报,2009,30(1):33- 39.ZHAO G,LIU Z S,YE J H,et al.Meshing force model of misaligned gear coupling and its influence on a rotor system[J].Journal of Harbin Engineering University,2009,30(1):33- 39.(in Chinese)
[15] 沈际兰,黄臻.内燃机曲轴止推结构浅析[J].拖拉机与农用运输车,1995(1):21- 22.SHEN J L,HUANG Z.Structural analysis of the crankshaft thrust in internal combustion engine[J].Tractor & Farm Transporter,1995(1):21- 22.(in Chinese)
[16] 柴油机设计手册编辑委员会.柴油机设计手册(上)[M].北京:中国农业机械出版社,1984:583- 591.Editorial Board of Design Manual of Diesel Engine.Design manual of diesel engine (part one)[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Machinery Publishing House,1984:583- 591.(in Chinese)
[17] 陈立辉,杜彦蕊,张艳华,等.基于ADAMS的曲轴连杆活塞建模与仿真[J].机械传动,2010,34(7):60- 63.CHEN L H,DU Y R,ZHANG Y H,et al.Modeling and simulation of crankshaft- link- piston based on ADAMS [J].Journal of Mechanical Transmission,2010,34(7):60- 63.(in Chinese)