赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区桫椤群落特征及物种多样性研究
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摘要
桫椤(Alsophila spinulosa),为中生代古老孑遗物种,国家二级保护植物。贵州赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区是以桫椤及其生存环境为保护对象的自然保护区,是拥有世界上数量最多、面积最广的桫椤林区之一。该文采用植物生态学、区系学等方法,对保护区内群落及物种多样性、伴生物种区系成分、生活型谱、群落结构等进行研究。结果表明:(1)群落内维管植物共计60科96属122种,其中蕨类植物12科14属17种,裸子植物2科2属2种,被子植物46科80属103种。(2)群落内植物的科、属区系成分类型多样,热带成分占优势,温带成分次之,表现出从热带区系向温带区系过渡的特征。(3)生活型谱以高位芽植物为主(占57.38%),反映出中亚热带森林以高位芽植物为优势的特点。(4)群落垂直分层显著,乔木层树高在4~12m的比例最大为76.64%;灌木层树高在2~3m的比例最大为69.78%;草本层各区间分布较为均匀,但以0~0.2 m的比例较大,群落层次明显。(5)毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.pubescens)和桫椤在该地乔木组成中占主导地位;灌木层中,桫椤为最优物种;草本层主要以红盖鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris erythrosora)、翠云草(Selaginella uncinata)为主;物种丰富度分析显示,乔木层<灌木层<草本层;多样性指数、均匀度指数分析表明,乔木层为聚集分布、组成较简单,灌木层和草本层为均匀分布,但数量较少。
Alsophila spinulosais a mesozoic ancient relic species which under the second-grade state protection.A.spinulosaand its habitat is the protection object of Chishui Alsophila National Nature Reserve of Guizhou.This A.spinulosapopulation is one of the populations with the most abundant and the largest distribution.Ecological and floristic methods were used to study the species diversity,floristic elements,life form spectrum and community structure.The results show that:(1)a total of 122 species,96genera and 60 families were found in the community,among them there were 17 fern species,belonging to 14 genera and 12 families,2gymnosperms belonging to 2genera and 2families,and 103 angiosperms belonging to 80 genera and 46families;(2)the families and genera floristic composition was complex with various types,the floristic characteristics were mainly influenced by pantropic,followed by temperate,which reflected its transitional characteristic;(3)the main life form distribution was phanerophytes,about57.38%,which reflected that the phanerophytes lifeforms were the dominant in mid-subtropical forest;(4)vertical stratification was obvious,trees with the height between 4mand 12 mhad the highest proportion about 76.64%,shrubs with the height between 2mand 3mhad the highest proportion of 69.78%,and herbs with the height between 0-0.2mhad the highest proportion,the level is obvious;(5)Phyllostachys heterocyclacv.pubescens and A.spinulosa were the dominant tree species;A.spinulosa was the dominant species of shrub layer;Dryopteris erythrosora and Selaginella uncinata were the main herbs.The result of species richness analysis was tree layer< shrub layer< herbaceous layer.Diversity index and uniformity analysis shown aggregated distribution for tree layer and its relatively simple composition.The distribution forms of shrub and herb layers were uniform with low abundance.
Alsophila spinulosais a mesozoic ancient relic species which under the second-grade state protection.A.spinulosaand its habitat is the protection object of Chishui Alsophila National Nature Reserve of Guizhou.This A.spinulosapopulation is one of the populations with the most abundant and the largest distribution.Ecological and floristic methods were used to study the species diversity,floristic elements,life form spectrum and community structure.The results show that:(1)a total of 122 species,96genera and 60 families were found in the community,among them there were 17 fern species,belonging to 14 genera and 12 families,2gymnosperms belonging to 2genera and 2families,and 103 angiosperms belonging to 80 genera and 46families;(2)the families and genera floristic composition was complex with various types,the floristic characteristics were mainly influenced by pantropic,followed by temperate,which reflected its transitional characteristic;(3)the main life form distribution was phanerophytes,about57.38%,which reflected that the phanerophytes lifeforms were the dominant in mid-subtropical forest;(4)vertical stratification was obvious,trees with the height between 4mand 12 mhad the highest proportion about 76.64%,shrubs with the height between 2mand 3mhad the highest proportion of 69.78%,and herbs with the height between 0-0.2mhad the highest proportion,the level is obvious;(5)Phyllostachys heterocyclacv.pubescens and A.spinulosa were the dominant tree species;A.spinulosa was the dominant species of shrub layer;Dryopteris erythrosora and Selaginella uncinata were the main herbs.The result of species richness analysis was tree layer< shrub layer< herbaceous layer.Diversity index and uniformity analysis shown aggregated distribution for tree layer and its relatively simple composition.The distribution forms of shrub and herb layers were uniform with low abundance.
引文
[1]王密,屠玉麟,何谋军.赤水桫椤自然保护区植物和植被多样性现状及特点分析[J].贵州师范大学学报:自然科学版,2005,23(1):19-22.WANG M,TU Y L,HE M J.The present statues and characteristics analysis of the plants and vegetation diversity in the Chishui alsophila Spinulosa Nature Reserve[J].Journal of Guizhou Normal University(Natural Sciences),2005,23(1):19-22.
[2]中国科学院《中国植物志》编辑委员会.中国植物志(1-80卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,1979.
[3]郝云庆,江洪,余树全,等.桫椤植物群落区系进化保守性[J].生态学报,2009,29(8):4 102-4 111.HAO Y Q,JIANG H,YU S Q,et al.Evolutionary donservation of floristic characteristics of relict Alsophilaspinulosa community[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(08):4 102-4 111.
[4]徐德静,王鹏鹏,何跃军,等.黔北丹霞地貌桫椤群落优势种群生态位研究[J].植物研究,2014,(5):612-618.XU D J,WANG P P,HE Y J,et al.Niche characteristics of dominant plant populations of Alsophila spinulosa community of Danxia Landform in North Guizhou[J].Bulletin of Botanical Reseach,2014,(5):612-618.
[5]宋萍,洪伟,吴承祯,等.珍稀濒危植物桫椤种群结构与动态研究[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(3):413-418.SONG P,HONG W,WU C Z,et al.Population structure and its dynanics of rare and endangered plant Alsophila spinulosa[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,16(3):413-418.
[6]石胜友,郭启高,成明昊,等.涪陵磨盘沟自然保护区桫椤种群分布格局的分形特征[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(5):581-584.SHI S Y,GUO Q G,CHENG M H,et al.Fractal properties of the spatial of Alsophila spinulosa population in Mopangou[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2005,24(5):581-584.
[7]鞠文彬,高信芬,包维楷.画稿溪国家级自然保护区珍稀植物桫椤种群结构与更新[J].植物科学学报,2014,32(2):113-121.JU W B,GAO X F,BAO W K.Population structure and regeneration of the endangered Tree Fern Alsophila spinulosain Huagaoxi Nature Reserve,Southwestern China[J].Plant Science Journa,2014,32(2):113-121.
[8]石胜友,成明昊,郭启高,等.涪陵磨盘沟桫椤种群格局的分形特征——信息维数[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(7):1 179-1 183.SHI SH Y,CHENG M H,GUO Q G,et al.Information dimension frantal properties of the spatial pattern of Alsophilaspinulosa population in Mopangou,Fuling.[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2004,24(7):1 179-1 183.
[9]屠玉麟.贵州桫椤群落的初步研究[J].植物生态学报,1990,14(2):165-171.TU Y L.A preliminary study on the Alsophila spinulosa community in Guizhou Province[J].Acta Phytoecologica et Geobotanica Sinica,1990,(2):165-171.
[10]宋萍,洪伟,吴承祯,等.珍稀濒危植物桫椤种群生命过程及谱分析[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(12):2 577-2 582.SONG P,HONG W,WU C Z,et al.Population life process and spectral analysis and endangered plant Alsophila spinulosa[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(12):2 577-2 582.
[11]臧得奎.中国蕨类植物区系的初步研究[J].西北植物学报,1998(3):459-465.ZANG D K.A Preliminary study on the ferns Flora in China[J],Acta Botanica Boreali-OccidentaliaSinica,1998,(3):459-465.
[12]秦仁昌.中国蕨类植物科属系统排列与历史来源[J].植物分类学报,1978,16(3):1-19;16(4):16-37.QIN R CH.China fern families and genera constellations and historical sources[J].Journal of Systematics Evolution,1978,16(3):1-19;16(4):16-37.
[13]李锡文.中国种子植物区系统计分析[J].植物分类与资源学报,1996,18(4):363-384.LI X W.Floristic statistics and analyses of seed plants form China[J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica,1996,18(4):363-384.
[14]吴征镒.中国种子植物属的分布区类型[J].植物分类与资源学报,1991,13(S4):1-139.WU Z Y.Areal-types of genera of seed plant in China[J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica,1991,13(SIV):1-139.
[15]RUANKIAER C.The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1932:2~104.
[16]张金屯.数量生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[17]张巧明,王得祥,龚明贵,等.秦岭火地塘种子植物区系及其与毗邻地区的关系分析[J].西北植物学报,2012,32(3):589-595.ZHANG Q M,WANG D X,GONG M G,et al.Flora of seed plant in huoditang and its relationship with floras in other areas of Qinling Mountains[J].Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2012,32(3):589-595.
[18]王永杰,张首军.不同郁闭度下天然白皮松林更新的研究[J].山西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2008,22(4):83-85.WANG Y J,ZHANG S J,The study of regeneration of natura Pinus bungeana in different forest canopy closure[J].Journal of Shanxi Normal University(Nat.Sci.Edi),2008,22(4):83-85.
[19]高贤明,陈灵芝.植物生活型分类系统的修订及中国暖温带森林植物生活型谱分析[J].植物学报,1998,(6):553-559.GAO X M,CHEN L Z.The revision of plant life-form system and an analysis of the life-form spectrum of porest plants in the warm temperate zone of China[J].Acta Botanica Sinica,1998,(6):553-559.
[20]刘守江,苏智先,张璟霞,等.陆地植物群落生活型研究进展[J].西华师范大学学报:自然科学版,2003,24(2):155-159.LIU S J,SU Z X,ZHANG J X,et al.Perspectives of the research on life form in land plant communities[J].Journal of Sichuan Teachers College,2003,24(2):155-159.
[21]梁文斌,谢碧霞,巫涛,等.南岳栓皮栎群落特征及多样性分析[J].中南林业科技大学学报:自然科学版,2011,31(9):55-59.LIANG W B,XIE B X,WU T,et al.Characteristics and species diversity analysis of Quercus variabilis community in Nanyue[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2011,31(9):55-59.
[22]邓洪平,王志坚,陶建平,等.贵州赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区生物多样性[M].北京:科学出版社,2015:6.
[2]中国科学院《中国植物志》编辑委员会.中国植物志(1-80卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,1979.
[3]郝云庆,江洪,余树全,等.桫椤植物群落区系进化保守性[J].生态学报,2009,29(8):4 102-4 111.HAO Y Q,JIANG H,YU S Q,et al.Evolutionary donservation of floristic characteristics of relict Alsophilaspinulosa community[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(08):4 102-4 111.
[4]徐德静,王鹏鹏,何跃军,等.黔北丹霞地貌桫椤群落优势种群生态位研究[J].植物研究,2014,(5):612-618.XU D J,WANG P P,HE Y J,et al.Niche characteristics of dominant plant populations of Alsophila spinulosa community of Danxia Landform in North Guizhou[J].Bulletin of Botanical Reseach,2014,(5):612-618.
[5]宋萍,洪伟,吴承祯,等.珍稀濒危植物桫椤种群结构与动态研究[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(3):413-418.SONG P,HONG W,WU C Z,et al.Population structure and its dynanics of rare and endangered plant Alsophila spinulosa[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,16(3):413-418.
[6]石胜友,郭启高,成明昊,等.涪陵磨盘沟自然保护区桫椤种群分布格局的分形特征[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(5):581-584.SHI S Y,GUO Q G,CHENG M H,et al.Fractal properties of the spatial of Alsophila spinulosa population in Mopangou[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2005,24(5):581-584.
[7]鞠文彬,高信芬,包维楷.画稿溪国家级自然保护区珍稀植物桫椤种群结构与更新[J].植物科学学报,2014,32(2):113-121.JU W B,GAO X F,BAO W K.Population structure and regeneration of the endangered Tree Fern Alsophila spinulosain Huagaoxi Nature Reserve,Southwestern China[J].Plant Science Journa,2014,32(2):113-121.
[8]石胜友,成明昊,郭启高,等.涪陵磨盘沟桫椤种群格局的分形特征——信息维数[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(7):1 179-1 183.SHI SH Y,CHENG M H,GUO Q G,et al.Information dimension frantal properties of the spatial pattern of Alsophilaspinulosa population in Mopangou,Fuling.[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2004,24(7):1 179-1 183.
[9]屠玉麟.贵州桫椤群落的初步研究[J].植物生态学报,1990,14(2):165-171.TU Y L.A preliminary study on the Alsophila spinulosa community in Guizhou Province[J].Acta Phytoecologica et Geobotanica Sinica,1990,(2):165-171.
[10]宋萍,洪伟,吴承祯,等.珍稀濒危植物桫椤种群生命过程及谱分析[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(12):2 577-2 582.SONG P,HONG W,WU C Z,et al.Population life process and spectral analysis and endangered plant Alsophila spinulosa[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(12):2 577-2 582.
[11]臧得奎.中国蕨类植物区系的初步研究[J].西北植物学报,1998(3):459-465.ZANG D K.A Preliminary study on the ferns Flora in China[J],Acta Botanica Boreali-OccidentaliaSinica,1998,(3):459-465.
[12]秦仁昌.中国蕨类植物科属系统排列与历史来源[J].植物分类学报,1978,16(3):1-19;16(4):16-37.QIN R CH.China fern families and genera constellations and historical sources[J].Journal of Systematics Evolution,1978,16(3):1-19;16(4):16-37.
[13]李锡文.中国种子植物区系统计分析[J].植物分类与资源学报,1996,18(4):363-384.LI X W.Floristic statistics and analyses of seed plants form China[J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica,1996,18(4):363-384.
[14]吴征镒.中国种子植物属的分布区类型[J].植物分类与资源学报,1991,13(S4):1-139.WU Z Y.Areal-types of genera of seed plant in China[J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica,1991,13(SIV):1-139.
[15]RUANKIAER C.The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1932:2~104.
[16]张金屯.数量生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[17]张巧明,王得祥,龚明贵,等.秦岭火地塘种子植物区系及其与毗邻地区的关系分析[J].西北植物学报,2012,32(3):589-595.ZHANG Q M,WANG D X,GONG M G,et al.Flora of seed plant in huoditang and its relationship with floras in other areas of Qinling Mountains[J].Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2012,32(3):589-595.
[18]王永杰,张首军.不同郁闭度下天然白皮松林更新的研究[J].山西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2008,22(4):83-85.WANG Y J,ZHANG S J,The study of regeneration of natura Pinus bungeana in different forest canopy closure[J].Journal of Shanxi Normal University(Nat.Sci.Edi),2008,22(4):83-85.
[19]高贤明,陈灵芝.植物生活型分类系统的修订及中国暖温带森林植物生活型谱分析[J].植物学报,1998,(6):553-559.GAO X M,CHEN L Z.The revision of plant life-form system and an analysis of the life-form spectrum of porest plants in the warm temperate zone of China[J].Acta Botanica Sinica,1998,(6):553-559.
[20]刘守江,苏智先,张璟霞,等.陆地植物群落生活型研究进展[J].西华师范大学学报:自然科学版,2003,24(2):155-159.LIU S J,SU Z X,ZHANG J X,et al.Perspectives of the research on life form in land plant communities[J].Journal of Sichuan Teachers College,2003,24(2):155-159.
[21]梁文斌,谢碧霞,巫涛,等.南岳栓皮栎群落特征及多样性分析[J].中南林业科技大学学报:自然科学版,2011,31(9):55-59.LIANG W B,XIE B X,WU T,et al.Characteristics and species diversity analysis of Quercus variabilis community in Nanyue[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2011,31(9):55-59.
[22]邓洪平,王志坚,陶建平,等.贵州赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区生物多样性[M].北京:科学出版社,2015:6.