贵州赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区植物群落特征
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摘要
【目的】本研究以贵州赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区为研究地,通过分析比较不同植物群落特征,为有效地保护珍稀濒危植物以及典型的中亚热带常绿阔叶林森林生态系统提供科学依据。【方法】在研究区建立73个样地,通过样方调查,从物种组成、区系特征、生活型及群落结构等方面对植物群落特征进行分析。【结果】结果表明:(1)研究区内共计维管植物91科180属251种,其中蕨类植物16科21属25种,重要值前3位的物种分别为芭蕉、毛竹和桫椤。(2)群落种子植物区系成分以热带为主,包含一定比例的温带成分;生活型以小高位芽植物为主,1年生植物最少。(3)群落垂直结构可分为乔木层、亚乔木层、灌木层和草本层4个层次,高层建群种主要为毛竹、杉木、亮叶桦和川钓樟等,中层主要为芭蕉、粗糠柴、罗伞和脚骨脆等,低层主要为柃木、红果黄肉楠和金珠柳等;桫椤平均高度为3. 58 m,在灌木层中优势地位明显,年龄结构稳定。(4)乔木层植物胸径以2～8 cm为主,灌木层以<3cm为主;平均胸径> 9 cm的物种主要有芭蕉、杉木、亮叶桦和桫椤等,平均胸径<5 cm的物种有柃木、红果黄肉楠和金珠柳等;桫椤径级结构合理,平均胸径为12. 20 cm。(5) 73个调查样方被聚为14类,分属于10个群系,分别为毛竹林、芭蕉灌草丛、桫椤-芭蕉-罗伞灌草丛、马尾松林、楠木林、杉木林、亮叶桦林、枫香-四川大头茶混交林、楠木-灯台树-毛脉南酸枣林和灯台树林;各群落植物多样性和均匀度随海拔升高而增加,桫椤-芭蕉-罗伞灌草丛径级分布最不均匀。【结论】保护区不同群落植物多样性和结构差异明显;海拔是影响群落空间分布的主要环境因子,较高海拔区多为山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林和典型阔叶林,群落稳定性较高;沟谷低海拔区域多为南亚热带常绿阔叶灌草丛,以芭蕉和毛竹为代表的优势种突出,群落物种组成和结构单一,是桫椤种群的主要生长环境,其生境范围相对狭窄。
[Objective]In this study,the Guizhou Chishui Alsophila spinulata National Nature Reserve was taken as the research site,and the characteristics of different plant communities were analyzed andcompared to provide a scientific basis for the effective protection of rare and endangered plants as well as the typical forest ecosystem of the subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest. [Method]73 quadrats were established in the study area. Through sample survey,the community characteristics were analyzed from the aspects of species composition,floristic characteristics,life form and community structure. [Result]( 1) There were 91 families,180 genera and 251 species of tracheophyte in the reserve. Among them,there were 16 families,21 genera and 25 species of pteridophytes. The top three species of community importance value were Musa basjoo,Phyllostachys pubescens and Alsophila spinulosa.( 2) The flora composition of community spermatophyte was mainly tropical and contained a certain proportion of temperate components. The life form was dominated by microphanerophytes,and the therophytes were the least.( 3) Community vertical structure can be divided into four layers: tree layer,sub tree layer,shrub layer and herb layer, the high-layer edificator of main Phyllostachys pubescens, Cunninghamia lanceolata,Betula luminifera and Lindera pulcherrima var. hemsleyana etc,and middle-layer edificator mainly included the Musa basjoo,Mallotus philippensis,Brassaiopsis glomerulata and Casearia balansae,etc,low-layer edificator included Eurya japonica,Actinodaphne cupularis and Maesa montana,etc. The average height of the Alsophila spinulosa was 3. 58 m. it had a dominant position in the shrub layer and a stable age structure.( 4) DBH of the tree layer plants was mainly 2-8 cm,shrub layer was mainly less than 3 cm,species with an average DBH greater than 9 cm were mainly found Musa basjoo,Cunninghamia lanceolata,Betula luminifera and A. spinulosa,etc. Species with an average DBH less than 5 cm were mainly found Eurya japonica,Actinodaphne cupularis and Maesa montana,etc.,the DBH of Alsophila spinulosa was stable,and the average DBH was 12. 2 cm.( 5) The 73 investigation quadrats had been divided into 14 groups,which were divided into 10 formation,respectively for form. P. pubescens,M.basjoo,A. spinulosa-M. basjoo-B. glomerulata,Pinus massoniana,P. zhennan,C. lanceolata,B.luminifera,Liquidambar formosana-Gordonia acuminata,P. zhennan-B. controversum-C. axillaris var.pubinervis and form. B. controversum. The plant diversity and evenness increased with elevation. Among them, the form. A. spinulosa-M. basjoo-B. glomerulata was the most unevenly distributed.[Conclusion]The diversity and structure of plants in different communities in the reserve area were obviously different, altitude was the main environmental factor affecting the spatial distribution of community. The higher elevation area was mostly the montane mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaved forest and typical broadleaved forest,community stability was higher. The low-elevation areas of gully valley are mostly south Asian tropical evergreen broadleaved bushes, and the dominant species represented by plantain Musa basjoo and Phyllostachys pubescens are prominent. The community species composition and structure are single,which is the main growth environment of cymbidium,and its habitat range is relatively narrow.
[Objective]In this study,the Guizhou Chishui Alsophila spinulata National Nature Reserve was taken as the research site,and the characteristics of different plant communities were analyzed andcompared to provide a scientific basis for the effective protection of rare and endangered plants as well as the typical forest ecosystem of the subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest. [Method]73 quadrats were established in the study area. Through sample survey,the community characteristics were analyzed from the aspects of species composition,floristic characteristics,life form and community structure. [Result]( 1) There were 91 families,180 genera and 251 species of tracheophyte in the reserve. Among them,there were 16 families,21 genera and 25 species of pteridophytes. The top three species of community importance value were Musa basjoo,Phyllostachys pubescens and Alsophila spinulosa.( 2) The flora composition of community spermatophyte was mainly tropical and contained a certain proportion of temperate components. The life form was dominated by microphanerophytes,and the therophytes were the least.( 3) Community vertical structure can be divided into four layers: tree layer,sub tree layer,shrub layer and herb layer, the high-layer edificator of main Phyllostachys pubescens, Cunninghamia lanceolata,Betula luminifera and Lindera pulcherrima var. hemsleyana etc,and middle-layer edificator mainly included the Musa basjoo,Mallotus philippensis,Brassaiopsis glomerulata and Casearia balansae,etc,low-layer edificator included Eurya japonica,Actinodaphne cupularis and Maesa montana,etc. The average height of the Alsophila spinulosa was 3. 58 m. it had a dominant position in the shrub layer and a stable age structure.( 4) DBH of the tree layer plants was mainly 2-8 cm,shrub layer was mainly less than 3 cm,species with an average DBH greater than 9 cm were mainly found Musa basjoo,Cunninghamia lanceolata,Betula luminifera and A. spinulosa,etc. Species with an average DBH less than 5 cm were mainly found Eurya japonica,Actinodaphne cupularis and Maesa montana,etc.,the DBH of Alsophila spinulosa was stable,and the average DBH was 12. 2 cm.( 5) The 73 investigation quadrats had been divided into 14 groups,which were divided into 10 formation,respectively for form. P. pubescens,M.basjoo,A. spinulosa-M. basjoo-B. glomerulata,Pinus massoniana,P. zhennan,C. lanceolata,B.luminifera,Liquidambar formosana-Gordonia acuminata,P. zhennan-B. controversum-C. axillaris var.pubinervis and form. B. controversum. The plant diversity and evenness increased with elevation. Among them, the form. A. spinulosa-M. basjoo-B. glomerulata was the most unevenly distributed.[Conclusion]The diversity and structure of plants in different communities in the reserve area were obviously different, altitude was the main environmental factor affecting the spatial distribution of community. The higher elevation area was mostly the montane mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaved forest and typical broadleaved forest,community stability was higher. The low-elevation areas of gully valley are mostly south Asian tropical evergreen broadleaved bushes, and the dominant species represented by plantain Musa basjoo and Phyllostachys pubescens are prominent. The community species composition and structure are single,which is the main growth environment of cymbidium,and its habitat range is relatively narrow.
引文
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[5]李丘霖,宗秀虹,邓洪平,等.赤水桫椤群落乔木层优势物种生态位和种间联结性研究[J].西北植物学报,2017,37(7):174--180.Li Q L,Zong X H,Deng H P,et al. Niche and interspecific association of dominant species in tree layer of Chishui Alsophila spinulosa community[J]. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2017,37(7):174--180.
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[11]王密,屠玉麟,何谋军.赤水桫椤自然保护区植物和植被多样性现状及特点分析[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,23(1):19-22.Wang M,Tu Y L,He M J. The present statues and characteristics analysis of the plants and vegetation diversity in the Chishui Alsophila spinulosa Nature Reserve[J]. Journal of Guizhou Normal University(Natural Sciences),2005,23(1):19-22.
[12]邓洪平,王志坚,陶建平,等.贵州赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区生物多样性[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.Deng H P,Wang Z J,Tao J P,et al. Guizhou Chishui Alsophila spinulata National Nature Reserve biodiversity[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2015.
[13]李锡文.中国种子植物区系统计分析[J].植物分类与资源学报,1996,18(4):363--384.Li X W. Floristic statistics and analyses of seed plants form China[J]. Acta Botanica Yunnanica,1996,18(4):363-384.
[14]吴征镒.中国种子植物属的分布区类型[J].云南植物研究,1991,13(增刊4):1-139.Wu Z Y. Areal-types of genera of seed plant in China[J]. Acta Botanica Yunnanica,1991,13(Suppl. 4):1-139.
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[17]郭泉水,江洪,王兵,等.中国主要森林群落植物生活型谱的数量分类及空间分布格局的研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(4):573-577.Guo Q S,Jiang H,Wang B,et al. The quantittive classfication and spatial distribution patttern of lifeform spectra of the plants in major Chinese forest communities[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,1999,19(4):573--577.
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[26]牛翠娟,娄安如,孙儒泳,等.基础生态学(第二版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002:165-167.Niu C J,Lou A R,Sun R Y,et al. Basic ecology(Second Edition)[M]. Beijing:Higher Education Press,2002:165--167.
[2]梁盛,金方梅.赤水桫椤物候初探[J].环保科技,2010,16(2):46-48.Liang S,Jin F M. Preliminary study in the phenology of Alsophila spinulosa in Chishui[J]. Environmental Protection and Technology,2010,16(2):46--48.
[3]何琴琴.赤水桫椤保护区桫椤种群分布的现状及保护对策[J].绿色科技,2011(5):40-41.He Q Q. Population distribution of Alsophila spinulosa in Chishui Alsophila Nature Reserve and its protection measures[J]. Journal of Green Science and Technology,2011(5):40--41.
[4]宗秀虹.赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区桫椤(Alsophila spinulosa(Wall. ex Hook.)R. M. Tryon)群落特征及种群动态研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2017.Zong X H. Study on community characteristics and population dynamics of Alsophila spinulata of Chishui Alsophila spinulata National Nature Reserve[D]. Chongqing:Southwest University,2017.
[5]李丘霖,宗秀虹,邓洪平,等.赤水桫椤群落乔木层优势物种生态位和种间联结性研究[J].西北植物学报,2017,37(7):174--180.Li Q L,Zong X H,Deng H P,et al. Niche and interspecific association of dominant species in tree layer of Chishui Alsophila spinulosa community[J]. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2017,37(7):174--180.
[6]成晓霞.赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区桫椤群落对毛竹干扰的生态响应[D].重庆:西南大学,2017.Cheng X X. Ecological responses of Alsophila spinulosa communities to the Phyllostachys heterocycla disturbance of Chishui Alsophila spinulosa National Nature Reserve[D]. Chongqing:Southwest University,2017.
[7]王静,孙军平,石磊,等.中国自然保护区建设的现状、存在问题及展望[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(5):270-273.Wang J,Sun J P,Shi L,et al. The status,existing problems and prospects of China nature reserve construction[J]. China Population·Resources and Environment,2016,26(5):270-273.
[8]周崇军.赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区功能区划分方法研究[D].贵阳:贵州师范大学,2006.Zhou C J. The study on fuctional zoning of Chishui Alsophila spinulosa National Nature Reserve[D]. Guiyang:Guizhou Normal University,2006.
[9]杨广斌,安裕伦,屠玉麟.基于GIS和RS的赤水桫椤自然保护区生态环境调查[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2011,31(11):125-130.Yang G B,An Y L,Tu Y L. Investigation of eco-enfironment in Chishui Alsophila Natural Reserve based on GIS&RS[J]. Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2011,31(11):125--130.
[10]杨广斌,李亦秋,屠玉麟.赤水桫椤自然保护区生态环境调查与分析[J].林业资源管理,2011,10(5):94-100.Yang G B,Li Y Q,Tu Y L. Investigation of eco-environment in Chishui Alsophila Natural Reserve[J]. Forest Resources Management,2011,10(5):94-100.
[11]王密,屠玉麟,何谋军.赤水桫椤自然保护区植物和植被多样性现状及特点分析[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,23(1):19-22.Wang M,Tu Y L,He M J. The present statues and characteristics analysis of the plants and vegetation diversity in the Chishui Alsophila spinulosa Nature Reserve[J]. Journal of Guizhou Normal University(Natural Sciences),2005,23(1):19-22.
[12]邓洪平,王志坚,陶建平,等.贵州赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区生物多样性[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.Deng H P,Wang Z J,Tao J P,et al. Guizhou Chishui Alsophila spinulata National Nature Reserve biodiversity[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2015.
[13]李锡文.中国种子植物区系统计分析[J].植物分类与资源学报,1996,18(4):363--384.Li X W. Floristic statistics and analyses of seed plants form China[J]. Acta Botanica Yunnanica,1996,18(4):363-384.
[14]吴征镒.中国种子植物属的分布区类型[J].云南植物研究,1991,13(增刊4):1-139.Wu Z Y. Areal-types of genera of seed plant in China[J]. Acta Botanica Yunnanica,1991,13(Suppl. 4):1-139.
[15] Raunkiaer C. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography[M]. New York:Oxford University Press,1932:2--104.
[16]高贤明,陈灵芝.植物生活型分类系统的修订及中国暖温带森林植物生活型谱分析[J].植物学报,1998,40(6):553-559.Gao X M,Chen L Z. The revision of plant life-form system and an analysis of the life-form spectrum of forest plants in the warm temperate zone of China[J]. Bulletin of Botany,1998,40(6):553--559.
[17]郭泉水,江洪,王兵,等.中国主要森林群落植物生活型谱的数量分类及空间分布格局的研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(4):573-577.Guo Q S,Jiang H,Wang B,et al. The quantittive classfication and spatial distribution patttern of lifeform spectra of the plants in major Chinese forest communities[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,1999,19(4):573--577.
[18]曲仲湘,吴玉树,王焕校.植物生态学(第二版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1983.Qu Z X,Wu Y S,Wang H X. Plant ecology(Second Edition)[M]. Beijing:Higher Education Press,1983.
[19] Borcard D,Gillet F,Legendre P. Numerical ecology with R[M].Beijing:Springer-Verlag Press,2011:48-128.
[20] Borcard D,Gillet F,Legendre P.数量生态学-R语言的应用[M].赖江山,译.北京:高等教育出版社,2014:48-128.Borcard D,Gillet F,Legendre P. Numerical ecology with R[M].Lai J S,trans. Beijing:Higher Education Press,2014:48-128.
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